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AP Psychology Unit VI: Learning & Memory Unit VI Practice Exam Corresponding Module(s): Modules 26-35 Fall Semester 2014 Topic: Learning & Memory (7-9%)BacilePRACTICE EXAM MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSPavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs:Salivating right before food was placed in their mouthsFailing to salivate when food was placed in their mouthsSalivating only when food was placed in their mouthsSalivating right after they had swallowed foodSalivating when food was placed in front of themIn Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was:The sound of a toneSalivation elicited by a toneThe presentation of meat powder following a toneSalivation elicited by foodSalivation elicited by the sound of foodA conditioned stimulus is:A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioningAn unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioningA previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned responseA learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioningA stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response after conditioningCarson used to enjoy lime sherbet, and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet can make him feel queasy. In this example, the conditioned response is:The lime margaritas that Carson consumedThe illness that followed the fourth margaritaThe sight of lime sherbetThe queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbetNone of the aboveClassical conditioning could account for how a child learns to:TalkPlay baseballWalkLove the smell of her father’s cologne Become potty trained The continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response. This phenomenon is known as:RepressionInhibitionSuppressionConditioned forgettingExtinctionWhen Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor’s Chihuahua bit her ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes all other types of dogs. Lindsay’s fear illustrates the process of:Instinctive driftStimulus discriminationStimulus generalizationNegative avoidanceSecondary avoidanceLearning to tie one’s shoes is most likely acquired via the process of:Operant conditioningSpontaneous recoveryClassical conditioningLearned helplessnessHigher-order conditioningThe Law of Effect states that _____ lead to the _____ of the association between the stimulus and a response.Reinforcers; weakeningPunishers; strengtheningStrong unconditioned stimuli; quickeningUnsatisfying events; strengtheningSatisfying events; strengthening Danny’s skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent & longer-distance hits. This is an example of:ShapingStimulus generalizationExtinctionStimulus discriminationInnate stimulus response Micah really enjoyed his mom’s homemade apple pie, and he would have a huge slice every time she baked it. When he went to visit a friend, he tried a piece of apple pie that his friend’s mom had made. Unfortunately, it was terrible. Now Micah will only eat his mom’s apple pie; if anyone else offers him a piece of pie he politely turns them down. Micah’s behavior toward apple pie illustrates the concept of:Stimulus discriminationStimulus generalizationNoncontingent reinforcementObservational learningBehavioral learningAssuming that the reinforcer is the sound of a rattle, Johnny’s shaking of the rattle is reinforced according to which of the following schedules?Continuous reinforcementFixed-intervalVariable-intervalVariable-ratioInterval-ratioNegative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.Increases; decreasesDecreases; increasesDecreases; decreasesIncreases; does not affectDoes not affect; increasesThe behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:Reinforced every time it occurred ShapedReinforced intermittentlyReinforced by your parentsPunished intermittentlyThe newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their “watching” reinforced on:A fixed-ratio scheduleA variable-ratio scheduleA variable-interval scheduleA fixed-interval scheduleA fixed-variable scheduleWhen Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler’s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case:The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying closeStaying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treatsStaying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treatsThe dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying closeThe dog treats were a neutral reinforcer for staying closeAny event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a:Negative reinforcerPositive reinforcer PunisherVicarious conditionerNegative conditionerLearning that takes place by watching another person is referred to as:Operant conditioningNoncontingent learningObservational learningClassical conditioningBehavioral learning______ is to operant conditioning as ______ is to classical conditioning.Skinner; PavlovBandura; PavlovPavlov; SkinnerPavlov; ThorndikeSkinner; SeligmanJessica’s mother was upset to find that Jessica had used her crayons to draw flowers on her bedroom wall. Her mother took the crayons away and made Jessica wash the drawings off of the wall. Which of the following best describes Jessica’s punishment?Punishment by applicationPunishment by removalPunishment by both application and removalPunishment by negative reinforcementPunishment by both positive and negative reinforcementWolfgang Kohler determined that his chimpanzee’s two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight learning because it was:IntelligentSudden and rapidThe result of trial-and-errorArrived at after a long period of timeBased on natural biological behaviorsWhich of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?Receiving a paycheck every two weeksHolding regular, but unpredictable, fire drillsEarning a prize for every five books read in the library’s summer reading programReceiving five additional vacation days for each year of employment at a companyBrushing and flossing teeth immediately before a dental examIn Edward Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the tenth day of the study solved the maze far more quickly that did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:Were much smarter than the other ratsHad already learned the maze in the first nine daysHad the opportunity to cheat by watching the other ratsWere very hungry, and therefore, learned much more quicklyWere able to learn only because they had not received much reinforcementAttention, memory, imitation and motivation are the four elements required for the process of:InsightLatent learningLearned helplessnessObservational learningSpontaneous recovery The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is later used is:Encoding – retrieval – storage Encoding – storage – retrievalStorage – retrieval – acquisitionAcquisition – encoding – retrievalStorage – encoding – retrieval Jorge listens attentively to the State of the Union Address and translates the information into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is:EncodingStorageRetrieval PrimingTrimmingShayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is:EncodingRetrievalChunkingStorageDecodingKiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, she