What is Computer/Kw¤úDUvi wK
What is Computer/Kw¤úDUvi wK?
Computer is an ‘electronic brain’. A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q Ôˆe`y¨wZK gw¯—®‹Õ| MÖxK kã ‘Compute’ †_‡K Computer k‡ãi DrcwË| GK K_vq Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q- GKwU MYbvhš¿| MYbvi Kv‡R gvbyl‡K mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ GKwU h‡š¿i wPš—v gvby‡li gv_vq Av‡m| †mB †_‡K gvbyl wPš—v Ki‡Z _v‡K wKfv‡e GKwU MYbvhš¿ Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq| Avi Zvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avwe®‹vi N‡U‡Q| ïaygvÎ MYbvKv‡R mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®K…Z n‡jI- eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl‡K `vi“Yfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q| Avi ZvB eZ©gvb hy‡M gvbyl Kw¤úDUvi Qvov fvj Kv‡Ri Avkv †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q mKj KvRB wbf~©jfv‡e mgvav Kiv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î mgq I kªg e¨q nq LyeB Kg| Avi ZvB wbLyuZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gvbyl Kw¤úDUvi wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o‡Q| wewfbœ ch©vq †cwo‡q eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi AvaywbK iƒ‡c mwR¡Z n‡q‡Q| Avi ZvB Gi KvQ †_‡K Avgiv me ai‡Yi mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q _vwK| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’v GKw`‡b m„wó nqwb| hyM hyM a‡i wewfbœ weÁvbxi ch©vqµwgK M‡elYvi dmj AvR‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi| Kw¤úDUvi GKKfv‡e †KD Avwe®‹vi K‡ibwb| wewfbœ ¯^bvgab¨ weÁvbx I M‡el‡Ki ch©vqµwgK M‡elYvi dmj n‡”Q- ÔAvaywbK Kw¤úDUviÕ| Z‡e, Ae`v‡bi w`K †Lqvj †i‡L Charles Babbage -‡K ÔKw¤úDUv‡ii RbKÕ ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii 4wU †gŠwjK welq t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ KvR Ki‡Z 4wU †gŠwjK welq j¶Yxq t-
1| BbcyU - me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ BbcyU Ki‡Z nq| Z_¨ BbcyU Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq wewfbœ
BbcyU wWfvB‡mi| K‡qKwU BbcyU wWfvBm †hgb:- Kx‡evW©, gvDm, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw`|
2| cÖ‡mwms ev cÖwµqvKiY - BbcyUK…Z Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cÖ‡mwms ev cÖwµqvRvZ nq|
cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq wmwcBD ev †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU|
3| AvDUcyU - cÖwµqvRvZ nIqvi ci Zvnv djvdj wn‡m‡e me©cÖ_g gwbUi ¯Œx‡Y dz‡U I‡V Ges
cÖ‡qvR‡b wcÖ›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Zvnv KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv nq|
K‡qKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm n‡”Q- gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, d¬wc wW¯‹ BZ¨vw`|
4| ‡÷v‡iR - fwel¨‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨‡K msi¶Y Kiv nq|
wewfbœ †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ nvW©wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹ Ab¨Zg|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ ev Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii myweav t
`ª“ZMwZ t- Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q- `ª“ZZv| Kw¤úDUvi Lye `ª“Z KvR K‡i| Zvi KviY GwU we`y¨r Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| GwU we`y¨rMwZ‡Z KvR K‡i| GKwU KvR Ki‡Z GKRb gvby‡li †hLv‡b GKgvm mgq cÖ‡qvRb, †mB KvRwU Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUvi mgq †bq gvÎ K‡qK wgwbU, KLbI KLbI ZviI Kg mgq| g~jK_v t Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i Avgiv A‡bK mgq evuPv‡Z cvwi|
wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv t- Kw¤úDUvi fxlYfv‡e wek¦vmx| mwVK KgvÛ w`‡Z cvi‡j Gi mvnv‡h¨ mwVK KvR Kiv hvq| †mBm‡½ Ri“ix Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ jywK‡q A_ev ÔjKÕ K‡i ivLv hvq, hv Dchy³ e¨w³ Qvov Ab¨ †KD e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
m~²Zv t- mwVKfv‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi AZzjbxq fywgKv iv‡L| †h‡Kvb KvR mwVK I my›`ifv‡e mgvav Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i _vwK| K_vq Av‡Q- Ôgvby‡li ˆZix Kw¤úDUvi wbf©yj, wKš‘ gvbyl mKj‡¶‡Î wbf©yj bqÕ| K_vwU Avm‡jB mwZ¨| gvbyl g‡bi ARv‡š—B A‡bK fyj K‡i wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb fyj K‡i bv| Kw¤úDUvi ‡Kvb fyj Ki‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Zv gvby‡li ØvivB msNwUZ n‡q‡Q A_ev Kw¤úDUvi Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o‡Q|
†g‡gvwi ev ¯§„wZ t- †g‡gvwi ev ¯§„wZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg GKwU myweav ev ˆewkó¨| gvbyl A‡bKwKQyB wKQyw`b c‡iB fy‡j hvq, c¶vš—‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z †Kvb wKQy msi¶Y K‡i ivL‡j Zv nvRvi-nvRvi eQi Kw¤úDUvi g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i| Avi ZvB GKevi Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ‡Z †KvbwKQy msi¶Y Ki‡j cieZ©x‡Z Zv evi evi e¨envi Kiv hvq|
hyw³m½Z wm×vš— t- Kw¤úDUvi hyw³m½Z wm×vš— wb‡Z `vi“Yfv‡e cvi`k©x| ZvB Gi mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kvb hyw³c~Y© KvR Kiv hvq| †mBm‡½ wekvj wekvj wnmve-wbKv‡ki KvR Kw¤úDUvi g~û‡Z© mgvav K‡i †`q, hv Ki‡Z GKRb gvby‡li nqZ K‡qKw`b †j‡M hv‡e|
eûgyLxZv t- AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi mvaviY wnmve-wbKvk †_‡K ïi“ K‡i wewfbœ ai‡Yi RwUj mgm¨v mgvav Ki‡Z m¶g| GgbwK ˆeÁvwbK mgm¨v mgvav‡bI Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
¯^qswµqZv t- Kw¤úDUvi ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi ci¯úi wbf©ikxj KvR¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mgvav Ki‡Z m¶g| ZvB AvRKvj wewfbœ KjKviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi PvwjZ wewfbœ ai‡Yi ¯^qswµq hš¿ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq Dchy³ hvwš¿K miÄvg I †cÖvMÖvg|
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ I KgvÛ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨
AwaK e¨eüZ BbcyU wWfvBm - Kx‡ev‡W©i Kx ¸‡jvi
bvg I Kvh©KvixZv t-
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`t
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)t
gvB‡µv k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q- ¶z`ª| ¶z`ªvK…wZi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZix e‡jB G‡K gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi ejv nq| gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi mvaviYZ GKwU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ev B›Uvi‡dm wPc Øviv MwVZ| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi wewfbœ ai‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †W¯‹Uc, j¨vcUc, †bvUeyK BZ¨vw`| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K Ôcvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUviÕI ejv nq| gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi AvKv‡i me‡P‡q †QvU I `v‡g Kg| ZvB e¨w³MZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Ges ¯‹zj, K‡jR, Awdm Av`vj‡Z gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi †ekx e¨eüZ nq|
wgwb Kw¤úDUvi (Mini Computer)t
wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ˆeÁvwbK I cÖhyw³MZ M‡elYvq I we‡kl‡Y, wkí cÖwZôv‡b wKsev e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ e¨eüZ nq| gvB‡µvi Zzjbvq wgwbKw¤úDUvi A‡bK †ekx ¶gZvm¤úbœ| ZvB wgwb Kw¤úDUvi wewfbœ ai‡Yi RwUj Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| Uviwgbv‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖvq kZvwaK e¨enviKvix GKm‡½ wgwbKw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi (Mainframe Computer)t
†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q A‡bK‡ekx ¶gZvm¤úbœ| †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi A‡bK †ekx KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡i meai‡Yi †cwi‡divj e¨e¯’v, me iKg nvB †j‡fj fvlv I me ai‡Yi mdU&Iq¨vi e¨eüZ nq| G ai‡Yi Kw¤úDUvi Lye `ª“Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii `vg K‡qK †KvwU UvKv| AwZ e„nr wkí-evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb, RwUj ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv I D”P¯—‡ii cÖhyw³MZ we‡kl‡Y †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq|
mycvi Kw¤úDUvi (Super Computer)t
