Office Building
4000310515centerET – 494 Fall 20143300095000ET – 494 Fall 2014420003263900880008851265Heath YeagerSenior Design450000Heath YeagerSenior Design420003263900175001760220Office BuildingInstructor: Chris Koutsougeras Advisors: E. Rode and M. Zeidan00Office BuildingInstructor: Chris Koutsougeras Advisors: E. Rode and M. ZeidanAbstractThis report will talk about why I chose this project, the area I chose, what structure and foundation type I decided to use and why I decided to use them. It will also go in depth on how I calculated the steel members used in the structure. The report will also show the estimation and schedule for the project.Why this project?When starting my degree to become a construction engineer I knew right away that I did not want to work in strictly residential areas, I wanted to build bigger buildings in different areas instead of just one area like with residential work. The commercial side of the construction field has always caught my attention because it is buildings that potentially thousands of people could see or work in every day. It also has the potential to relocate you to different areas in the state or even nationally which I have no problem in doing if need be. I chose an office building in hopes that I could get some minor experience for what I want to do with my degree. Uses and Location of BuildingThe building I am planning for is 155’ x 100’ structure. It will consist of three stories each being 11’ in height for a total of 33’ tall building. The idea is for multiple companies to be able to rent the building out space for them to use at their pleasure. It is meant for businesses who have established themselves in the nearby area or further away areas that want to expand. It will give them a satellite location to work out of that may help with their business. The location of the property that I have found is located in Metairie, LA on the corner of Riverside Dr. and Nouveau Dr. Metairie is a place that has many businesses in its area and other office buildings similar to my idea. I believe that this location is very logical because of these aspects. Although it is located close to a residential area, I do not see this as a problem because there should not be much noise coming from the building that would aggravate the area. Adjacent to the plot of land there is an apartment complex, two schools, a future doctor’s office, and another office building.ZoningAccording to a zoning ordinance is a written set of regulations and laws that define how property in specific geographic zones can be used. Zoning ordinances specify whether zones can be used for residential or commercial purposes, and may also regulate lot size, placement, bulk (or density) and the height of structures. Zoning ordinances are lengthy documents describing not only the acceptable use for specified areas of land, but also the procedures for handling infractions (including any penalties), granting variances and hearing appeals. The zoning ordinance for the lot that I have picked out to my building on is called GO-2 or General Offices 2. Jefferson parish describes that the purpose of this zone is to create an environment especially suited to a group of professional, general administrative, and general sales offices, together with certain commercial uses primarily to service employees in the district. The district regulations are such as to protect adjacent commercial and residential uses.The buildings that can be built on this property are listed, but not limited to:Banks and homesteadsClinic, medical, dental, or chiropracticGeneral and professional officesLaboratories, medical and dentalPublic utility structuresResidential dwellingMy building would fall under the general and professional offices. According to the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, Code of Ordinances Part II – Code of Ordinances - Chapter 40 – Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance - Article XXI. General Offices GO-2 Sec. 40-363. Height regulations, my building cannot exceed 35 feet in height. Soil TestThe soil test is a major part of the construction process when dealing with a building of this size. The soil test will be able to tell me the strength of the soil underneath the building and inform of whether or not I need to use additional materials to strengthen the foundation that my building will be sitting on. According to the soil test that Jefferson parish has done the soil where the plot is located is called Kenner dirt, drained. It is considered to be poorly drained organic soil where once former freshwater marshes were located, but have been drained. The slope for the area this soil covers is less than 0.5 percent and covers 2,000 – 8,000 acres mainly in urban areas. The characteristics of this