recalled these words as: “dig, paint, and hard.” Kiana’s error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:PhonemicallySemanticallyImplicitlyStructurallyExplicitly A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:A structural codeA phonemic codeA semantic codeAn episodic codeA morphemic codeXavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, he recalled these words as: “log, whale and late.” Xavier’s error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:PhonemicallyStructurallySemanticallyRetroactivelyMorphemically Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?Knowing how to ride a bicycle Multiplying 2 times 4Knowing the name of an acquaintanceThinking back on the first day of schoolRemembering the definition of the word psychology Which type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?Iconic memoryEchoic memoryProcedural memoryNetwork memoryLong-term memoryElaboration involves:The creation of visual images to represent wordsDecreasing the complexity of the material to be rememberedForming two kinds of memory code for each wordLinking a stimulus to other information at the time of encodingCombining two types of encoding for a single wordKarina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:Both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of wordsKarina will recall more words than CalvinCalvin will recall more words than KarinaKarina is more likely to make “look-alike” errors in recallCalvin is more likely to make “look-alike” errors in recallSelf-referent encoding involves:The creation of visual images to represent words Making the material personally meaningfulForming two kinds of memory codes for each wordLinking a stimulus to other information at the time of encodingForming either semantic or visual codes The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory proposes that memory has:Sensory, short-term, medium-term and long-term storesShort, medium and long-term storesFour different memory storesWorking and sensory memorySensory, short-term and long-term storesWhen you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ______ memory until you write it in to your notes.TraceSensoryShort-termLong-termSensory Jade rearranges the letter HI TRE DBA T into “hit red bat.” This is an example of:ChunkingElaborationRehearsalClusteringLoopingMiles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called:Sensory memoryProcedural memoryA flashbulb memoryAn implicit memoryEpisodic memoryMeredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith’s method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of:Conceptual hierarchiesLevels-of-processingThe serial-position effectSource monitoringSemantic networksBrock was describing the inside of his doctor’s office to one of his friends. In his description he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, despite the fact that there are no diplomas displayed in his doctor’s office. Brock’s error in recall illustrates:The role of semantic networks in long-term memoryThe need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memoryThe need for a good executive control system in short-term memoryA flaw in chunking and rehearsal The role of schemas in long-term memoryConnectionist models of memory tend to be based on:How computers process informationHow neural networks handle informationThe principles of operant conditioningThe principles of Gestalt psychologyThe principles of classical conditioning The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon refers to:Saying something before you’ve had a chance to think about itDreamlike material that is often recalled during REM sleepA mnemonic device used to help you store information in long-term memoryFeeling like you know something that you are unable to recall Recalling something without being able to verbalize itTyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the investigator that the car had been “weaving all over the road.” Tyler’s faulty recall illustrates:Proactive interferenceImplicit memory adjustmentMood-dependent memoryContext-dependent memoryThe misinformation effectGregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops to tell him that she had told him the same joke last week. In this example, Gregory:Has apparently made a source-monitoring errorAppears to have made a reality-monitoring errorIs demonstrating the misinformation effectIs experiencing proactive interferenceIs experiencing retroactive interferenceAn essay exam is most similar to the _______ method of measuring retention.RecognitionRecallRelearningProductionEncodingYou move into a new house & memorize your new phone number. Now, you can’t remember your old phone number. This is an example of:Proactive interferenceRetrograde amnesiaMotivated forgettingAnterograde amnesiaRetroactive interferenceProactive interference occurs when:New information impairs the retention of previously learned informationPreviously learned information interferes with the retention of new informationA person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injuryA person loses memories of events that occurred after a head injuryA person loses memories of events that occurred early in their life due to agingWhich of the following terms is synonymous with “motivated forgetting”?RegressionRepressionSublimationRationalizationAmnesiaDave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in the loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of:Retrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesiaMotivated forgettingRetroactive interferenceProactive interference Procedural memory:Is memory for factual informationIs memory for actions, skills and operationsIs made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences Contains general knowledge that is not necessarily datedIs memory of names, dates and facesSarah can remember the names of the first two people she was introduced to at Ted’s birthday party, as well as the names of the last two people she met; however, the names of the dozen or so people in between are gone. This is an example of:The cocktail party effectThe serial position effectThe state-dependent effectThe tip-of-the-tongue phenomenonThe encoding specificity effectIf you read a book when you are feeling sad, you are most likely to remember the details of the book:When you are feeling sadWhen you are feeling happyWhen you are focusedWhen you are inattentiveAt any time, regardless of your circumstancesSarah did not pay attention to Jamal when he was speaking. As a result, Sarah “forgot” what Jamal had said. Sarah’s experience is an example of:Encoding failureMemory trace decayProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceRetrograde amnesiaTo ensure proper retrieval of the math concepts you learned in class, the best place to take your final exam for math is:Any classroom, as long as your math teacher is presentA special testing room that is used for all school examsThe math classroom, in the same seat you’ve been assigned to all yearAn empty classroom with white walls, to prevent distractionsAn auditorium with comfortable chairs that reduce physical stress ................
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