A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: State of ...

ANL/ESD/10-7

A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis:

State of Knowledge and Critical Needs

Energy Systems Division

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ANL/ESD/10-7

A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis:

State of Knowledge and Critical Needs

by

J.L. Sullivan and L. Gaines

Center for Transportation Research

Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory

October 1, 2010

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................

1

1

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................

1

2

EVALUATION CRITERIA ...............................................................................................

3

3

ENERGY ANALYSIS........................................................................................................

8

3.1

Materials Production .................................................................................................

3.1.1 Lead-Acid Batteries .......................................................................................

3.1.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.............................................................................

3.1.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries .....................................................................

3.1.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries .....................................................................................

3.1.5 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.................................................................................

3.1.6 Summary of Results .......................................................................................

Battery Manufacturing ..............................................................................................

3.2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries .......................................................................................

3.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.............................................................................

3.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries .....................................................................

3.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries .....................................................................................

3.2.5 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.................................................................................

3.2.6 Summary of Battery Manufacturing Results .................................................

Recycling of Batteries and Battery Materials ...........................................................

Cradle-To-Gate Life-Cycle Energy Comparisons of the Batteries ...........................

Emissions Analysis ...................................................................................................

3.5.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions ............................................................................

3.5.2 Criteria Pollutants ..........................................................................................

3.5.3 Other Emissions .............................................................................................

Use of Results in Product Life Cycles ......................................................................

8

8

10

12

13

15

16

16

17

17

17

18

18

19

19

21

24

24

28

29

30

4

CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................

31

5

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................

32

APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................................

35

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

iii

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