mycviKw¤úDUvi nj me‡P‡q `ª“ZMwZm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi| A_©vr MvwYwZK cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z G‡`i me‡P‡q Kg mgq jv‡M| mycvi Kw¤úDUvi †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K AwaK ¶gZvkvjx| †hLv‡b AZ¨š— `ª“ZMwZ‡Z weivU I RwUj wnmve Ki‡Z nq †mLv‡b G‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb:- AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm, gnvKvkhvb Pvjbv, cÖwZi¶v M‡elYv, wewfbœ ai‡Yi Av‡Mœqv¯¿ wWRvBb, cigvYy Pzjx I mycvimwbK wegv‡bi Wvbvi wWRvBb ˆZix BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`k mn A‡bK †`‡kB mycvi Kw¤úDUvi †bB|
Desktop Computer :
7
CPU-Central Processing Unit (†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask) :
Keyboard/Kx‡evW© t
wewfbœ Kx m¤^wjZ †evW©‡K Kx‡evW© ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU Abb¨ BbcyU wWfvBm| wWfvBm n‡”Q wbw`©ó Kv‡R e¨eüZ c×wZ| †hgb:- Kx‡evW© GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm wn‡m‡e Gi Øviv Avgiv ïaygvÎ BbcyU Ki‡Z cvwi, AvDUcyU cvB bv| Kx‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ Lye `ª“Z KgvÛ-Z_¨ BbcyU Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Ki‡Z Kx‡ev‡W©i f~wgKv me‡P‡q †ekx| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Kx‡ev‡W©i Kx¸‡jv‡Z GKevi Pvc w`‡Z nq| ïaygvÎ 3wU Kx (†hgb:- Shift; Ctrl; Alt) †P‡c a‡i †i‡L KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
Mouse/gvDm t
B`y‡ii gZ †`L‡Z gvDm Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm| RbwcÖq GB BbcyU wWfvBm e¨env‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Kiv nq| Z‡e c×wZMZ Kvi‡YB Gi Pjb c×wZ Lye axiMwZ m¤úbœ| ZvB GwU e¨env‡i AwaK mgq I kª‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| eyw×gvb Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix MY gvD‡mi †P‡q Kx‡evW©‡K †ekx cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡Kb|
gvDm e¨env‡i KwZcq Uvg© t
|Uvg© t |Awfav ev A_© t |
|Mouse Pointer |gvD‡mi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©kK‡K gvDm c‡q›Uvi ejv nq| gvDm c‡q›Uvi †`‡L Avgiv gvD‡mi Ae¯’vb Ges Ae¯’v ev gyW m¤ú‡K© |
| |aviYv cvB| †hgb:- ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq gvDm c‡q›Uvi (( iƒ‡c cÖ`wk©Z nq Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨¯—Zv cÖ`k©‡b gvD‡mi |
| |c‡q›Uvi _v‡K ( iƒ‡c| †mB m‡½ †U·U †jLvi my‡hvM _vK‡j gvDm c‡q›Uvi‡K I iƒ‡c †`Lv hvq| |
|Point |gvDm e¨env‡i †Kvb wKQy wbe©vPb Kiv‡K c‡q›U Kiv †evSvq| |
|Click |wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvD‡mi evg †evZv‡g 1 evi Pvc †`qv n‡”Q- wK¬K| KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î- cÖ_‡g wbw`©ó |
| |¯’v‡b c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z nq, Zvici evg †evZv‡g 1 evi Pvc w`‡Z nq| |
|Double Click |cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvD‡mi evg †evZv‡g ci ci 2 evi Pvc †`qv| |
|Right Click |wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvD‡mi Wvb †evZv‡g 1 evi Pvc †`qv| |
|Drag and Drop |gvD‡mi evg †evZv‡g Pvc †i‡L gvDm Ab¨Î mwi‡q Pvc †Q‡o †`qv| |
Scanner/¯‹¨vbvi t
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ BbcyU Kivi GKwU AvaywbK BbcyU wWfvBm n‡”Q- ¯‹¨vbvi| ¯‹¨vbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Pv‡Li KvR K‡i| ZvB Gi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ Z_¨ (we‡kl K‡i Qwe, K¨vUvjM, g¨vc) ûeû Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Zv e¨envi Kiv hvq| ¯‹¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖixZ Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i m¤úv`b Kiv hvq, GKvwaK Qwei mgš^‡q Qwe‡Z bZzb gvÎv †hvM Kiv hvq, B‡”Q gZ i‡Oi e¨envi Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwe †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡k d¬vU †eW AcwUK¨vj ¯‹¨vbvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
Monitor/gwbUi t
Kw¤úDUv‡i mKj djvdj me©cÖ_g †h wWfvBmwUi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv hvq Zvi bvg gwbUi| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© AvDUcyU wWfvBm| BbcyUK…Z Z_¨-KgvÛ mwVK wK †ewVK Zv ¯Œx‡Y †`‡L †evSvi Rb¨ †mBm‡½ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z djvdj gwbUi ¯Œx‡Y †`Lv hvq|
wUwf-i g‡ZvB †`L‡Z gwbUi‡K is‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1| iwOb (Colour) gwbUi t c`©vq mKj is dz‡U I‡V
2| GKiOv ev g‡bvµg (Monochrome) gwbUi t Kv‡jv c`©vq mv`v ev Ab¨ i‡Oi A¶i dz‡U I‡V
3| †MÖ‡¯‹j (Grey scale) gwbUi t c`©vq mKj is mv`v Kv‡jv‡Z dz‡U I‡V|
Printer/wcÖ›Uvi ev Qvcvhš¿ t
Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyUK…Z Z_¨ djvdj AvKv‡i me©cÖ_g gwbUi ¯Œx‡Y †`Lv hvq| D³ djvdj KvM‡R Qvcv‡Z e¨eüZ nq GKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm, hvi bvg wcÖ›Uvi ev Qvcvhš¿| ¯Œx‡Y cÖ`wk©Z welqe¯‘ KvM‡R Qvcv‡Z Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i wcÖ›Uvi| Avi wcÖ›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv djvdj‡K ejv nq Hard Copy| wewfbœ bv‡gi I gv‡bi wcÖ›Uvi ev Qvcvhš¿ Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ WU †gwUª· Ges †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi †ekx RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q| WU †gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi W‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ Qvcvi KvR K‡i| G wcÖ›Uv‡i Qvcvi KvR nq axi MwZ‡Z Ges Qvcvi Kv‡R kã nq †mBm‡½ Qvcv Zzjbvg~jK A¯^”Q| c¶vš—‡i, †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi Lye `ª“Z, wbtk‡ã gvbm¤úbœ Qvcvi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| KvM‡R iwOb QvcvI cvIqv hvq| †mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq iwOb wcÖ›Uv‡ii|
Sound Card/mvDÛ KvW© t
mvDÛ KvW© n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii kã Dbœq‡bi e¨e¯’v| A_©vr mvDÛ Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g D”PZi Ges DbœZZi kã cvIqv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i mvDÛ KvW© jvMv‡bv _vK‡j Avgiv DbœZ kã cvB, Mvb I wgDwRK ïb‡Z cvwi| †mBm‡½ mvDÛ Kv‡W© Speech Synthesizer (w¯úP wmb&‡_mvBRvi) _v‡K weavq Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li gZ K_v ej‡Z cv‡i Ges Mv‡bi myi evRv‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbx mvDÛ KvW© ˆZix K‡i _v‡K| Zb¥‡a¨ ÔBqvgvnvÕ Ges Ôwµ‡qwUfÕ mvDÛ Kv‡W©i cÖPjb †ekx|
LAN Card/j¨vb KvW© t
LAN Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q- Local Area Network. KvQvKvwQ Aew¯’Z GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ejv nq| wbK‡U Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨B g~jZt †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ˆZix Kiv nq|
Power Supply /we`y¨r mieivn t
ÔcvIqvi mvcvBÕ n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’v| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfbœ wfbœ hš¿cvwZi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ cwigv‡bi we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb| †m‡¶‡Î GKB cwigv‡bi we`y¨r me©Î mieivn n‡j P‡j bv| ZvB ÔcvIqvi mvcvBÕ Gi gva¨‡g we`y¨r mieivn wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwZwU h‡š¿i Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigvb we`y¨r mieivn Kiv nq ÔcvIqvi mvcvBÕ-i gva¨‡g|
Modem/ †gv‡Wg t
†gv‡Wg n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ `~‡i Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii †hvMv‡hvM ˆZixi DbœZ GKwU g‡Wj| †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, †gv‡Wg I Dchy³ md&UIqv‡ii gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wb‡q `~‡i Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ˆZix K‡i Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î c„w_exi †h‡Kvb cÖv‡š— Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvi †_‡KB Z_¨ †bqv hvq Ges cvVv‡bv hvq|
Memory :-
Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡i †h mg¯— wb‡`©kbv w`B †m¸‡jv msi¶Y K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq †g‡gvwi ev ¯§„wZ| ïaygvÎ Avgv‡`i †`qv Z_¨ bq, †h †Kvb ai‡Yi Z_¨-DcvË msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ¯§„wZ AZ¨vek¨K| we¯Z…Z AÂj wb‡q MwVZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ fvÛvi| ZvB Kw¤úDUv‡i wecyj cwigv‡Yi Z_¨ msi¶Y K‡i ivLv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB ¯§„wZ fvÛvi ev Storage Media `yB fv‡M wef³| h_v t-
1. Main Memory/Internal Memory (cÖavb/Af¨š—ixY ¯§„wZ)
2. Auxiliary Memory/External Memory (mnvqK/ewn¯’t ¯§„wZ)
Main Memory/Internal Memory (cÖavb/Af¨š—ixY ¯§„wZ) t
