AUTOCAL SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. Conversions

AUTOCAL SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD.

Conversions

Electricity

Pressures and Densities

Pressure

force

=

1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second

1 volt = 1 joule per coulomb

area

1 column of water 1 foot deep = 62.4 pounds per square foot, or 0.433

pounds per square inch. 1 column of water 1 centimeter deep = 1 gram

per square centimeter.

Specific gravity (liquid) = number of times a substance is as heavy as

an equal body of water, or specific gravity (liquid) =

weight of liquid

weight of equal volume of water

weight

Density =

volume

Pressure = depth x density, or force per unit area. An increase in

pressure is transmitted equally through the liquid.

Specific gravity (solid) =

weight of body

weight of equal volume of water

or specific gravity (solid) =

weight of body

loss of weight in water

One cubic yard of air weighs about 2 pounds. Atmospheric pressure at

sea level = about 15 pounds per square inch.

Velocities and Energies

Velocity

=

Acceleration =

distance

time

32 feet per second

seconds

weight

acceleration of gravity

Potential energy = weight of body x elevation

1

(velocity)2

radius

x

weight

x

(velocity)2ac

2

acceleration of gravity

Momentum = mass of body x its velocity

Mass

=

or amperes (I)

=

potential difference

resistance

volts or E

E

ohms

R

Ampere = electric current

Volt = potential

difference Ohm

= electrical

resistance

One volt potential difference will drive 1 ampere through a

resistance of 1 ohm.

The resistance of conductor can be calculated by

the formula:

R = kl (Where l is length, d is diameter, and k is constant)

d2

The combined resistance of conductors connected in parallel is

1

1

1

1

Rc

= R1 + R2 + R3

1 watt is the power of a current on 1 ampere when the potential

difference is 1 volt.

To compute electric power: P (power in watts) = V (voltage in volts) x

l (current in amperes), or P = V x I.

To compute the heat (H), produced by a current (I), through

Light and Lenses

Centripetal force =

Kinetic energy =

=

a resistance (R), in a time (t), use the equation: H = I2 x R x

t x 0.24 cal/watt-sec.

change of velocity

time

Acceleration of gravity =

Ohm¡¯s Law: Current

1 foot-candle: the illumination of any point on a surface 1 foot from

a standard candle.

Illumination(ft-c) =

intensity (candles)

distance in feet2

Velocity of light = 186,000 miles per sec.

Index of refraction =

Lens image equation:

velocity of light in air

velocity of light in the substance

1

D

0

weight

¡Ì

acceleration of gravity

Magnification =

L

G

image length

object length

x

1

=

1

D1 f

image distance

or

object distance

Period of pendulum: T = 2¦Ð

Wave velocity = wave frequency x wave length, or v = nx1

Speed of sound: 1090 feet per second in air at 0 degrees Celsius.

Velocity of sound increases 2 feet per second for each degree Celsius

rise in temperature above zero degrees Celsius.

CALL:

800-828-1470

FAX:800-395-0543

WEB:

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Conversions

Heat

Horsepower

5

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: subtract 32 from F, then multiply by /9,

written C = 5/9 (F-32). NOTE: Centigrade is now referred to as Celsius.

(NOTE: 212¡ãF = 100¡ãC). To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: multiply C by 9/5,

then add 32, written F = (9/5 C) +32.

To convert Celsius to Absolute or Kelvin scale: add 273 to C.

To convert Fahrenheit to Absolute or Kelvin scale: first convert F to C,

then add 273.

Boyle¡¯s Law: p1 x V1 = p2 x V2 at constant temperature. Zero degrees

Kelvin is the lowest possible temperature.

In Kelvin Absolute temperature scale: water boils at 373K, freezes at

273K.

Charles¡¯ Law:

V

=

1

T

at constant pressure

2

V2

Combination of Charles¡¯ and Boyle¡¯s Laws:

Vp

1 1

T

1

force (lb) x distance (ft)

Horsepower =

550 ft-lb sec x time (sec)

friction force

Friction Constant =

weight

Work = force x distance moved

work

Power =

time

1 watt = 10,200 gram-centimeters per sec.

1 kilowatt is 1000 watts

T

1

1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb sec

1 kilowatt is approximately 11/3 horsepower

Dyne is absolute metric unit of force. Erg is its unit of work.