soil are a dark gray, very strong acid muck about 3 inches thick; it then has a layer below up to a depth of 48 inches of black muck. The next layer that goes up to a depth of approximately 96 inches is black and very dark grayish brown muck; can have a few thin layers of gray clay and possibly the potential for stumps and logs as underlying material. There is a drainage system that uses pumps and a levee system for the area. The water table has a depth of 2 – 4 feet below the surface. Flooding is rare in this area, but can occur during hurricanes or extreme heavy rains if the water pumps or levees fail. Survey of landThe size of the lot is 78,179.89 square feet and approximately 335’ x 215’. After doing my own survey of the land I have found that it has many uneven spots throughout the whole lot. It also has trees that will need to be taken out which also leave holes in the ground where they once were. All this means is that the land will have to be filled with a certain amount of dirt in order to make it level with itself so that the building can sit on the land without any lean to it. In the middle of the plot is where the lowest part of the land is at. From the base benchmark of 5’ the middle is measured at 2’ making it 3’ below the benchmark. The rest of the land increases in height in a somewhat circular shape and eventually gets to its highest point on the left side of the lot at 5’5”.Structure TypeSince this is not a residential building the best type of structure to go with is a steel structure. The steel structure will allow for greater strength over a wooden structure. This will be needed because of the heavy machinery I will need for the elevators, and AC equipment. It will also need to support the amount of loads that will be put on it once people start moving into the building after completion. Along with the strength advantage a steel structure also is more cost effective and quicker to build over other structure types. It also has long-life durability meaning highly durable and do not age or decay as quickly as other construction materials, lasting longer before refurbishment is required. The outside of the building will have a glass fa?ade to it. This was chosen to allow more sunlight into the building that will hopefully increase the joy of the atmosphere while people are working. The connection type for the steel members will be bolts. Also the structure will be bolted together instead of being welded together for reasons that include:1. Economy, speed and ease of erection2. Reliability in service3. Relative simplicity of inspection4. Fewer and less highly skilled operators required5. Good performance under fluctuating stresses6. Ease of making alterations and additions7. Absence of coating damage8. No pre-heating of high-strength steels9. No weld cracking or induced internal stress10. No lamellar tearing of platesFoundation TypeAccording to the soil test, the foundation I need to use is concrete pilings with concrete caps to connect all of the pilings. This is because the Kenner soil is not strong enough to withstand the amount of weight that will be placed on it. If there were no pilings put into the ground before putting the foundation down the building would eventually start to sink into the ground. There will be 81 pilings used. The out columns will only have two pilings supporting them while the interior columns will have three underneath them. As will be discussed later in the report I had to find the amount of force each column was going to put on the foundation. From this solution I was abFor all plans the computer program AutoCAD was used. Floor PlanThe idea I had for the floor plan was to make it an open floor plan. What this means is that companies will be able to add and take down walls that are not load bearing to create an area to their liking. There will be, however, some elements to the floor plan that will be put in place by design so that the building can function properly. These include the restrooms, electrical rooms, available IT rooms, the mechanical rooms, elevators, and stairs. Another reason I have chosen an open floor plan is because in recent years I have worked in these types of settings and more and more companies are switching from using offices to using cubicles. The companies do this because they feel it is a more effective way to use the space they have to include more people. Not only that, but cubicles are much more inexpensive when wanting to change the layout for the workplace than actually building independent offices. For the first floor is split up into four quadrants that the hallways leading to the doors split up. There is also a reception area which will decrease the working area in 2 of the quadrants by a small amount. The second and third floors are