wmwcBD-i mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ ms‡hvM †i‡L cÖavb ¯§„wZ KvR K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡Z †h mg¯— c×wZMZ †cÖvMÖvg AZ¨vek¨K nq - cÖavb ¯§„wZ Zv msi¶Y K‡i| Avgv‡`i †`qv Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Kw¤úDUvi `ª“Z djvdj †`qvi †h †cÖiYv cvq Zv g~jZt cÖavb ¯§„wZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y m¤¢e nq| cÖavb ¯§„wZi `ye©jZvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mwVK AvDUcyU ev djvdj AR©b e¨nZ nq| cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡K wb‡æv³ wZb †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb:-
a) ROM ev Read Only Memory (¯’vqx ¯§„wZ) t
G ¯§„wZ‡Z msiw¶Z Z_¨ ïaygvÎ cov hvq, cwieZ©b Kiv ev †gvQv hvq bv| Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy nevi mgq †h mg¯— Z_¨ Avgiv gwbU‡i †`L‡Z cvB Dnv ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z msiw¶Z _v‡K|
b) RAM ev Random Access Memory (A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ) t
Z_¨ ev Z_¨vejx ïaygvÎ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi Rb¨ A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡j GB ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ Z_¨vejx gy‡Q hvq|
c) R-WM ev Read-Write Memory (wjLb-cVb ¯§„wZ) t G ¯§„wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vejx msi¶Y K‡i ivLv hvq Ges h‡_”Qv cwieZ©b mv‡c‡¶ Z_¨ mg~n‡K evievi e¨envi Kiv hvq| G ¯§„wZ ROM Gi b¨vq ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ| Z‡e cv_©K¨ GB †h, Bnv‡K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cyivZb Z‡_¨i mwnZ bZzb Z_¨ ms‡hvRb A_ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ we‡qvRb Kiv hvq|
Auxiliary Memory ev mnvqK ¯§„wZ t
GwU we¯Z…Z I e„nr ¯§„wZ| msM„wnZ Z_¨-DcvË mg~n BbcyU †`qvi ci wbw`©ó dvB‡ji AvIZvq D³ WvUv (DcvË), Z_¨ mg~n Ae¯’vb K‡i| WvUv mg~n Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e msiw¶Z nq| Pz¤^Kxq †Uc, wW¯‹ (nvW© wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹), Wªvg cÖf„wZ mnvqK ¯§„wZi D`vniY|
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †hgb cÖwZwU wRwbm cwigv‡ci GKK (†hgb: Zij c`v_© cwigv‡ci Rb¨- wjUvi, AvqZb cwigv‡ci Rb¨- wgUvi) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| wVK †Zgwb Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKK wn‡m‡e evBU (Byte) e¨eüZ nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU A¶i (A B C D 1 2 3 4) aviY ev msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ 1 evBU ¯§„wZ cÖ‡qvRb nq| eo gv‡ci †¶‡Î e¨eüZ nq- KB MB GB TB
KB - Kilo Byte 1 KB = 1024 Byte
MB - Mega Byte 1 MB = 1024 KB
GB - Gega Byte 1 GB = 1024 MB
TB - Tera Byte 1 TB = 1024 GB
Input/BbcyU t
BbcyU n‡”Q MÖnY Kiv‡bv| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv ev Kw¤úDUvi‡K Z_¨ MÖnY Kiv‡bv‡K BbcyU ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ K‡qKwU BbcyU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Kx‡evW©, gvDm I ¯‹¨vbvi Ab¨Zg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBm¸‡jv Bnvi Bw›`ª‡qi KvR K‡i|
Output/AvDUcyU t
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Kivi ci wmwcBD-i mvnv‡h¨ Zv wePvi-we‡klY I cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi c‡i †h djvdj cvIqv hvq ZvnvB ÔAvDUcyUÕ| †hgb:- Kx‡evW© †_‡K Kx Pvc‡j djvdj ev AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e ÷vU© †gby‡K mPj cvIqv hvq| Avevi Kx‡evW© †_‡K ch©vqµ‡g A N Ges D BbcyU Ki‡j djvdj ev AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq AND - GKwU kã|
‡÷v‡iR/msi¶Y t
‡Kgb K‡i Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq?
wewfbœ ai‡Yi Z_¨‡K Zvi aiY Abyhvqx Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e GK GKwU dvB‡ji Aax‡b Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ‡Z msi¶Y K‡i ivLv nq| dvBj wn‡m‡e Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó bvg wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| dvB‡ji bvgKi‡Yi †¶‡Î- ‘: / \ * ?’ wPý¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z nq ¯§„wZi wbw`©ó ¯’vb| wb‡æ Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi c×wZ wP‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡jv:-
Hard Disk/nvW© wW¯‹ t
Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ nvW© wW¯‹ me‡P‡q †ekx e¨eüZ nq| KviY- GwU k³, gReyZ †gUvj ev avZe c`v_© w`‡q ˆZix| AvqZ‡b eo weavq, wecyj cwigv‡Yi Z_¨ GLv‡b msi¶Y K‡i ivLv hvq| Gi aviY¶gZv I ¯’vqxZ¡ AwaK weavq Gi `vgI †ekx| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e G wW‡¯‹i mvnv‡h¨ kZ kZ eQi Z_¨ msi¶Y K‡i ivLv hvq| cÖwZwU wmwcBD-i m‡½ Kgc‡¶ GKwU nvW© wW¯‹ mshy³ _v‡K| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaK nvW© wW¯‹I e¨envi Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i nvW©wW¯‹ kbv³ Ki‡Z- C D E F A¶i¸‡jv e¨eüZ nq|
Floppy Disk Drive :
d¬wc wW¯‹ Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nvW©Iq¨viwUi bvg n‡”Q d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf| d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf wmwcBD-i m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| cvIqvi †evZv‡gi Dc‡i Aew¯’Z d¬wc WªvB‡f d¬wc wW¯‹ cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i d¬wcwW¯‹ kbv³ Ki‡Z- A I B e¨eüZ nq|
Floppy Disk / d¬wc wW¯‹ t
cvZjv cvw÷‡Ki ˆZix d¬wc wW¯‹ ¯’vqx (wjLb-cVb) ¯§„wZ| Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ G wW¯‹ e¨eüZ nq| †QvU-Lv‡Uv Dcb¨vm mgvb Z_¨ GLv‡b msi¶Y Kiv hvq| Gi Z_¨ aviY¶gZv Ges ¯’vqxZ¡ A‡bK Kg weavq Gi `vg Lye Kg| GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †QvU-Lv‡Uv dvBj ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ Ges e¨vKAvc †bqvi Rb¨ d¬wc wW¯‹ e¨eüZ nq|
CD-ROM Drive / wmwW-ig WªvBf t
wmwW ev Kgc¨v± wW¯‹ Pvjv‡bvi nvW©Iq¨viwUi bvg n‡”Q- wmwW-ig WªvBf| d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi Dc‡i Aew¯’Z G WªvB‡f wmwW cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
wmwW ev Kgc¨v± wW¯‹ t
G wW‡¯‹ Z_¨‡K msKzwPZfv‡e msi¶Y K‡i ivLv hvq weavq Aí ¯§„wZ e¨env‡i wecyj cwigv‡Yi Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq| e¨env‡ii mgq msKzwPZ Z_¨ Qwo‡q hvq| mvaviYZt wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg, g¨vMvwRb, wfwWI, Mvb BZ¨vw` G ai‡Yi wW‡¯‹ msi¶Y K‡i ivLv nq|
e¨vKAvc t
Ri“ix †h †Kvb dvBj nvwi‡q †M‡j ev bó n‡j wecyj ¶wZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †m‡¶‡Î mveavbZv Aejš^‡bi Rb¨ g~j dvB‡ji cvkvcvwk D³ dvB‡ji GKwU Kwc Ab¨Î msi¶Y Kivi e¨e¯’v‡K e¨vKAvc ejv nq| e¨vKAv‡ci Rb¨- d¬wc wW¯‹, nvW©wW¯‹mn Ab¨vb¨ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Operating System / Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g t
md&UIq¨vi e¨ZxZ nvW©Iq¨vi - ÔcvBjU wenxb wegv‡bi b¨vqÕ| Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡i nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨vi G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK| Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvq me©cÖ_g †h md&UIq¨viwU cÖ‡qvRb, Zv n‡”Q- ÔAcv‡iwUs wm‡÷gÕ| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvq e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| Kw¤úDUvi‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e wbqš¿‡Yi KvRwU K‡i ÔAcv‡iwUs wm‡÷gÕ| Avi ZvB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv÷vi K‡›Uªvj †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq| Bnv‡K Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i UªvwdK cywj‡ki m‡½, hvnv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKjwKQy‡K ¯^v”Q‡›` PjvP‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q wKQy †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgvnvi, hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii dvBj e¨e¯’vcbvmn hveZxq wbqš¿‡Yi KvR K‡i| †mBm‡½, †cÖvMÖvg I e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ mve©¶wYK †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKQy †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg wbqš¿Y K‡i hv‡K ejv nq BDwUwjwU| GmKj BDwUwjwUi mvnv‡h¨ dvBj Kwc Kiv, wW‡i±wi ev †dvìvi ˆZix Kivmn Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv hvq| RbwcÖq I eûj e¨eüZ K‡qKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q- DOS (Disk Operating System), OS/2, Windows, Linux BZ¨vw`|
Windows as a Operating System /Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e DBb‡WvR t