1 Erg = force of 1 dyne acting through 1 centimeter

1 Joule = 10,000,000 ergs, or about 3/4 foot pounds

= V 2p 2

T

2

The law of work when friction is neglected: effort force x effort distance =

resistance force x resistance distance Mechanical advantage of a machine =

When heated through one degree Celsius,

any gas expands

1

273

of its volume at 0 degrees Celsius if the pressure remains constant. One BTU

is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water through 1

degree Fahrenheit.

resistance force

effort force

When friction is zero, mechanical advantage of a machine:

effort distance

resistance distance

One calorie: the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water

through 1 degree Celsius.

Specific Heat: heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that

substance through 1 degree. If H is total heat and M is mass,

H = M x s x (t2-t1).

Heat of melting or heat of fusion, L, is the quantity of heat needed to melt

one unit weight of substance without changing its temperature, or H = M x

L.

0 calories of heat is required to melt 1 gram of ice without raising its

temperature.

Mechanical advantage of a lever =

effort arm

resistance arm

Moment of force = force x lever arm

Frictionless mechanical advantage of an inclined plane

plane =

length

height

Frictionless mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle:

circumference of wheel

circumference of axle

Boiling point of liquid: that temperature at which the vapor pressure is

equal to the pressure above the liquid.

0.427 kilogram-meter (kg-m) = 1 calorie

Work

mechanical equivalent of heat

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Conversions

Conversion Tables

Engineering Constants and Conversions

Power

Physical Quantity¡­

British Thermal Units/Hour

British Thermal Units/Hour

British Thermal Units/Hour

Horsepower

Horsepower

Horsepower

Joules/Second

Joules/Second

Joules/Second

Kilowatts

Kilowatts

Kilowatts

Watts

Watts

Watts

Watts

(BTU/hr)

(BTU/hr)

(BTU/hr)

(Hp)

(Hp)

(Hp)

(J/s)

(J/s)

(J/s)

(KW)

(KW)

(KW)

(W)

(W)

(W)

(W)

Multiply By¡­

0.393 x 10-3

0.2931

0.2931

0.746

2544.4

746.0

1.0

0.001341

3.412

1.341

1000.0

3412.0

0.001

0.001341

1.0

3.412

To Convert To¡­

Horsepower

Joules/Second

Watts

Kilowatts

British Thermal Units/Hour

Joules/Second

Watts

Horsepower

British Thermal Units/Hour

Horsepower

Joules/Second

British Thermal Units/Hour

Kilowatts

Horsepower

Joules/Second

British Thermal Units/Hour

(Hp)

(J/s)

(W)

(KW)

(BTU/hr)

(J/s)

(W)

(Hp)

(BTU/hr)

(Hp)

(J/s)

(BTU/hr)

(KW)

(Hp)

(J/s)

(BTU/hr)

Area

Physical Quantity¡­

Square Centimeters

Square Feet

Square Inches

Square Meters

Square Millimeters

(cm2)

(ft2)

(in2)

(m2)

(mm2)

Multiply By¡­

0.155

0.0929

6.452

10.76

0.00155

To Convert To¡­

Square Inches

Square Meters

Square Centimeters

Square Feet

Square Inches

(in2)

(m2)

(cm2)

(ft2)

(in2)

(cm3)

(ft3)

(ft3)

(ft3)

(in3)

(m3)

(m3)

(m3)

(mm3)

(gal)

(gal)

(l)

(l)

(ml)

Multiply By¡­

0.061

0.02832

1728.0

7.481

16.387

1000.0

264.18

35.31

61 x 10-6

231.0

3.7854

0.2642

1000.0

0.061

To Convert To¡­

Cubic Inches

Cubic Meters

Cubic Inches

Cubic Gallons

Cubic Centimeters

Liters

Gallons

Cubic Feet

Cubic Inches

Cubic Inches

Liters

Gallons

Milliliters

Cubic Inches

(in3)

(m3)

(in3)

(gal3)

(cm3)

(l)

(gal)

(ft3)

(in3)

(in3)

(l)

(gal)

(ml)

(in3)

(g/cm3)

(g/cm3)

(kg/m3)

(kg/m3)

(lb/ft3)

(lb/in3)

(lb/in3)

Multiply By¡­

1000.0

0.03613

0.06243

0.001

16.018

0.5787 x 10-3

27.68

To Convert To¡­

Kilograms/Cubic Meter

Pounds/Cubic Inch

Pounds/Cubic Foot

Grams/Cubic Centimeter

Kilograms/Cubic Centimeter

Pounds/Cubic Foot

Grams/Cubic Centimeter

(kg/cm3)

