Colonial Conflicts: Native Americans
Colonial Conflicts: Native Americans
|1st Anglo-Powhatan War |Dates: 1610-1614 |Location: Jamestown-Richmond |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Tensions over land, English expansion N & W |Offensive war by English, killing & razing homes |English expanded up to Richmond on both sides of James River |
|Food shortage for natives (harvest) & English |Ambushes by natives |Forts & “cities” established throughout |
|Killings on both sides |Capture of Pocahontas = cease-fire |Natives pay tribute while making in confederacy |
|Absence of John Smith |Peace treaty in 1614 sealed by Rolfe-Pocahontas |Indian Massacre of 1622 = 10 yrs on/off fighting |
|Arrival of Lord de la Warr | | |
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|2nd Anglo-Powhatan War |Dates: 1644-1646 |Location: |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|English clearly not going to stop expanding |English counterattacks both sides of James & NC |P. Confederacy destroyed |
|Powhatan confederacy last ditch effort to win |Gov. Berkeley led raid to capture Opechancanough |Peace treaty makes tribes tributaries to King of England |
|Opechancanough attack kills 400, no follow-up |Adult males to Tangiers; Ope killed (100+ age) |Most of Hampton Roads up to Richmond for English only; natives on |
| |4 major new forts to hold English gains |other side |
| | |30 years of peace until Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 |
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|Tuscarora War |Dates: 1711-1715 |Location: |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|50+ years of peace in NC |Tuscarora tribes coordinate attack at many points at same time |Majority of Tuscarora migrate to NY |
|Natives enslaved |NC/SC militia counterattack, killing 300+ |Treaty gives 56K acres in Bertie NC |
|Land taken by Europeans |English bribe Blunt to turn on Hancock |1st “reservation” to contain natives |
|Chiefs Blunt & Hancock attack to stop Euro abuses | |30 years of follow-up war vs. Catawba nation in revenge |
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|Yamasee War |Dates: 1715-1717 |Location: South Carolina |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|*anger over loss in Tuscarora War |*English thought Fr/Sp urged attacks |*lasting feud b/w Creeks & Cherokees |
|*territorial intrusion continues |*Creeks, Choctaws & other tribes banded together |*increased bitterness between colonists, Indians, French & Spanish |
|*Indians kill several colonists, including “Indian agent” for |*English played Creeks vs. Cherokees | |
|colonial gov’t | | |
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|Pequot War |Dates: 1636-1638 |Location: Massachusetts |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Religious conflict/bias – Puritanism v. native beliefs (animistic) |Sassacus, the Pequot chief, organized the survivors among his |English colonists captured most of the surviving Pequots and sold |
|1636 – settlers in Mass. Accuse a Pequot (Algonquian tribe) of |followers and attacked the English |them into slavery in Bermuda |
|murdering a colonist – take revenge by setting fire to a Pequot |Mass militia joins with Narragansett allies (another Algonquian |Treaty of Hartford (1638) – dissolved the Pequot nation – ushers in|
|village on the Mystic River – as Indians fled their burning huts, |tribe) and killed hundreds of Pequots in their village near West |era of uneasy peace |
|Puritans shot them – militia commander “Thus the Lord was pleased |Mystic, in the Connecticut River valley |R. Williams – warned that the lust for land would become “as great |
|to smite our Enemies… and give us their land for an Inheritance.” |Puritan minister Cotton Mather – described the slaughter as a |a God with us English as God Gold was with the Spanish.” |
| |“sweet sacrifice” and “gave the praise therof to God.” |Pequot survivor recognized English motives, saying “we see plainly |
| | |that their chiefest desire is to deprive us of their privilege of |
| | |our land, and drive us to our utter ruin” |
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|King Philip’s War (or Metacomet’s War) |Dates: 1675-1676 |Location: Massachusetts |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Tribal leaders, especially the chief of the Wampanoags, Metacomet | |Both sides suffer incredible losses |
|(King Philip) resented English efforts to convert Indians to |See causes |Fighting killed more people and caused more destruction in New |
|Christianity |June 20 1675 - Enraged Wampanoag warriors attacked and burned |England in proportion to the population than any American conflict |
|Praying towns - Mid-1600s, Puritans, led by John Eliot, “Apostle to|Puritan farms --- 3 days later an Englishmen shot an Indian and the|since |
|the Indians,” began an aggressive campaign to convert |Wampanoags retaliated by ambushing and beheading a group of |King Philip’s War devastated the native American culture in New |
|Efforts were aggressive |Puritans |England |
|Natives forced to abandon their beliefs/practices |Bands of Wampanoag warriors (and some ally tribes) assaulted fifty |Combat deaths, deportations, and flight cut the region’s Indian |
|Forced to adopt English names, cut their hair short, and take up |towns --- natives were threatening Boston within a year |population in half |
|farm work and domestic chores |Situation for English colonists became so desperate that they |Military victory enabled Puritan authorities to increase control |
|By 1674, 1,100 Indians in praying towns – most resist –“why should |instituted America’s first conscription laws, drafting all males |over the 9,000 Indians who remained |