gvB‡µvmd&U K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ˆZix DBb‡WvR GKwU RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| window n‡”Q Rvbvjv, Avi G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g mKj †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj-‡dvìvi DB‡Ûv ev Rvbvjv AvKv‡i Dcw¯’Z nq e‡jB g~jZt G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q- ÔDBb‡WvRÕ| DBb‡Wv‡Ri Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q- mKj dvBj-‡cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi cvkvcvwk AvBKb ev Qwe _v‡K| AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K K‡i mn‡RB †cÖvMÖvg-dvBj mPj Kiv hvq| DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU 1.0 ms¯‹iY w`‡q hvÎv ïi“ K‡i cieZ©x‡Z 3.1; 95; 98; Millenium ms¯‹ib †cwo‡q eZ©gv‡b ÔWindowsXP’ ms¯‹i‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Z‡e, mnR-mvewjj Ges Sv‡gjv wenxb Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ DBb‡WvRÕ98 me‡P‡q †ekx RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| DB‡Ûv ev Rvbvjv AvKv‡i Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g mKj †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj-‡dvìvi‡K mn‡RB wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| DBb‡Wv‡Ri Aci GKwU myweav n‡”Q- GKBm‡½ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg (DB‡Ûv AvKv‡i) e¨env‡ii my‡hvM| GKwU DB‡Ûvi mvaviY Aeqe wbæiƒc:-
Windows Desktop/DB‡ÛvR †W¯‹Uc t
Application / G¨vcwj‡Kkb t
G¨vcwj‡Kkb n‡”Q KvR| wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‰Zix Kiv nq wfbœ wfbœ md&UIq¨vi, hv‡K †cÖvMÖvg ev G¨vcwj‡KkbI ejv nq| †hgb:- MavisWin, MS-Word; MS-Excel; Paint BZ¨vw`|
To Start an Applcation (Program)/G¨vcwj‡Kkb (†cÖvMÖvg) ïi“ Kiv t
wewfbœ Dcv‡q †cÖvMÖvg ÷vU© ev ïi“ Kiv hvq| Zb¥‡a¨ 2wU Dcvq GLv‡b †`qv n‡jv
1) ‡W¯‹Uc †_‡K :- ‡W¯‹U‡c Aew¯’Z †cÖvMÖvg AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K K‡i †cÖvMÖvg mPj Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) ÷vU© †gby †_‡K :- Start †gby †_‡K Program Ges †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvgwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
To Close a Program/‡cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv t wZbwU c×wZ‡Z †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv hvq|
1) kU©KvU ev mivmwi KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M :-
Alt + F4 (Alt Kx †P‡c a‡i †i‡L F4) KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) File †gbyi Exit (Exit bv _vK‡j Close) KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M :-
File †gby †_‡K Exit KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) Close evUb e¨env‡i :-
DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii Wvb‡Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Uv¯‹ev‡ii kU©KvU ZvwjKv t-
Uv¯‹ev‡i Aew¯’Z †cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡g gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L Wvb †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j (right click) - kU©KvU †gby cvIqv hvq| †hgb:-
G †gby †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg mvg‡b Avb‡Z Maximize A_ev Restore KgvÛ w`‡Z nq, †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Close-G wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
wm‡÷g †Uª t-
ÔfwjDg K‡›UªvjÕ, ÔweRqÕ, Ô†WU GÛ UvBg †cÖvcvwU©Õ GLv‡b _v‡K| fwjDg K‡›Uªv‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii kã wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iRx Ges Bs‡iRx †_‡K evsjv †jLvi mgq Kx‡evW© mgš^q Ki‡Z ÔweRqÕ cÖ‡qvRb Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgq I ZvwiL wba©viY Ki‡Z ‘Date and Time Property’ AvBKb cÖ‡qvRb|
fwjDg K‡›Uªvj/kã wbqš¿Y t-
Kw¤úDUv‡ii kã Kgv‡bv/evov‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡æi KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e:-
- fwjDg K‡›Uªvj AvBK‡b wK¬K
- ¯vBWvi Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv‡j fwjDg evo‡e Ges bx‡Pi w`‡K bvgv‡j fwjDg Kg‡e
- kã eÜ/mPj Ki‡Z Mute e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Setting Date & Time/ ZvwiL Ges mgq wba©viY t
- mgq †jLvi g‡a¨ (Date & Time Properties) Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
- (Date & Time Properties e· Avm‡e) ( A_ev ( Kx †P‡c gvm wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e
- mb wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, ZvwiL wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e
- N›Uv wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, wgwbU wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e
- ‡m‡KÛ wba©viY K‡i U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, AM/PM wba©viY K‡i Apply-G wK¬K (†mwUs †`Lv hv‡e)
- Ok-G wK¬K K‡i †mwUswU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
To Change Display /wWm‡ú cwieZ©b Kiv t
1. ¯Œx‡Y mKjwKQy †QvU AvKv‡i A_ev eo AvKv‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ Screen Area wba©viY t
- ‡W¯‹U‡ci Lvwj RvqMvq gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L Right Click Ki‡Z n‡e
- kU©KvU †gby †_‡K Properties-G wK¬K
- (Display Properties e· Avm‡e) Settings U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Screen ¯vBWvi Wv‡b A_ev ev‡g Wª¨vM K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wc‡·j wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (mKjwKQy eo AvKv‡i †`L‡Z- 640 x 480 wc‡·j Ges ÷¨vÛvW© Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z- 800 x 600 wc‡·j)
- Apply-G wK¬K, Ok-G wK¬K (†mwUs †`Lv hv‡e), †mwUswU wba©viY Ki‡Z- ch©vqµ‡g Yes Ges Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. †W¯‹U‡ci Background ev Wallpaper wba©viY t
- ‡W¯‹U‡ci Lvwj RvqMvq Right Click Ki‡Z n‡e, Properties-G wK¬K
- (Display Properties e· Avm‡e) Background A_ev Desktop U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Dcw¯’Z e‡·i bx‡Pi w`K †_‡K e¨vKMÖvDÛ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:- Soap Bubble)
- Apply-G wK¬K K‡i †mwUs †`Lv hv‡e
- †mwUswU wba©viY Ki‡Z- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Appearance/Aeqe wba©viY t
- ‡W¯‹U‡ci Lvwj RvqMvq Right Click, kU©KvU †gby †_‡K Properties-G wK¬K
- (Display Properties e· Avm‡e) Appearance U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Up/Down Arrow ((/() Kx †P‡c †P‡c wewfbœ aiY †`‡L cQ‡›`i aiYwU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
(mvaviYfv‡e Windows Standard wba©vwiZ _v‡K)
- (Apply-G wK¬K K‡i †mwUs †`Lv hv‡e), †mwUswU wba©viY Ki‡Z- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Screen Saver wba©viY t
Kv‡Ri mgq ¯ŒxYUv‡K Rxeš— g‡b nq (cÖwZwbqZ Kg‡ewk cwieZ©b N‡U)| wKš‘ KvR bv K‡i ‡_‡g _vK‡j ¯ŒxYUv‡K w¯’i, g„Z g‡b nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR bv Ki‡jI hv‡Z ¯ŒxYwU‡K Rxeš— g‡b nq Zvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q †ekwKQy †cÖvMÖvg- hv‡K ¯ŒxY‡mfvi ejv nq| †Kvb ¯ŒxY‡mfvi wba©vwiZ _vK‡j wbw`©ó mgq c‡i (c~‡e© wba©vwiZ) Zv evi evi ¯Œx‡Y cÖ`wk©Z nq|
¯ŒxY †mfvi wba©vi‡Y KiYxq:-
- ‡W¯‹U‡ci Lvwj RvqMvq Right Click Ki‡Z n‡e, Properties-G wK¬K
- (Display Properties e· Avm‡e) Screen Saver U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Screen Saver e· †_‡K cQ‡›`i ¯ŒxY †mfviwU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
(†Kvb ¯ŒxY †mfvi bv PvB‡j- None wba©viY Ki‡Z nq)
- Preview-G wK¬K K‡i †mwUs †`Lv hv‡e
- Wait e‡· wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (GLv‡b mgq n‡”Q- KZUv mgq KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM bv n‡j ¯ŒxY †mfviwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e)
- ¯ŒxY‡mfviwU wba©viY Ki‡Z- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
My Computer/gvB Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ t
†W¯‹U‡c Aew¯’Z gvB Kw¤úDUvi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| Wvej wK¬K K‡i ÔgvB Kw¤úDUviÕ mPj Ki‡j wewfbœ WªvBf cvIqv hvq| †hgb:-
wewfbœ WªvBf :
GmKj WªvBf mPj K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj-‡dvìvi †Lvjv, Kwc-‡c÷, ¯’vbvš—i I bvg cwieZ©bmn Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv hvq|
What is a ‘File’ (dvBj wK) ?
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wewfbœai‡Yi Z_¨ fvÛvi‡K dvBj ejv nq| †hgb:- wPwV, Qwe, wi‡cvU©, WKz‡g›U, e¨emvwqK wnmve BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ ai‡Yi Z_¨‡K Zvi aiY Abyhvqx Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e GK GKwU dvB‡ji Aax‡b Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ‡Z msi¶Y K‡i ivLv nq| †hgb:- GKwU wPwV‡K ‘Letter’ bv‡g msi¶Y Kiv| GLv‡b ‘Letter’ n‡”Q- dvBj Ges G‡Z msiw¶Z wPwVi welqe¯‘ n‡”Q- Z_¨| dvBj wn‡m‡e Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó bvg wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| dvB‡ji bvgKi‡Yi †¶‡Î- ‘: / \ * ?’ wPý¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
What is ‘Folder’(‡dvìvi wK) ?