(lb/in3)

(lb/ft3)

(g/cm3)

(kg/cm3)

(lb/ft3)

(g/cm3)

Volume

Physical Quantity¡­

Cubic Centimeters

Cubic Feet

Cubic Feet

Cubic Feet

Cubic Inches

Cubic Meters

Cubic Meters

Cubic Meters

Cubic Millimeters

Gallons

Gallons

Liters

Liters

Milliliters

Density

Physical Quantity¡­

Grams/Cubic Centimeter

Grams/Cubic Centimeter

Kilograms/Cubic Meter

Kilograms/Cubic Meter

Pounds/Cubic Foot

Pounds/Cubic Inch

Pounds/Cubic Inch

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Conversions

Engineering Constants and Conversions (Continued)

Speed/Velocity

Physical Quantity¡­

Centimeters/Second

Feet/Minute

Feet/Second

Meters/Second

Miles/Hour

Miles/Hour

(cm/s)

(fpm)

(fps)

(m/s)

(mph)

(mph)

Multiply By¡­

0.03281

0.011364

0.3048

3.281

1.609

88.0

To Convert To¡­

Feet/Second

Miles/Hour

Meters/Second

Feet/Second

Kilometers/Hour

Feet/Minute

(fps)

(mph)

(m/s)

(fps)

(km/hr)

(fpm)

(cm3/s)

(ft3/hr)

(m3/min)

(gpm)

(gpm)

Multiply By¡­

60 x 10-6

0.12468

264.18

0.06308

.22713

To Convert To¡­

Cubic Meters/Minute

Gallons/Minute

Gallons/Minute

Liters/Second

Cubic Meters/Hour

(m3/min)

(gpm)

(gpm)

(l/s)

(m3/hr)

Multiply By¡­

0.03527

2.205

1000.0

2205

28.35

0.4536

453.6

907.18

To Convert To¡­

Ounces

Pounds

Kilograms

Pounds

Grams

Kilograms

Grams

Kilograms

(oz)

(lb)

(kg)

(lb)

(g)

(kg)

(g)

(kg)

(psi)

(psi)

Multiply By¡­

1.01325

10,332.3

101,325.0

14.696

29.921

33.934

760.0

760.0

14.504

703.07

0.0703

To Convert To¡­

Bar

Kilograms/Square Meter

Kilopascals

Pounds/Square Inch

Inches Mercury

Feet of Water

Millimeters Mercury

Torr

Pounds/Square Inch

Kilograms/Square Meter

Kilograms/Square Centimeter

(cm)

(ft)

(in)

(km)

(m)

(mi)

(P/in3)

Multiply By¡­

0.3937

0.3048

2.54

0.6215

3.281

1.609

0.03937

To Convert To¡­

Inches

Meters

Centimeters

Miles

Feet

Kilometers

Inches

Volumetric Flow Rate

Physical Quantity¡­

Cubic Centimeters/Second

Cubic Feet/Hour

Cubic Meters/Minute

Gallons/Minute

Gallons/Minute

Mass

Physical Quantity¡­

Gram

Kilogram

Metric Ton

Metric Ton

Ounces

Pound

Pound

Ton

(g)

(kg)

(oz)

(lb)

(lb)

Pressure

Physical Quantity¡­

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Atmospheres

Bar

Pounds/Square Inch

Pounds/Square Inch

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(atm)

(kg/m2)

(KPa)

(psi)

(in Hg)

(ft H2O)

(mm Hg)

(psi)

(kg/m2)

(kg/cm2)

Length

Physical Quantity¡­

Centimeters

Feet

Inches

Kilometers

Meters

Miles

Pounds/Cubic Inch

(in)

(m)

(cm)

(mi)

(ft)

(km)

(in)

