Converting MLA to APA



Converting MLA to APATitle PageCreate a title page. MLA format does not use a title page. An APA title page is both page-centered (hit enter until your title is 4.5” down the page [use the ruler under “view”]) and line-centered (highlight the text and hit ctrl+e to center). The title page, like everything else, should be double-spaced and in TNR 12 font. Type the title of the paper, using title-case. Hit enter, and type your name (include middle initial). Hit enter, and type the name of your school institution. Hit enter and type the due date (some professors will not require this).Running HeaderGo into the header space. Go to “insert” and add a page number (choose the one that is right-justified and up at the top of the paper). Now, still up in the header space, type out the title of your paper in ALL CAPS, but this title should be left-justified, unlike the page number, which is right-justified.AbstractGo to the next page (hit ctrl+enter). Write an abstract. If the professor requires an abstract, it should have 100-200 words and it should simply summarize the material presented in the paper, including conclusions or findings. Start by writing “Abstract” on the first line of the abstract page, centered (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks). Hit enter only once; now write the concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. HeadingsNow, add headings to the body of your paper. MLA almost never uses headings. APA does. Main headings will be centered and bold; use title case (a main heading states the main idea of the paragraph, such as Introduction, Animal Testing Practices, Problems with Animal Testing, Alternatives to Animal Testing, Conclusion). Sub-headings must be left-justified, boldface, and title case. A sub-heading states a sub-point; for example, under Animal Testing Practices, one might have sub-headings, like Cosmetics Testing, Pharmaceutical Testing, Weaponry Testing.In-Text CitationNow, modify your in-text citations. If you have citations that are signal phrases, like “According to Dr. James Smith, in an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, blah blah blah,” you can leave those as they are. However, APA format uses the author-date form of in-text citation rather than author-page number from MLA. So, you need to replace your MLA parenthetical references by using first the author’s last name and then the publication year of the reference material within your parenthesis, e.g. (Smith, 2008). Include page numbers only when using direct quotations (citing word-for-word) by using the following format: (Smith, 2008, p. 32). If there are no pages (as with an online webpage), skip that. Note: MLA format does not use the abbreviation for page, but we do put “p.” in APA. If you just had a signal phrase and no parenthetical, because the source had no page numbers, you will add a parenthetical with just the year of publication. E.g. “According to Dr. James Smith, in an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, blah blah blah” (2008). ReferencesTitleNext, convert your bibliography. First, change the title of the bibliographic page from Works Cited to References. Sample EntryNow, we will change our entries. First, take a look at the sample entry below; this is for an article retrieved from a database.Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal ofAbnormal Eating, 8 (3), 120-125. Retrieved from NamesAPA format uses the initials for author’s first and middle names instead of the whole first name. Authors' names are still inverted (last name comes first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including seven authors.Date of PublicationNext, put the date of publication in parenthesis. If it’s just a year, put the year. If it is a specific date, spell out the month, and do it like this: (2002, April 16).Title of SourceAfter that, the title of the source is written out; capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.?The title is only italicized if it is a longer work, like a book or a documentary.Title of ContainerIf there is a title of a container, that goes next, like the title of a website, journal, or textbook. It must be italicized, and you should capitalize all the words besides conjunctions and short prepositions in the title of the container.Volume and Issue Number(Often, this isn’t part of your source, so skip it if that’s the case.) If there is a volume number, that goes next, italicized, and then if there is a journal number, that goes in parenthesis.Page RangeSecond-to-last, put in the page range, if that is available.LocationIf it’s something you found online, you will have one final thing. Put this: Retrieved from . Citation StylesCitation styles differ mostly in the location, order, and syntax of information about references. The number and diversity of citation styles reflect different priorities among different disciplines of study/research with respect to concision, readability, dates, authors, publications, and, of course, style.There are two major divisions within most citation styles: documentary-note style and parenthetical style. Documentary-note style involves using either footnotes or endnotes, so that information about your sources is readily available to your readers but does not interfere with their reading of your work. Parenthetical style is an abbreviated form of citation, and although it does not require footnotes or endnotes and is easier to write, it may interfere with how smoothly your work reads. Both styles require a "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper.With so many different citation styles, how do you know which one is right for your paper? Ask your instructor! There are several factors determining the appropriate citation style, including the type of class, the academic expectations, and the teacher’s preferences. See below for a break down by the type of paper or class…MLAAPAChicagoEnglish Language and LiteratureLiterary Criticism and Comparative LiteratureArt HistoryPhilosophyMusicReligionForeign Language and LiteraturesCultural StudiesSocial Sciences:PsychologyLinguisticsSociologyEconomicsCriminologyEducationBusinessNursingEngineeringHistory Physical SciencesNatural SciencesComparison and Contrast of MLA and APA StylesMLASimilaritiesAPA Used in humanitiesDouble-spacedReverse indentationCitation page at end of paperUsed