Phonological Processes
Chandler Unified School District Articulation Guide
Developmental Norms
By age_____, students should have suppressed these phonological processes:
3yrs 4.5yrs 5yrs
Final Consonant Deletion Fronting (Palatal) Cluster Reduction
Fronting (Velar) Postvocalic Devoicing Stopping
Prevocalic Voicing Deaffrication Gliding
Syllable Reduction Vocalization
Phonological Process Definitions
Final Consonant Deletion: Omitting a consonant in the final word position, ex. “bay” for “bake”
Fronting: Replacing a back consonant with a consonant made more towards the front of the mouth,
ex. Velar: “tat” for “cat”, Palatal ex. “det” for “get”
Prevocalic Voicing: When an unvoiced consonant preceding the vowel of a syllable is voiced, ex. “gup” for “cup”
Postvocalic Devoicing: When a syllable-final voiced phoneme that precedes a pause or silence between words is unvoiced, ex. “bad” pronounced as “bat”
Deaffrication: The substitution of a fricative (/sh, s, z/) for an affricate (/ch, J/), ex. “sin” for “chin”
Syllable Reduction: Omission of one or more syllables in a multisyllabic word, ex. “butterfly” becomes “bufly”
Cluster Reduction: Omitting one or more consonants in a consonant cluster, ex. “pay” for “play”
Stopping: the substitution of a /t, d, p, b, k, or g/ for /s, z, sh, f, v, or th/, ex. “zipper” becomes “dipper”
Gliding: replacing the consonants /l/ and /r/ with /w/ and /j/, ex. “rabbit” becomes “wabbit”
Vocalization: The substitution of a vowel for an /l/ or /r/ that follows a vowel, ex. “water” becomes “wato”
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