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Conversions

Units and Conversion Factors

Linear Measure

Symbol

Unit

Inches

Per

Unit

Feet

Per

Unit

Yards

Per

Unit

Miles

Per

Unit

Centimeters

Per

Unit

Meters

Per

Unit

Kilometers

Per

Unit

in

ft

yd

mi

Linear inch

Linear foot

Linear yard

Linear mile

1

12

36

63360

0.0833

1

3

5280

0.027778

0.3333

1

1760

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

1

2.54

30.480

91.44

¡ª

0.0254

0.3048

0.9144

1609.34

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

1.609

cm

m

km

Centimeter

Meter

Kilometer

0.3937

39.37

39370

0.0328

3.2808

3280.8

0.010936

1.093613

1093.613

¡ª

¡ª

.6214

1

100

¡ª

0.01

1

1000

¡ª

.001

1

Square Measure

Symbol

Square

Inches

Per

Unit

Unit

in2

ft2

yd2

¡ª

cm2

m2

¡ª

Square inch

1

Square foot

144

Square yard

1296

1

Acre

¡ª

Sq. Centimeter

.15500

Square meter 1550.0031

Hectares

¡ª

Square

Feet

Per

Unit

Square

Yards

Per

Unit

0.006944

1

9

43560

0.0010764

10.76391

¡ª

0.0007716

0.111111

1

4840

0.00011960

1.195990

11954.8

Acres

Per

Unit

Square

Centimeters

Per

Unit

Square

Meters

Per

Unit

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

1

¡ª

¡ª

2.47

6.4516

929.034

8361.274

¡ª

1

10000

¡ª

0.000645

0.0929

0.836127

4047

0.0001

1

1000

Hectares

Per

Unit

Symbol

Unit

cu in

cu ft

cu yard

cu cm or cm3

cu m or m3

Cubic inch

Cubic foot

Cubic yard

Cu Centimeter

Cubic meter

1

1728

46656

0.0610237

61023.74

Unit

Fluid Ounces

Pint

Quart

Gallons

Liter

Fluid

Ounces

Per

Unit

1

16

32

128

33.814

0.0001

1

Cubic

Feet

Per

Unit

Cubic

Yards

Per

Unit

Cubic

Centimeters

Per

Unit

Cubic

Meters

Per

Unit

.0005787

1

27

.0000353

35.31467

.00002143

.037037

1

.000001308

1.307951

16.387064

28316.847

764554.9

1

1,000,000

.000016387

.018317

.7646

.000001

1

Liquid Measure

Symbol

fl oz

¡ª

l.qt

gal

l

Pints

Per

Unit

.0625

1

2

8

2.1134

Quarts

Per

Unit

.03125

.5

1

4

1.0567

Gallons

Per

Unit

.0078125

.125

.25

1

.26417

Liters

Per

Unit

.02957

.4732

.9464

3.7854

1

Weights

Grams

Per Unit

Troy

Ounces

Per Unit

Avoirdupois

Ounces

Per Unit

Troy

Pounds

Per Unit

Grain

1

Gram

15.4324

oz. t. Ounce Troy

480

oz. av. Ounce Av.

437.5

lb. t.

Pound Troy

5760

lb. av. Pound Av.

7000

kg

Kilograms

¡ª

¡ª

Ton Metric

¡ª

¡ª

Ton Av.

¡ª

.0648

1

31.1035

28.3495

373.242

453.59

1000

¡ª

¡ª

.002083

.032151

1

.911458

12

14.5833

32.1507

32150.7

29166.7

.002286

.035274

1.09715

1

13.1657

16

35.274

35274

32000

Symbol

gr

g

Grain

Units

Avoirdupois

Pounds

Kilograms

Per Unit

Per Unit

.0001736

.002679

.083333

.075955

1

1.215278

2.67923

2679.23

2430.56

.0001429

.002205

.068571

.0625

.822857

1

2.20462

2204.62

2000

Metric

Tons

Per Unit

¡ª

.001

.031103

.028350

.37324

.45359

1

1000

907.185

Avoirdupois

Tons

Per Unit Per Unit

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

.000373

.000454

.001

1

.907185

1) 640 Acres = 1 square mile

e.g. 1 square meter = 1.195990

square yards so 30 square

meters would be (30 m2)

(1.195990 yd2/m2) = 35.88 yd2

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

0.4047

Cubic Measure

Cubic

Inches

Per

Unit

e.g. 1 meter = 3.2808 ft, so 300

meters would be (300 m)

(3.2808 ft/m) = 984.24 ft

e.g. 1 m3 = 1.307951cu yds, so

3 cubic meters would be (3 m3)

(1.307942 cu yd/m3) = 3.923853

cu yd

e.g. 1 Liter = .26418 gallons, so

4 liters would be (4l) (.26418

gal/l) = 1.05672 gal

e.g. 1 gram = .032151 troy

ounces, so 40 grams would be

(40 g) (.032151 oz.t./g) =

1.28604 oz.t.

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

¡ª

.000411

.00050

.001102

1.10231

1

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