|we convert to English ways when our corn is as good as yours, and |between 16 and 60 into the colonial militia |Slowed English colonists rush into the frontier --- temporarily |
|we take more pleasure than you?” |Shortages of food and ammunition combined with staggering | |
|Fall 1674 – John Sassamon, a “praying Indian” who had graduated |causalities rates wore down the Indians | |
|from Harvard College, warned the English that Metacomet and |Metacomet’s wife and son were captured and sold into slavery in | |
|Wampanoags were preparing for war – a few months later Sassamon was|Bermuda | |
|found dead under the ice of a frozen pond – colonial authorities |Those who remained were forced to resettle in villages supervised | |
|convicted three Wampanoags of murder and hanged them |by white settlers | |
| |Metacomet initially escaped, only to be hunted down add killed in | |
| |1676 --- the victorious colonists marched his severed head to | |
| |Plymouth, where it sat atop a pole for twenty years, a gruesome | |
| |reminder of the British determination to control the Indians | |
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Colonial Conflicts: Internal Conflicts
|Bacon’s Rebellion |Dates: 1676 |Location: VA |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Simmering tensions – depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, |Events of 1675 (see causes) |Berkeley regained control, hanged 23 rebels, and confiscated |
|roaming livestock, and crowds of freed servants greedily eyeing |Most Indians pull back – what followed was more about a state of |several estates – when his men captured one of Bacon’s lieutenants,|
|Indian lands |hysteria than war |Berkeley exclaimed: “I am more glad to see you than any man in VA. |
|Festering hatred for the domineering colonial governor, William |Gov. Berkeley proposed that the assembly erect a series of forts |Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half an hour.” |
|Berkeley (VA) – he catered to the wealthiest planters, granting |along the frontier – but that would not slake the English thirst |For such severity, the king denounced Berkeley as a fool and |
|them most of the frontier land and pubic offices – he despised |for revenge – nor would it open new lands to settlement – besides, |recalled him to England, where he died within a year – a royal |
|commoners |it would be expensive, some thinking Berkeley was out to preserve a|commission made peace treaties with the remaining Indians, about |
|The large, wealthy planters that dominated the assembly (H of B) |profitable fur trade for himself |1,500 of whose descendants still live in VA on tiny reservations |
|levied high taxes to finance Berkeley’s regime – which in turn |1676 – Bacon defied Gov. Berkeley’s authority by assuming command |guaranteed them by the king in 1677. |
|supported their interests at the expense of the small farmers and |of a group of frontier vigilantes |Result of Bacon’s Rebellion was that new lands were opened to the |
|servants |Bacon – 29 year old – graduate of Cambridge university – in VA for |colonists, and the wealthy planters became more cooperative with |
|Newly freed indentured servants were forced to migrate westward in |only 2 years, but had been well set up by English father relieved |the small farmers |
|their quest for farmland – their lust for land led them to displace|to get his ambitious hot tempered son out of the country --- |Wealthy planters also became suspicious of rising power/influence |
|Indians |interesting that a rich squire’s spoiled son with a talent for |of new freemen and former indentured servants --- thus the rise of |
|Gov. Berkeley failed to support their land goals and the newly |trouble became “the torchbearer of the revolution” and leader of |the use of slaves |
|freed men rebelled |the 1st struggle of common folk versus aristocrats in America --- | |
|Berkeley expected it --- he remarked that most Virginians were |his assault against peaceful Indians and greed for power/land | |
|“poore, endebted, discontented and armed.” |rather than commitment to democratic principles that sparked his | |
|1675 – petty squabble between a frontier planter and Indians on the|conflict with Berkeley | |
|Potomac River led to the murder of the planter’s herdsman and, in |Bacon despised Indians and resolved to kill ‘em all | |
|turn, to retaliation by frontier militiamen, who killed two dozen |Berkeley opposed Bacon’s genocidal plan to protect deerskin trade | |
|Indians – violence spread – a force of Virginia and Maryland |with Indians | |
|militiamen murdered 5 Indian chieftains who sought to negotiate – |Bacon ordered the governor arrested | |
|enraged Indians took their revenge on frontier settlements – |Berkeley’s forces resisted – but only feebly – and Bacon’s men | |
|scattered attacks continued down to the James River, where National|burned Jamestown | |
|Bacon’s overseer was killed |Bacon, however, could not savor the victory long; he fell ill and | |
| |died a month later | |
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|Leisler’s Rebellion |Dates: 1689-1691 |Location: New York |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Backlash/protest from colonists over the Dominion of New England |An armed mob seized Fort James and installed Jacob Leisler, an |Leisler’s successes were short lived |
|(New England – NJ and NY) |immigrant from Germany and militia leader, as the head of the new |1691 – William III sends a new governor to NY |
|1689 - Boston revolts from Dominion of NE |government |May 1691 - Leisler convicted of treason and executed |