†dvìvi n‡”Q dvBj I †dvìvi ivLvi Wªqvi we‡kl| wfbœ wfbœ Wªqv‡i iw¶Z cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj-KvMRcÎ †hgb mn‡RB Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, wVK †Zgwb mn‡R dvBj Lyu‡R cvIqvi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ †dvìvi ˆZix K‡i Zv e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:- DB‡Ûv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj¸‡jv Windows bvgK †dvìv‡i ivLv nq|
Finding ‘Files’ or ‘Folders’ (ÒdvBÛ A_ev mvP©Ó KgvÛ e¨env‡i dvBj-‡dvìvi †LvuR Kiv) t
wb‡R GKwU GKwU K‡i dvBj-†dvìvi bv Lyu‡R - Kw¤úDUvi‡K w`‡q Lye mn‡RB †h-‡Kvb dvBj-‡dvìvi †LvuR Kiv‡bv hvq| †mRb¨ KiYxq:-
- Start ‡_‡K Find A_ev Search Zvici Files or Folders KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- †h dvBj A_ev ‡dvìviwU †LvuR Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zvi bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:- Mavis)
(dvB‡ji bvg UvBc bv n‡j- cÖ_‡g L Pvc‡Z n‡e Zvici dvBj A_ev ‡dvìv‡ii bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e)
- GKUz bx‡P Aew¯’Z Look in wj÷ G¨v‡iv‡Z wK¬K K‡i My Computer wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Find Now A_ev Search Now KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM K‡i A‡c¶v Ki‡j- dvBj A_ev †dvìviwU cvIqv hv‡e|
†dvìvi Gi KvR t
bZzb †dvìvi ˆZix Kiv t-
1g avc - Wvej wK¬K K‡i ‘My Computer’ mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - †h WªvB‡f Ô†dvìviÕ ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †m WªvB‡f (A C D E F BZ¨vw`) Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
3q avc - File > New > Folder KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e (New Folder bv‡g †dvìvi ˆZix n‡e)
4_© avc - †dvìv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq bvg UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
Cut Ges Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M dvBj-†dvìvi ¯’vbvš—i Kiv t-
1g avc - Wvej wK¬K K‡i My Computer mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - †h dvBj-†dvìviwU ¯’vbvš—i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± ev wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
3q avc - Edit †gby †_‡K Cut KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
4_© avc - dvBj-†dvìviwU †hLv‡b ¯’vbvš—i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e (wK¬K K‡i)
5g avc - Edit †gby †_‡K Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Copy Ges Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M dvBj-†dvìvi Wywc‡KU Kiv t-
1g avc - Wvej wK¬K K‡i My Computer mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - †h dvBj-†dvìviwU Wywc‡KU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wm‡j± ev wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
3q avc - Edit > Copy KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
4_© avc - dvBj-†dvìv‡ii Wywc‡KUwU †hLv‡b ¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e (wK¬K K‡i)
5g avc - Edit > Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Deleting File-Folder (dvBj-‡dvìvi gy‡Q †djv) t
1g avc - My Computer mPj K‡i gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj-‡dvìvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - Kx‡ev‡W©i Delete Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e
3q avc - (evZv© Avm‡e) gy‡Q †dj‡Z wbwðZ n‡j Yes KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Recycle Bin (wimvB‡Kj web) t
DBb‡Ûv‡R gy‡Q †djv dvBj-‡dvìvi Rwg‡q ivLvi GKwU gva¨g n‡”Q- wimvB‡Kj web| G‡K Avgiv I‡q‡÷R †ccvi e‡·i m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| AcÖ‡qvRbxq KvMR-cÎ †hgb I‡q‡÷R †ccvi e‡· †d‡j †`qv nq| wVK †Zgwb gy‡Q †djv dvBj-‡dvìvi GLv‡b †d‡j †`qv nq| ‘Restore’ A_ev ‘Recover’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M gy‡Q †djv dvBj-‡dvìvi cybi“×vi Ki‡Z nq| D‡jL¨, wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K dvBj-‡dvìvi gy‡Q †dj‡j wd‡i cvIqv hvq bv|
Recovering deleted File-Folder (gy‡Q †djv dvBj-‡dvìvi cybi“×vi Kiv) t
1g avc - Recycle Bin AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K K‡i Zv mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - †h dvBj-‡dvìvi cybi“×vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
3q avc - File > Restore A_ev Recover KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e (dvBj-‡dvìviwU †hLvb †_‡K gy‡Q †djv n‡qwQj †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb †b‡e)|
Some Shortcut Command (wKQy kU©KvU ev mivmwi KgvÛ) t
Ctrl + X - KvU Ki‡Z ( + E - G·‡cvivi mPj Ki‡Z
Ctrl + C - Wywc‡KU Ki‡Z ( + F - dvBÛ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
Ctrl + V - †c÷ ev ¯’vcb Ki‡Z ( + M - DB‡Ûv wgwbgvBR Ki‡Z
Using ‘Send To’ command (Ô‡mÛ UzÕ KgvÛ e¨env‡i dvBj-‡dvìvi Ab¨Î cvuVv‡bv) t
Kwc-‡c÷ bv K‡i Lye mn‡RB †h‡Kvb dvBj-‡dvìvi Ab¨Î (Wywc‡KU A_ev kU©KvU wn‡m‡e) †cÖiY Kiv t-
1g avc - †h dvBj-‡dvìvi Ab¨Î Wywc‡KU K‡i †cÖiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zvi Ici ivBU wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e -
2q avc - kU©KvU †gby †_‡K Send To KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
3q avc - †Kv_vq Wywc‡KU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e †hgb:-
Microsoft Word ev MS-Word ev Word
gvB‡µvmd&U K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ˆZix ÔIqvW©Õ n‡”Q GKwU IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvg ev md&UIq¨vi| IqvW© ev kã‡K cÖwµqvKiY K‡i wewfbœ ai‡Yi WKz‡g›U (wPwV, wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj BZ¨vw`) ˆZixi GKwU Abb¨ †cÖvMÖvg n‡”Q- gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© ev Gg-Gm IqvW©| IqvW© e¨env‡ii Ab¨Zg myweav n‡”Q- Word Wrapping, hvid‡j †h‡Kvb¯’v‡b bZzb K‡i Z_¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î bZzb Z‡_¨i Rb¨ ÔIqvW©Õ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMv K‡i †`q| GQvovI wewfbœ is, †jLvi wewfbœ aiY I MVb (dig¨vU) wba©viY K‡i WKz‡g›U‡K my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †mBmv‡_ Bs‡iRx evbvb I e¨vKiY ky× Ki‡Z GLv‡b i‡q‡Q wWKkbvix|
÷vU© †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg Ges †cÖvMÖvg Ackb †_‡K ‘Word ev MS-Word ev Microsoft Word’ wbe©vPb Ki‡j wb‡æi ¯ŒxYwU cvIqv hvq:-
wfD cwieZ©b Kiv :-
WKz‡g›U‡K wewfbœ Avw½‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ wfD wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| Zb¥‡a¨- Normal, Page/Print Layout Ges Zoom D‡jL‡hvM¨|
Normal View/mvaviYfv‡e †`Lv :-
- View > Normal KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
Page/Print Layout/c„ôv AvKv‡i †`Lv (WKz‡g‡›U KvR Ki‡Z G wfDwU †ekx myweavRbK) :-
- View > Page Layout A_ev Print Layout KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
Zoom/WKz‡g›U‡K †QvU-eo K‡i †`Lv:-
- Ryg wj÷ G¨v‡iv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ cvi‡m‡›UR †`Lv hv‡e, cÖ‡qvRbxqwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:-
• 500% - WKz‡g›U‡K 5 ¸Y eo K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨|
• 200% - WKz‡g›U‡K 2 ¸Y eo K‡i †`L‡Z|
• 100% - WKz‡g‡›Ui mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvc †`Lvi Rb¨|
• Page Width – c„ôvi cvkUzKz †`L‡Z|
• Whole Page - m¤ú~Y© c„ôv AvKv‡i †`L‡Z|
• Two Pages - `yÕwU c„ôv GKm‡½ †`L‡Z|
bZzb dvBj ev WKz‡g›U ˆZix Kiv :-
- Ctrl + N A_ev
- File > New KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- General U¨v‡e wK¬K, Blank Document wbe©vPb K‡i Ok KgvÛ evU‡b wK¬K|
Saving a new document/ bZzb WKz‡g›U msi¶Y Kiv :-
WKz‡g›U ˆZix K‡i fwel¨‡Z e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b †mBf ev msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq| msi¶Y Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- File > Save KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev Ctrl + S
- File name e‡· dvB‡ji bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e
- Save in e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq WªvBf wbe©vPb, cÖ‡qvRbxq †dvìvi (†h †dvìv‡i dvBjwU †mBf Kiv cÖ‡qvRb) wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Open-G wK¬K, Save-G wK¬K|
To Close Document (WKz‡g›U eÜ Kiv):-
- Ctrl + W
A_ev
- File > Close KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
Opening a Saved File/Document (msiw¶Z dvBj ev WKz‡g›U mPj Kiv) :-
- Ctrl + O A_ev
- File > Open KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj/WKz‡g›UwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Open KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting Text/†jLv wbe©vPb Kiv :-
WKz‡g‡›Ui wbw`©ó As‡ki KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AskUzKz wm‡j± ev wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wm‡j± Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ mnR `y'‡Uv cš’v wbæiƒc :-
gvDm I Kx‡evW© e¨env‡i †jLv wm‡j± Kiv t
- ‡hLvb †_‡K †U·U/†jLv wm‡j± Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Kvm©i †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- Shift Kx †P‡c a‡i †h ch©š— wm‡j± Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †mLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
