AP Physics B



AP Physics C

First Semester Review of EVERYTHING I learned (

KINEMATICS:

• The general relationship between position, velocity, and acceleration:

o I can analyze x vs. t, v vs. t, and a vs. t graphs

o Given one equation (x, v or a), I can find the other 3.

• I know 4 main kinematics equations:

• Students should know how to deal with situations in which acceleration is a function of velocity and time and write an appropriate differential equation and solve it for v(t), for example:

• A vector is:

o The rules for adding vectors:

o I know how to find a resultant vector:

• I know how to use my 4 kinematics equations to solve problems in 2 dimensions:

o My main “projectile” formulas:

o Velocity in x-direction vs. Velocity in y-direction:

o Basic picture of a projectile with velocity and acceleration vectors:

• Given functions of x(t) and y(t), I can determine the components, magnitude and direction of the particle’s velocity and acceleration.

DYNAMICS/NEWTON’S LAWS

• Newton’s Three Laws:

o 1st –

o 2nd –

o 3rd –

• Net force means:

• If there is NO NET FORCE on an object, then the object is doing 1 of 2 things:

o The object is

o Or the object is

• I can draw a well-labeled for body diagram, for example:

• I know the steps for solving…

o Hanging stop light questions:

o Pulley questions:

o Pulley on Table questions:

o Pulley on Ramp questions:

• When I sum my forces, I know that I can set them equal to 1 of 2 things:

o =

o =

• Friction is:

o 2 types of friction:

o What the coefficient of friction means:

o Formula for Frictional force:

o I can figure out when an object will start to slip, for example:

• Terminal Velocity is:

o I can calculate terminal velocity, for example:

o I can describe with graphs or words the acceleration, velocity and displacement of a particle reaching terminal velocity after falling or being projected, for example:

o I can use Newton’s 2nd Law to write a differential equation for the velocity of the object as a function of time:

o I can derive an expression for the acceleration of the object as a function of time (under the influence of drag forces):

• Action-Reaction Pairs are:

• A great picture for remembering equal and opposite forces is:

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

• Work is:

o Work is positive when:

o Work is negative when:

o Work is zero when:

o Formula for Work:

• I can calculate work from a graph.

• I can use integration to calculate the work performed by a force F(x) on an object that undergoes a specified displacement in one dimension:

• Work-Energy Theorem is:

o Example problem:

o I know that I have to find the _________________ on an object before finding the NET WORK done on an object.

o If I want to find the work done by a specific force, I use that force in the work equation.

▪ Example:

o I can figure out the stopping distance needed for an object using the Work-Energy Theorem.

▪ Example:

o If an object is moving at a CONSTANT VELOCITY, then the NET WORK is __________.

▪ BUT, work is still done on the object by the individual forces, for example:

• More formulas for this chapter:

o Work

o Kinetic Energy

o Gravitational Potential Energy

o Elastic Potential Energy

o Hooke’s Law

• A Conservative Force is:

o Examples of Conservative forces:

o Examples of Non-Conservative forces:

• The relationship between force and potential energy is:

o Potential energy can be associated only with conservative forces because:

o I can calculate a potential energy function associated with a one-dimensional force F(x)

o I can calculate the magnitude and direction of a one-dimensional force when given the potential energy function U(x) for the force.

• Law of Conservation of Energy:

o I can use conservation of energy in situations such as:

▪ Atwood’s machine

▪ Pendulums

▪ Mass-Spring systems

▪ Objects that slide and compress springs

• I can state and apply the relation between the work performed on an object by non-conservative forces and the change in an object’s mechanical energy, for example:

• I can apply conservation of energy when objects are under the influence of non-constant one-dimensional forces, for example:

• Power is:

o 4 Formulas for power:

o When a person is lifting themselves up (as in going up a flight of stairs), the force I use in the power equation is _________________________.

o When calculating the power needed to lift something up, the force I use in the power equation is________________________.

o When I calculate AVERAGE POWER, then I need to use AVERAGE VELOCITY.

• Formula for Center of Mass:

o Example problems:

o Use integration to find the center of mass of a thin rod of non-uniform density:

LINEAR MOMENTUM

• Formulas:

o Momentum:

o Impulse:

o Impulse-Momentum Theorem:

o Conservation of Momentum:

• I can use graphs to solve momentum questions, for example:

• 2 types of collisions are:

o ___________________

▪ After colliding, the objects _______________________

▪ Momentum is _______________________

▪ Kinetic Energy is _____________________

o ___________________

▪ After colliding, the objects _______________________

▪ Momentum is ______________________

▪ Kinetic Energy is _____________________

• I can find the loss of energy in a collision by:

• The relationship between linear momentum and center-of-mass motion for a system of particles is:

• I can calculate the change in momentum of an object given a function F(t) for the net force acting on the object:

• I can calculate conservation of momentum questions in one- and two-dimensions, for example:

• Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Linear Momentum relate to each other because:

• Frame of Reference:

• I can solve frame of reference problems, for example:

CIRCULAR MOTION & ROTATION

• Uniform Circular Motion means:

• Since speed = distance/time, I can find an object’s speed moving in a circle simply by

• Formula for Centripetal Acceleration:

• If asked to draw vectors (force, acceleration, velocity) on ANY circular example:

• I can identify graphs of an objects velocity or acceleration vs. time during circular motion:

• Centripetal Force is:

o I will NEVER say _____________________________________.

o I know that there is NOT _________________________________________________.

o Formula for Centripetal force:

o I know that Centripetal force will be set equal to some other force, for example:

• Torque is:

o Formula for torque:

o Direction of torque:

o Translational Equilibrium =

o Rotational Equilibrium =

o I can solve problems with torque, for example:

• Rotational Inertia is:

o I can figure out which object has the greatest rotational inertia:

o I can figure out the change in rotational inertia of an object after increasing a dimension:

o I can calculate the rotational inertia of:

▪ A collection of point masses

▪ A thin rod of uniform density about an arbitrary perpendicular axis

▪ A thin cylindrical shell about it’s axis

o Parallel-Axis Theorem:

▪ Example problem:

• Angular analogs for linear variables:

• Right-Hand Rule:

• Rotational Dynamics Formulas:

• Rotational Dynamics Example problems:

• Massive Pulley problems:

• Total Kinetic Energy of an object

• Rolling with Slipping

• Conservation of Angular Momentum:

o Formula:

o Example Problem:

• Relation between net external torque and angular momentum

o When is angular momentum conserved?

GRAVITATION

• Universal Law of Gravitation Formula:

• I can calculate the gravitational force that one object exerts on another, for example:

o I know that the force that these objects exert on each other is ___________________.

• I know that the motion of a circular orbit DOES NOT DEPEND on _______________________.

o For orbit questions, I will most likely have to:

o Example:

o Kepler’s Three Laws:

o Use angular momentum conservation and energy conservation to relate speeds at different extremes of an elliptical orbit

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