identical to each other. For the most part the floors are split in half by the hallway and the other rooms that are permanent.Electrical PlanThe electrical plans are simple but shows enough detail. They mainly show where all the lights in the building are going to be and the switches. It also shows which switches will control what lights. The electrical plan also incorporates the outlets around the walls for the building. There will be none in the floor. What I am expecting is that the company your rents out the office space is to use what are call power poles. These poles stand in the middle of an area usually connecting cubicles together and they add extra electrical outlets once a company decides on the layout for the furniture.HVAC PlanThe HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) plan shows where the main unit for the building will be located. It also shows where the main trunk for the air flow will be located and where the air ducts and air vents are located at. Plumbing PlanThe plumbing plan as it states shows the plumbing for the building. This includes sinks, toilets, and the pipes for the building. It also shows the flow for the pipes and which are hot and which are cold pipes. Structural PlanThe structural plan for my building shows where all the columns, girders, and beams are located. Columns are vertical steel members that hold up girders and beams to allow them to span horizontally. Girders are the main steel members spanning form column to column to add strength to the structure. Beams are also steel members but they span from girder to girder to provide extra support to the structure and to also help carry the load for anything above the structure such as the roof or another floor. They are able to do this by distributing the load over many different members instead of a small few. The beams are smaller than the girders but there are more of them. The structural plan also shows the distance between the columns and the span between the girders. With this information it will allow me to use LRFD calculations I order to figure out what size columns, girders and beams I will need to estimate for the construction of the building.LRFD CalculationsLRFD, which stands for load and resistance factor design, calculations is an inelastic design method based on a strength format with limit states (AISC). The first thing we have to look at when doing these calculations is to find the dead and live loads that will be acting on the steel members of the structure. A dead load is a relatively constant load over time on a structure. The first calculation we had to do was find the dead load that would be acting on the beams from the concrete floors that will be resting on them. To do this we have to use the equation,WDl=T*w*l where T = the thickness of the slab, w = weight concrete per square foot, and l = the span length in between each beam. The constant for this equation is w which equals 150 lbs/ft2. The thickness is number is in inches and has to be converted to feet to match the units of the other numbers. This number is completely subjective to my own preferences, so it is an 8 inch slab. The span length comes got from the structural plans and is from beam to beam. Since the columns and girders in the plans were not able to be equal distances apart throughout the whole building the greatest span length was chosen in order to ensure the design was sufficient enough for all the beams, this number came out to be 10 feet 10 inches. Therefore, WDL=812*150*10+1012=1083.33 lbsft. When this number is converted to kips, which is 1,000 pounds-force, it comes out to be 1. Next we need to know the live load (WLL), temporary loads of short duration, for an office building. According to the ICC, International Code Council, the maximum live load in an office building is only 100 lbs/ft2. Now we use this information to multiply by l to get 1083 lbs/ft, which equals about 1 kip. However, I decided to use 1.5 kips in my design to ensure that it was safe since I do not know exactly how companies will utilize their space. These numbers I just gather are then plugged into the equation WU=1.2*WDL+1.6*WLL=1.2*1+1.6*1.5=3.6kipft.From here I had to figure out the moment of the beam (MU) by using the equation MU=Wu*B28 where B = 29 feet, the longest beam length in the structural plan. When worked out we get that MU=378.45 kipft. To find what size beam is needed I had to use the AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) Manual to locate which steel member can support this kind of force. To do this we have to look at table 3-2 in the manual and look in the column labeled ?bMpx and look for a shape that has a slightly higher value than the calculated number. When looking at this table we find that a W18x50 steel