in social studiesCitation page is called“Works Cited”.All sources used in thepaper MUST be listed inthe citation page.Citation page is called“References”.The author’s name in the Works Cited entry is last name, first name.Smith, JaysonAll ideas, information, numbers, statistics, facts, or wording taken from any source other than the writer MUST be cited.The author’s name in the References entry is last name, first initial.Smith, J. (2005)If the author’s name is already given in the sentence, only the page number is placed parenthetically.According to Jayson Smith, “The scale of words…” (34).Two authors(Smith and Jones 65)More than two authors(Smith et al. 65)In both citation styles, if theauthor’s name is not given, the title of the source should be used in the parenthetical reference.MLA (“Word Magic” 34) APA (“Word Magic,” 1995)If the author’s name is already given in the sentence, the year of publication is placed parenthetically after the author’s name.Jayson Smith (1995) states that “The scale of words…”Two authors(Smith & Jones, 2005)More than two authors(Smith et al., 2005)If the author’s name is not given in the lead-in, the author’s name and page number are given at the end of the sentence.The scientists found a 22% correlation between the trait and the life outcome (Smith 34).Both can use either parenthetical citation or footnotes/endnotes.However, APA includes a comma in the parenthetical citation, while MLA does not.MLA (Smith 34)APA (Smith, 1995)If the author’s name is not given in the lead-in, the author’s name and year of publication are given at the end of the sentence.The scientists found a 22% correlation between the trait and the life outcome (Smith, 1995).Quotes that are 4+ lines in length (when typed) are “blocked”: indented 1” (tab twice or 10 spaces).Quotes are led-in or smoothly integrated into the text.Quotes that are 40 words or more are indented 1/2 inch(tab once or 5 spaces).APA Citation (6th Edition)APA uses in-text citations to cite sources. In-text citations allow the reader to connect the writer’s specific references to the claims, quotes, statistics, or ideas within the paper. Citations generally require a few elements: the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quote or paraphrase. For sources without page numbers, such as websites, the writer does not need to list a page number. Some sources have institutional authors (such as a report issued by a government agency), in which case, the writer should list the organization as the author. For sources with no known author or organizational author, use the title of the article in place of the author’s name. Formatting In-Text Citations in APASHORT QUOTATIONSWhen directly quoting from a work, include the author, year of publication, and the page #.Ex: According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).Ex: She stated, “students often had difficulty using APA style,” but she did not offer an explanation as to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199).LONG QUOTATIONSDirect quotations longer than 40 words should go in a freestanding block of text without quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. The quote should still be double-spaced. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.Ex: Jones’s (1998) study found the following:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)PARAPHRASINGWhen paraphrasing an idea from another’s work, you only have to refer to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. APA guidelines encourage you to provide the page number, though it is not required.Ex: According to Jones (1998), APA style can be a difficult citation format for first-time learners, so it is important to consult the Purdue Owl sometimes.APA References Pages?The references list should begin on a new page titled References (plain/normal font with no quotations marks, underline, bold, etc.) centered at the top of the page. ?Reference list entries should be in alphabetical order.?Double space!?Use hanging indents. (See the sample Reference page at the end of the handout for an example.) ?Use initials for authors’ first and middle names.?Titles of major works (books, journals, magazines, etc.) should be italicized.?If a source has more than six authors, list the first six, then add “et al.,” which stands for “and others.”?For a work discussed within a secondary source (a citation within a citation), list the source that the work was discussed in and cite that source. Ex: Foucault (as cited in Spivak, 1992) defines...ExamplesBOOK BY ONE AUTHORAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.Calfee, R. C. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORSAuthor, A. A. & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication:Publisher.Calfee, R. C. & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal Publication. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.Barnes, J., Nichols, E. H., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Self-esteem stability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHORInstitutional author (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.American Allergy Association (1998). Allergies in Children. New York: Random, House.A WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTIONAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (pages of chapter or article). City of publication: Publisher.Gladwell, M. (2007). What the dog saw. In D. F. Wallace (Ed.), Best American Essays 2007 (86-102). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNALAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Issue Number, Pages.Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(1), 893-896.WEBSITE OR PAGE ON A WEBSITEAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from addressAngeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from the case of a website with no author, the title moves to the first position in the reference entry:All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from . id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPERAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page(s).Stewart, K. (2006, May 21). No time for sleeping. New York Times, B1.Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from addressParker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from ................
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