ïaygvÎ gvDm e¨env‡i †jLv wm‡j± Kiv t
- jvB‡bi ïi“‡Z gvDm c‡q›Uvi ( Ae¯’vq) †i‡L wK¬K Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© jvBbwU wm‡j± n‡e (ch©vqµ‡g Wª¨vM Ki‡j jvBb¸‡jv wm‡j± n‡e)
A_ev
cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’vb †_‡K gvDm Wª¨vM K‡iI †jLv wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e|
Selecting Whole Document/m¤ú~Y© WKz‡g›U wbe©vPb Kiv :-
- WKz‡g›U mPj †i‡L Ctrl + A A_ev Edit > Select All KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
wet `ªt wm‡jKkb ev wbe©vPb evwZj Ki‡Z- †h‡Kvb G¨v‡iv Kx (( ( ( () Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev wm‡jKk‡bi evB‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
‘Undo’ command/ÔAvbWyÕ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M c~‡e©i cwieZ©b evwZj Kiv :
Kv‡Ri mgq A‡bK AbvKvw•LZ cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq| c~‡e© msNwUZ cwieZ©bwU evwZj Ki‡Z ÔAvbWyÕ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨-
- Ctrl + Z A_ev Edit > Undo KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
‘Redo’ command/ÔwiWyÕ Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ c~‡e©i cwieZ©bwU Kvh©Ki Kiv :
c~‡e© msNwUZ †Kvb cwieZ©b‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z ev Zvi cybive„wË NUv‡Z ÔwiWyÕ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvRb nq| †mRb¨-
- F4 Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev Ctrl + Y A_ev Edit > Redo KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
Using of ‘Cut’ and ‘Paste’ / ÔKvUÕ I Ô‡c÷Õ KgvÛ Gi e¨envi :
†jLv Dchy³ ¯’v‡b †jLv nqwb - Ab¨Î n‡q‡Q! Zv‡Z wK? †WUv Ab¨Î miv‡bvi †¶‡Î ÔKvUÕ I Ô‡c÷Õ Kgv‡Ûi Zzjbv nqbv| mn‡RB GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b Z_¨ mwi‡q WKz‡g‡›Ui m¤úv`bv mnRfv‡e †m‡i †djv hvq| Z_¨ ¯’vbvš—‡i KiYxq:-
- hvnv ¯’vbvš—i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb- Zv wm‡j± ev wbev©Pb K‡i Edit > Cut KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- †hLv‡b ¯’vbvš—i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Kvm©i †mLv‡b †i‡L Edit > Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Using of ‘Copy’ and ‘Paste’ / ÔKwcÕ I Ô‡c÷Õ KgvÛ Gi e¨envi :
GKB welq evievi wjL‡Z Amn¨ jvMvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| †m‡¶‡Î ÔKwcÕ I Ô‡c÷Õ Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ Wywc‡KU K‡i Zv ÔwK¬c‡ev‡W©Õ (KvU A_ev Kwc Kiv Z_¨ ivLvi GKwU †g‡gvwi †jv‡Kkb) ivLv hvq - cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB Ô‡c÷Õ Kgv‡Û Kvw•LZ Z_¨ ÔWywc‡KUÕ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| Z_¨ Wywc‡KU Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- hvnv Wywc‡KU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wm‡j± K‡i Edit > Copy KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- ‡hLv‡b Wywc‡KUwU ivLv cÖ‡qvRb - Kvm©i †mLv‡b †i‡L Edit > Paste KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Finding Data with ‘Find’ command/dvBÛ Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ †LvuR Kiv :
WKz‡g‡›Ui †h‡Kvb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †WUv/DcvË ev Z_¨ mn‡RB Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| †mRb¨-
- Ctrl + F A_ev Edit > Find KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- ‡h kãwU †LvuR Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, Find Next KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Replacing data with ‘Replace’ /†Kvb Z_¨‡K Ab¨ †Kvb Z_¨ w`‡q cwieZ©b :
GKvwaK¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z †Kvb Z_¨‡K Ab¨ †Kvb Z_¨ w`‡q cwieZ©b Kivi bvg n‡”Q Replace. †hgb:- A‡bK¯’v‡b ÔXvKvÕ †jLv Av‡Q- me¸‡jv ÔXvKvÕ‡K ÔLyjbvÕ kãwU w`‡q cwieZ©b|
- Ctrl + H A_ev Edit > Replace KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Find What e‡· wjL‡Z n‡e †h kãwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e (GLv‡b †hgb:- ÔXvKvÕ)
- U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, Replace with e‡· wjL‡Z n‡e- †h kã ev Z_¨ w`‡q cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb
(GLv‡b †hgb:- ÔLyjbvÕ)
- Find Next KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM, ïaygvÎ wm‡j±‡UW ev wbe©vwPZ kãwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Replace KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ges me¸‡jv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z- Replace All KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
c„„ôv A_ev Kjv‡g weiwZ †`qv :
c„ôv I Kjv‡g wbw`©ó cwigvY Z_¨ mshy³ K‡i cieZ©x c„ôv A_ev cieZ©x Kjv‡g Z_¨ mshyw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m‡¶‡Î c„ôv A_ev Kjv‡g Break ev weiwZ w`‡q cieZ©x Kjvg A_ev c„ôvq Z_¨ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î-
- Insert > Break KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- c„ôvq weiwZ w`‡Z- Next Page-G wK¬K A_ev Kjv‡g weiwZ w`‡Z- Column Break-G wK¬K, Ok-G wK¬K|
Go to KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M wbw`©ó c„ôvq Mgb :
WKz‡g‡›U Kv‡Ri mgq Lye mn‡RB GK c„ôv †_‡K Ab¨ c„ôvq hvIqv hvq| †mRb¨-
- Ctrl + G A_ev Edit > Go To KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- †h c„ôvq hvIqv cÖ‡qvRb †m c„ôvi bv¤^vi wj‡L Go To KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting Page Setup/c„ôvi †mUAvc wba©viY :
†h‡Kvb ai‡Yi WKz‡g›U ˆZixi †¶‡Î c„ôvi AvKvi, gvwR©b GKwU Ri“ix welq| wWdë †mwUs-G ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Avgiv c„ôvi GKwU †mUAvc cvB| Avi Zv n‡”Q- c„ôvwU cÖ‡¯’ 8.5 Bw Ges D”PZv 11 BwÂ, Dc‡ii Ges wb‡Pi gvwR©b 1 Bw Ges Wv‡b I ev‡gi gvwR©b 1.26|
c„„ôvi gvwR©b wba©viY :
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c„ôvwU‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i File > Page Setup KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- (Page Setup WvqvjM e· Avm‡e) Margin U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Top e· †_‡K c„ôvi Dc‡ii gvwR©b, Bottom e· †_‡K c„ôvi wb‡Pi gvwR©b, Left e· †_‡K c„ôvi ev‡gi gvwR©b Ges Right e· †_‡K c„ôvi Wv‡bi gvwR©b wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- ïaygvÎ Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôvwU‡Z Kvw•LZ †mUAvcwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z- Apply To e· †_‡K This Section wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev WKz‡g‡›Ui me¸‡jv c„ôvi Rb¨ †mUAvcwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z- Whole Document wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
c„„ôvi mvBR ev AvKvi wba©viY :
mvaviYfv‡e wKQy wbw`©ó gv‡ci KvMR evRv‡i wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq| †hgb:- Letter bv‡gi KvMRwUi AvKvi 8.5 X 11 BwÂ, A4 bv‡gi KvMRwU 8.27 X 11.69 Bw Ges Legal bv‡gi KvMRwU 8.5 X 14 BwÂ| cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i DwjwLZ †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi KvMR/c„ôv wba©viY QvovI wb‡Ri B‡”QgZ c„ôvi mvBR ev AvKvi wba©viY Kiv hvq| c„ôvi mvBR wba©vi‡Y KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c„ôvwU‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i File > Page Setup KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM, Paper Size U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Paper Size e· †_‡K c„ôvi mvBR ev AvKvi wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:- Letter, A4, Legal BZ¨vw`) A_ev cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Width Ges Height e‡· c„ôvi cÖ‡qvRbxq gvc wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e
- ïaygvÎ Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôvq Kvw•LZ †mUAvcwU wba©vi‡Y- Apply To e· †_‡K This Section wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev WKz‡g‡›Ui me¸‡jv c„ôvi Rb¨ †mUAvcwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z- Whole Document wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
c„„ôv‡K Landscape A_ev Portrait-G iƒcvš—i Kiv :
wKQy WKz‡g›U j¤^v AvK…wZi nq, Avevi wKQy WyKz‡g›U A_ev wbw`©ó c„ôv D”PZvi †P‡q cÖ‡¯’ †ekx nq| WKz‡g›U A_ev †Kvb c„ôv cÖ‡¯’ †ekx Ges D”PZvq Kg n‡j c„ôvwU‡K Landscape-G iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c„ôvwU‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i File > Page Setup KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- (Page Setup WvqvjM e· Avm‡e), Margin A_ev Paper Size U¨v‡e wK¬K
- cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Landscape A_ev Portrait-G wK¬K
- ïaygvÎ Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôvq Kvw•LZ †mUAvcwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z- Apply To e· †_‡K This Section wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev WKz‡g‡›Ui me¸‡jv c„ôvi Rb¨ †mUAvcwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z- Whole Document wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Spelling & Grammer/Bs‡iRx evbvb I e¨vKiY ï×KiY t
†¯új †PKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡RB Bs‡iRx evbvb I e¨vKiY ï× Kiv hvq| evbvb ï× Kivi `y'‡Uv c×wZt-
1| Shortcut ‡gby e¨env‡i :-
- fyj k‡ã ivBU wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