member would suffice for this beam.From here we can add the weight of the beam to the WDL and redo the WU equation to get 3.66kipft. Next use the following equation PU=WU*G2*2*l where G = 32.5 feet, length of the longest girder. After plugging in the necessary numbers into the calculation we get that PU=1288.23 kipft. Using table 3-2 again in the AISC manual we find a W24x131 member will work.For the column since it’s a vertical member we need to find the reactions of the beams and girders. We first need to find the reaction for the beam by using the equation RB=WU*B2, this comes out to 52.2 kips.Second is the reaction of the girder using the equation RG=2*RB+WU*G2 and this equals 163.8 kips. Next we will use the equation PU=2*RB+2*RG+column weight*3, the column weight is from trial and error method for what size steel member will be used and the 3 refers to how many floors are in the structure. To make this easier to guess we know that column width ≥ girder width which equals 12.9 inches. A W14x109 was tried, the weight is the second number which is the 109 and when converted to kips it equals .109. Incorporating that number into the equation we get PU=1296.33 kips. Now we can attempt the KLr method. First we must pick the K value from the figure below.3810000Figure 1To be on the safe side I went with the K value to equal .8, the L = 11 feet, the effective length of the column, r = 3.73 inches, the smaller of the two r values in table 1-1 of the AISC manual. Since the r value is in inches we will convert L into inches also by multiplying 11 by 12.After using the equation we get the value of 28.3. In table 4-22 of the AISC manual we need to find the ?Fcr at Fy=50 ksi. This value equals 42.3 which then gets plugged into the equation ?Pn=?Fcr*Ag where the Ag = 32, the aggregate area of the steel member found in table 1-1 of the AISC steel manual. ?Pn=1353.6 which means this is successful steel member because ?Pn≥PU.Scheduling-1295407048500right7063740right251460000314325249555000Using the program primavera I was able to come up with a schedule on how long the building should take. The following pictures show the schedule:Figure 2EstimationThe estimation part of the project was done in an excel spreadsheet. It includes only the materials, quantities, how each item is priced by, the prices, and also the total price for each material. To figure out how much material I needed I used the plans I created to be able to count footage and calculate square footage. The estimation follows: MaterialUnits Price/Unit Quantity Amount StructureBeams W18x50per inch$ 3.9657,348$ 227,098.08Girders W24x131per inch$ 10.5631,104$ 328,458.24Columns W14x109per inch$ 17.2610,692$ 184,543.925000 psi concretecubic yard$ 94.781,200$ 113,736.00Pilingsper foot$ 45.713,240$ 148,100.40WWM 8x8x10/16per square foot$ 0.3646,500$ 16,740.00#4 cont. rebarper feet$ 0.43510$ 219.301/2"x10"anchor boltseach$ 2.96390$ 1,154.40#4 dowelsper foot$ 0.87510$ 443.70concrete formsper square foot$ 12.711,020$ 12,964.20Filling Dirtcubic yard$ 12.505,640$ 70,500.00Glass Fa?adeper panel$ 3,060.76192$ 587,665.92Total:$ 1,691,624.16Walls/Ceiling4'x8' Drywallsheet$ 8.751,064$ 9,310.00Metal studsper foot$ 0.5020,000$ 10,000.00Joint Tapeper roll$ 1.97100$ 197.00Drwall Mudbucket$ 13.9450$ 697.00Paintper gallon$ 33.00100$ 3,300.00Primerper gallon$ 21.00100$ 2,100.002'x4' Ceiling Tileseach$ 0.951,938$ 1,841.10Ceiling Hangarsper foot$ 0.4311,160$ 4,798.80Ceiling Grideach$ 1.262,220$ 2,797.20Ceiling grid support anchorseach$ 1.202,480$ 2,976.00Total:$ 38,017.10ElectricalWiringroll$ 294.0050$ 14,700.00Electrical Paneleach$ 600.003$ 1,800.00conduitper foot$ 2.005,000$ 10,000.00junction boxeseach$ 36.67100$ 3,667.00Light Fixtureseach$ 59.03387$ 22,844.61Outletseach$ 0.53123$ 65.19Switcheseach$ 0.4936$ 17.64Switch Cover Plateseach$ 0.3836$ 13.68Outlet Cover Plateseach$ 0.36123$ 44.28Electrical Boxeseach$ 1.62159$ 257.58flexible conduitper foot$ 6.881,000$ 6,880.00Total:$ 60,289.98PlumbingPVC pipesper foot$ 0.961,000$ 960.00Metal Pipesper foot$ 12.95100$ 1,295.00Sinkseach$ 39.9818$ 719.64Toiletseach$ 887.0024$ 21,288.00Water fountaineach$ 565.006$ 3,390.00Urinalseach$ 1,055.009$ 9,495.00Water pumpeach$ 5,146.001$ 5,146.00Total:$ 42,293.64HVACAir Ductper foot$ 4.253,000$ 12,750.00Ventseach$ 72.85147$ 10,708.95Cooling Towereach$ 23,880.921$ 23,880.92Thermostateach$ 60.956$ 365.70Total:$ 47,705.57MiscellaneousDoorseach$ 215.0034$ 7,310.00Countertopssquare foot$ 13.17310$ 4,082.70Elevatorseach$ 24,000.002$ 48,000.00Tree Clearingeach$ 1,000.0010$ 10,000.00Tile square foot$ 2.198,471$ 18,551.49Carpetsquare foot$ 1.2428,227$ 35,001.48Total:$ 122,945.67Grand Total:$ 2,002,876.12Figure 3Works citedAISC Steel Construction Manual ................
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