|1688-1689 Glorious Revolution – William III ascending to the throne|Leisler enjoyed popular support because he established a |Revolt left the colony divided --- democratic (Leislerians) vs. |
| |legislative assembly that was not dominated by wealthy merchants & |aristocratic (Anti-Leislerians) |
| |landowners | |
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|New York Slave Rebellion |Dates: 1712 and 1741 |Location: New York |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|by 1740, NYC was 2nd only to Charleston in number of slaves in an |1712 – several dozen slaves revolted; they started fires and then |1712 consequence --- NY officials passed a series of ordinances – a|
|American city – as the number of slaves increased in the congested |used swords, axes, and guns to kill several whites as they fought |black code – strictly regulating slave behavior – any slave caught |
|city, racial fears and tensions rose as well |the fires |with a weapon, for example, would be whipped, and owners could |
|1741 – racial tensions heightened after a series of suspicious |Militia captured 27 slaves as they restored order – 6 committed |punish their slaves as they saw fit, as long as they did not kill |
|fires across the city, including one at the governor’s house – |suicide, and the rest were executed; some were burned alive |them |
|“slave conspiracy is suspected – NYC’s version of the Salem witch | |1741 --- such organized resistance to the abuses and indignities of|
|trials – self-promoting prosecutor adept at eliciting confessions, |1741 – the plotters – “seducers of the slaves” – were supposedly |slavery was rare – in large part because the likelihood of success |
|gets just that from 16 year old Mary Burton, an indentured servant,|led by John Hughson, a white trafficker in stolen goods who owned |was so small and punishments so severe |
|that confirms it was a conspiracy among slaves and poor whites to |the tavern where Mary Burton worked --- his wife, two slaves, and a| |
|“burn the whole town” and kill the white men |prostitute were changed as co-conspirators and, despite their | |
| |denials, all were convicted and hanged | |
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| |Mary Burton implicated several others (including John Ury, whom she| |
| |claimed was a Spanish spy) --- in the end, 21 people were hanged | |
| |(17 slaves and 4 whites) – 72 were deported | |
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|Stono Rebellion |Dates: 1739 (September, 9 1739) |Location: South Carolina |
|Cause(s): |Course: |Consequence(s): |
|Slavery… duh |Sept. 9 (Sunday) – 20 slaves gather near Stono River in Saint |Largest pre-American Revolution slave rebellion |
|Unclear exactly what caused the rebellion |Paul’s Parish (20 miles from Charleston) |Enranged planters “cut off their [rebellious slaves] heads and set |
|Spain was offering ‘freedom’ to slaves escaping from S.C. to St. |The slaves went to a shop that sold firearms and ammunition, armed |them up at every Mile Post.” |
|Augustine (Spanish Florida) |themselves, then killed the two shopkeepers |Brought harsher penalties for runaways and rebellious slaves |
|Most likely, the impending Security Act was the cause |the band walked to the house of a Mr. Godfrey, where they burned |Increased white fear of slave rebellion |
|Security Act (1739) - response to the white's fears of |the house and killed Godfrey and his son and daughter. They headed |Uncomfortable with the increasing numbers of blacks for some time, |
|insurrection, the act required that all white men carry firearms to|south. |the white colonists had been working on a Negro Act that would |
|church on Sundays, a time when whites usually didn't carry weapons |It was not yet dawn when they reached Wallace's Tavern. Because the|limit the privileges of slaves. This act was quickly finalized and |
|and slaves were allowed to work for themselves. Anyone who didn't |innkeeper at the tavern was kind to his slaves, his life was |approved after the Stono Rebellion. |
|comply with the new law by September 29 would be subjected to a |spared. |No longer would slaves be allowed to grow their own food, assemble |
|fine |The white inhabitants of the next six or so houses they reach were |in groups, earn their own money, or learn to read. |
| |not so lucky -- all were killed. |Some of these restrictions had been in effect before the Negro Act,|
| |The slaves belonging to Thomas Rose successfully hid their master, |but had not been strictly enforced. |
| |but they were forced to join the rebellion. (They would later be | |
| |rewarded) | |
| |Other slaves willingly joined the rebellion. By eleven in the | |
| |morning, the group was about 50 strong. | |
| |The few whites whom they now encountered were chased and killed, | |
| |though one individual, Lieutenant Governor Bull, eluded the rebels | |
| |and rode to spread the alarm. | |
| |The slaves stopped in a large field late that afternoon, just | |
| |before reaching the Edisto River. They had marched over ten miles | |
| |and killed between twenty and twenty-five whites. | |
| |Around four in the afternoon, somewhere between twenty and 100 | |
| |whites had set out in armed pursuit. When they approached the | |
| |rebels, the slaves fired two shots. The whites returned fire, | |
| |bringing down fourteen of the slaves. | |
| |By dusk - 30 slaves were dead and at least 30 had escaped. | |
| |Most were captured over the next month, then executed; the rest | |
| |were captured over the following six months -- all except one who | |
| |remained a fugitive for three years. | |
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