- ï× k‡ãi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e, †mLvb †_‡K ï× kãwU-‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Tools †_‡K Spelling and Grammer KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b Kvm©i †i‡L F7 Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev Tools > Spelling and Grammer KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- wb‡æi †¯úwjs GÛ MÖvgvi WvqvjM e· Avm‡e
- fyj kã ï× Ki‡Z- mv‡Rkb e· †_‡K mwVK kã wbe©vPb K‡i Change KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx KgvÛ ( †hgb:- Ignore, Add) evU‡b wK¬K|
U¨ve Gi KvR :
c„ôvi †fZ‡ii w`‡K wjL‡Z n‡j U¨ve Kx †P‡c wjL‡Z n‡e| wbw`©ó Ges mgvb `~i‡Z¡ †jLvi Ae¯’vb wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ U¨ve †mU Ki‡Z nq, hvnv‡Z U¨ve Kx Pvc‡j GKev‡iB wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Kvm©‡ii Ae¯’vb cvIqv hvq| †hgb:-
bvg t wVKvbv t †ckv t
Avwei nvmvb `vkiv, gvwbKMÄ e¨emv
ivwKe KvKivBj, XvKv PvKzix
U¨ve †mwUs-G KiYxq:-
- †jLv/†U·U wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Horizontal Ruler-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b wK¬K K‡i L (U¨ve) wPý hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e
(D`vni‡Y 1.5 Bw eivei wjL‡Z- 1.5 Bw Ges 3.5 Bw eivei wjL‡Z 3.5 Bw eivei U¨ve †mU Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb:)
- wbw`©ó Kiv U¨ve Ab¨Î miv‡Z- L wPýwU Wv‡b-ev‡g Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges U¨ve Zz‡j w`‡Z- i“jv‡i Aew¯’Z L U¨ve wPýwU Wª¨vM K‡i i“jv‡ii bx‡P bvwg‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
c¨vivMÖvd A_ev jvB‡bi gv‡Si dvuK evov‡bv-Kgv‡bv :-
c¨vivMÖvd A_ev jvB‡bi gv‡S ¯^vfvweK dvuK _v‡K 1 c‡q›U| cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i dvuK evov‡bv-Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡æv³ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq, †hgb:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv/†U·U wm‡j± K‡i Format > Paragraph KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- At e‡· wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq dvuK UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e
(†hgb: †`o¸Y dvuK m„wó‡Z 1.5, wظY dvuK m„wó‡Z 2 Ges 1 c‡q‡›Ui Kg dvuK m„wó‡Z .88)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Formatting Text/†U·U Gi MVb wba©viY :
dig¨vU n‡”Q- MVb| †U·U Gi wewfbœ ai‡Yi MVb wba©viY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb, †jLv‡K wfbœZi I AvKl©Yxq Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b d‡›Ui MVb wba©viY| d‡›Ui MVb n‡”Q- AvKvi, is, d‡›Ui aiY ev UvBc BZ¨vw`| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e GKwU gvbm¤úbœ MVb †cÖvMÖv‡g wba©viY Kiv _v‡K (cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvnv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq)| †hgb:- IqvW© ïi“ K‡i †KvbwKQy wjL‡j Zvnv Bs‡iRx ‘Times New Roman’ d‡›U (†jLvi UvBc ev aiY) †jLv nq Ges †jLvi mvBR ev AvKvi wba©vwiZ _v‡K 10 c‡q›U| GLv‡b 10 c‡q›U n‡”Q 1 BwÂi 10 fv‡Mi 1 fvM| A_©vr 100 c‡q‡›Ui †U·U ev †jLvi D”PZv - 1BwÂ| wWdë †mwUs-G wjLvi ci, cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †U·‡Ui MVb wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
Formatting Font/d‡›Ui MVb wba©viY :
d‡›Ui MVb wba©vi‡Y KiYxq:
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv/†U·U wm‡j± K‡i Format > Font KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- d‡›Ui aiY/UvBc wba©vi‡Y Font e· †_‡K d›U UvBc wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Tahoma)
- d›U/†jLv †gvUv, Wv‡b evuKv Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b Font Style e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷vBj wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Bold- †gvUv, Italic- Wv‡b evuKv, Normal- ¯^vfvweK †jLvi Rb¨)
- d‡›Ui AvKvi wba©vi‡Y Font Size e· †_‡K d›U mvBR ev d‡›Ui AvKvi wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: 15, 20)
- †jLvi bx‡P `vM (AvÛvijvBb) w`‡q wjL‡Z Underline e· †_‡K cQ‡›`i AvÛvijvBbwU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Wave)
- †jLvi is wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Color e· †_‡K d›U Kvjvi ev d‡›Ui is wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Green)
- †jLvq G‡d± w`‡Z Effect Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq G‡d±wU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Shadow)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Format Painter :
†Kvb †jLvi dig¨vU ev MVb Ab¨ †jLvq Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z dig¨vU †cB›Uvi e¨eüZ nq| dig¨vU †cB›Uvi e¨env‡i KiYxq:-
- †h †jLv/†U·U Gi MVb Ab¨Î Kvh©Ki Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv cÖ_‡g wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Standard Toolbar-G Aew¯’Z dig¨vU †cB›Uvi Uzj-G wK¬K (gvDm c‡q›Uvi eªv‡ki iƒc aviY Ki‡e)
- †h †jLvq Kvw•LZ dig¨vUwU cÖ‡qvRb, †m †jLvq wK¬K A_ev gvDm Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Creating Column/Kjvg ˆZix Kiv :
†jLv‡K GKvwaK Kjv‡g Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Kjvg ˆZix Ki‡Z nq| GKvwaK Kjv‡g wjL‡Z KiYxq :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Column KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Kjvg msL¨v UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Kjv‡gi aiY wba©vi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq Kjvg evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e †hgb:
(cÖ‡qvR‡b Spacing e· †_‡K Kjvg¸‡jvi gv‡Si dvuK wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Setting Drop Cap/c¨vivMÖv‡di cÖ_g A¶i Ab¨ †jLvi †P‡q AvKv‡i eo Ges Szjš— Ae¯’vq Dc¯’vcb Kiv :
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c¨vivMÖv‡di cÖ_g A¶i wm‡j± K‡i Format > Drop Cap KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷vBjwU wbe©vPb K‡i Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Alignment/c„ôvq †jLvi Ae¯’vb wba©viY Kiv :
†jLv‡K c„ôvi wewfbœ w`‡K (gvSLv‡b, ev‡g, Wv‡b BZ¨vw`) ivLvi Rb¨ Alignment wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvaviYfv‡e †jLv c„ôvi ev‡g Ae¯’vb K‡i|
❑ ‡jLv gvSLv‡b ivLvi Rb¨-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Ctrl + E KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev dig¨vwUs Uzjev‡ii Centre Uzj-G wK¬K|
❑ ‡jLv ev‡g ivLvi Rb¨-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Ctrl + L KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev dig¨vwUs Uzjev‡ii Align Left Uzj-G wK¬K|
❑ ‡jLv Wv‡b ivLvi Rb¨-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Ctrl + R KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev dig¨vwUs Uzjev‡ii Align Right Uzj-G wK¬K|
❑ ‡jLv‡K Dfqw`‡K mgvb ivL‡Z-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Ctrl + J KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev dig¨vwUs Uzjev‡ii Justify Uzj-G wK¬K|
Change Case/Bs‡iRx †jLvi Case cwieZ©b Kiv :
†QvU ni‡d †jLv Bs‡iRx †jLv‡K eo ni‡d (Capital Letter) iƒcvš—i Ges eo ni‡d †jLv Bs‡iRx †jLv‡K †QvU ni‡d A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb †KBR-G (†hgb:- Title Case - k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶i eo Ges Sentence case - ev‡K¨i cÖ_g A¶i eo) iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z Change Case KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Change Case KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Sentence case A_ev lower case A_ev UPPER CASE A_ev Title Case A_ev tOGLE cASE wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
c„„ôvq Header Ges Footer hy³ Kiv :
WKz‡g‡›Ui cÖwZwU c„ôvq GKBai‡Yi welqe¯‘ cÖ`k©b I Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ Header and Footer hy³ Ki‡Z nq| †nWvi c„ôvi Dc‡ii gvwR©‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges dzUvi c„ôvi bx‡Pi gvwR©‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| †nWvi Ges dzUvi hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- WKz‡g›U mPj †i‡L View > Header and Footer KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- †nWv‡ii welqe¯‘ UvBc K‡i ( (WvDb G¨v‡iv) Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e dzUv‡i hvIqvi Rb¨
- cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i dzUv‡ii welqe¯‘ UvBc K‡i Close KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Inserting Symbol/cÖwZK ev wPý hy³ Kiv :
- Insert > Symbol KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZKwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (cQ‡›`i cÖwZKwU bv †c‡j Font e· †_‡K Ab¨ d›U wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e)
- Enter (2 evi) A_ev Insert-G wK¬K, Close-G wK¬K|
Adding `Bullet & Number’/c¨vivMÖv‡d ey‡jU A_ev msL¨v hy³ Kiv :
c¨vivMÖv‡d ey‡jU A_ev b¤^i hy³ K‡i c¨vivMÖvd‡K wfbœZifv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †mBm‡½ †Kvb wj÷ ev ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘y‡Zi Rb¨I G KgvÛwU e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:-
ey‡jU hy³ c¨vivMÖvd :- b¤^i hy³ c¨vivMÖvd :-
❑ Bulleted Paragraph is needed to create exception to the paragraphs. Bulleted Paragraph is needed to create exception to the paragraphs.
❑ Bulleted Paragraph is needed to create exception to the paragraphs. Bulleted Paragraph is needed to create exception to the paragraphs.
1) Numbered Paragraph is needed to create a number within the paragraph. Numbered Paragraph is needed to create a number within the paragraph.
2) Numbered Paragraph is needed to create a number within the paragraph. Numbered Paragraph is needed to create a number within the paragraph.
ey‡jU hy³ Kiv (c¨vivMÖv‡di ïi“‡Z wewfbœ ai‡Yi wP‡ýi e¨envi) :
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c¨vivMÖvd/c¨vivMÖvd¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Bullets and Numbering KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Bulleted U¨v‡e wK¬K (ey‡j‡Ui cÖ‡qvR‡b)
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ey‡jU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
(ey‡jU hy³ c¨vivMÖvd †_‡K ey‡jU Zz‡j w`‡Z 1g I 2q KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM †k‡l None wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
b¤^i ev msL¨v hy³ Kiv (c¨vivMÖv‡di ïi“‡Z msL¨vi e¨envi) :
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c¨vivMÖvd/c¨vivMÖvd¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Bullets and Numbering KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Numbered U¨v‡e wK¬K (b¤^i ev msL¨vi cÖ‡qvR‡b)
- cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨v ÷vBjwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
(msL¨v hy³ c¨vivMÖvd †_‡K msL¨v Zz‡j w`‡Z 1g I 2q KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM †k‡l None wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Creating Envelope/wPwVi Lvg ˆZix Kiv :
- Tools > Envelope and Labels KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Envelopes U¨v‡e wK¬K (Bb‡fj‡ci cÖ‡qvR‡b)
- cÖvc‡Ki bvg-wVKvbv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, U¨ve Kx †P‡c †cÖi‡Ki bvg-wVKvbv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e
- LvgwU WKz‡g‡›U hy³ Ki‡Z Add to Document evU‡b wK¬K (AvMZ evZ©vq No KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e)|
Creating Labels/ †j‡ej ˆZix Kiv :
GKB welqe¯‘ A‡bK msL¨vq Dc¯’vcb I wcÖ‡›Ui Rb¨ †j‡ej ˆZixi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †mRb¨-
- Tools > Envelope and Labels KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Labels U¨v‡e wK¬K (†j‡ej Gi cÖ‡qvR‡b)
- †j‡e‡ji welqe¯— UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e
- New Document evU‡b wK¬K (cÖ‡qvR‡b msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e)|
Auto Correct/¯^qswµqfv‡e ï× Kivi e¨e¯’v t
fyj K‡i †Kvb kã wjL‡j kãwU ¯^qswµqfv‡e ï× K‡i wjLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z ‘Auto Correct’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
fyj K‡i wjLvi ci †¯úmevi Pvc‡jB hv‡Z Zv ¯^qswµqfv‡e ï× nq †mRb¨ wb‡æi KvR mgvav Ki‡Z n‡e :-
- Tools > Auto Correct KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- †h kã fyj K‡i wjLvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K (†hgb:- Dacca) Zv Replace e‡· wjL‡Z n‡e
- U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, †h kãwU ï× wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRb (†hgb:- Dhaka) Zv With e‡· wjL‡Z n‡e
- Add-G wK¬K, Ok-G wK¬K|
Border and Shading/eW©vi I †kwWs (Qvqv) hy³ Kiv :
WKz‡g›U‡K my›`i I AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ eW©vi Ges †kwWs GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ welq| †jLvq eW©vi w`‡q Z_¨‡K my›`i GKwU eW©vihy³ c„ôvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| `y'‡Uv †¶‡Î eW©vi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb:-
(1) Border for text/†jLvq eW©vi :
†jLvi Pvicv‡k eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Border and Shading KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Style e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq eW©v‡ii aiY wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Color e· †_‡K eW©v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq is wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Apply To e· †_‡K ‡U·U-Gi Pvicv‡k eW©vi w`‡Z- Text A_ev c¨vivMÖv‡di Pvicv‡k eW©vi w`‡Z- Paragraph wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(2) Border for page/c„ôvq eW©vi :
c„ôvi Pvicv‡k eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq c„ôvq Ae¯’vb †i‡L Format > Border and Shading KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Page Border U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Style e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq eW©v‡ii aiY wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Color e· †_‡K eW©v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq is wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Art e· †_‡K cQ‡›`i AvU© (eW©vi ÷vBj) wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- WKz‡g‡›Ui cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvq eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z- Apply To e· †_‡K Whole Document A_ev ïaygvÎ cÖ_g c„ôvq eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z First Page Only A_ev Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôvq eW©vi w`‡Z This Section wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Shading/†jLvi e¨vKMÖvDÛ (†jLvi †cQ‡bi Ask) wba©viY :
mvaviYfv‡e c„ôvi is _v‡K mv`v| ZvB Kv‡jv Kvwj‡Z mv`v c„ôvq wjLv nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ is e¨env‡i †jLvi †cQ‡bi e¨KMÖvDÛ‡K mw¾Z Kiv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î †jLvwU wfbœ Avw½‡K cÖ`wk©Z nq| †jLvq †kwWs ev is wba©vi‡Y KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †jLv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Border and Shading KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Shading U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Fill Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq is wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- ïaygvÎ wm‡j‡±W †U·U-Gi †cQ‡bi is wba©vi‡Y- Apply To e· †_‡K Text A_ev m¤ú~Y© c¨vivMÖv‡di †cQ‡bi is wba©vi‡Y- Apply To e· †_‡K Paragraph wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Removing ‘Border/Shading/eW©vi A_ev †kwWs gy‡Q †djv :
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †U·U A_ev c„ôv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Border and Shading KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Border A_ev Page Border A_ev Shading U¨v‡e wK¬K
- None A_ev No Fill wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Uzjevi mPj Kiv A_ev eÜ Kiv :
- View > Toolbars KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRbxq Toolbar-G wK¬K (Uzjevi eÜ _vK‡j mPj n‡e Ges mPj _vK‡j eÜ n‡e)|
WªBs Uy‡ji e¨envi t
WKz‡g‡›U wewfbœ ai‡Yi AsK‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Iqv‡W© AsK‡bi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ Uzj/evUb| GmKj Uzj e¨env‡i Lye mn‡RB AsK‡bi KvR mgvav Kiv hvq| WªBs Uzj m¤^wjZ ÔWªBs UzjeviÕ wbæiƒc t
wb‡æ WªBs‡qi Rb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix wewfbœ Uzj Gi bvg I Kvh©KvixZv D‡jL Kiv nj t-
Wª †gby t GLv‡b wewfbœ Ackb cvIqv hvq, hv e¨env‡i Ae‡R±‡K (Qwe/WªBs AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z welq‡K mvaviY bv‡g ejv nq Ae‡R±) Ab¨ Ae‡R±wUi mvg‡b/†cQ‡b Avbv-†bqvmn Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
Select Objects t GKvwaK Ae‡R±‡K GKBmv‡_ wm‡j± Ki‡Z G UzjwU e¨eüZ nq|
Rotate t GB UzjwUi mvnv‡h¨ Ae‡R±‡K Zvi †K›`ª wVK †i‡L †Nviv‡bv hvq|
AutoShape t GLv‡b wK¬K K‡i mn‡RB wewfbœ Shape e¨env‡i bvbvb ai‡Yi AsKb Kiv hvq|
Line t GB Uzj e¨env‡i jvBb/`vM ˆZix Kiv hvq|
Arrow t Zxi wPwýZ jvBb AsK‡bi Rb¨ GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Rectangle t PZzf©~R AsK‡bi Rb¨ G UzjwU cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Oval t mv‡K©j ev e„Ë AsK‡b G Uzj e¨eüZ nq|
Text Box t e‡·i g‡a¨ wjL‡Z n‡j †U·Ue· AsKb Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î G UzjwU cÖ‡qvRb|
Insert WordArt t wewfbœ ÷vB‡j (AvU© K‡i) Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GB UzjwU cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Fill Color t Ae‡R± (†hgb: PZzf©yR, mv‡K©j, †U·Ue·) Gi †fZ‡ii is wba©vi‡Y Ges evwZj Ki‡Z G Uzj cÖ‡qvRb| †m‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i is wba©viY Ki‡Z nq Ges †Kvb is bv PvB‡j No Fill wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Line Color t Ae‡R± (†hgb: PZzf©yR, mv‡K©j, †U·Ue·) Gi evB‡ii ev eW©v‡ii is wba©viY A_ev evwZj Ki‡Z G Uzj cÖ‡qvRb| †m‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i is wba©viY Ki‡Z nq Ges eW©vi bv PvB‡j No Line wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Font Color t †jLv wm‡j± K‡i G Uzj †_‡K †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq is wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
Line Style t jvBb †Kgb n‡e (†gvUv/wPKb/wm‡½j/Wvej) Zv GLvb †_‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
Dash Style t Ae‡R‡±i jvBb/eW©vi †Kvb ai‡Yi W¨vk w`‡q MwVZ n‡e Zv GLvb †_‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
Arrow Style t jvB‡b G¨v‡iv ev Zxi wPý hy³ Ki‡Z G Uzj e¨eüZ nq|
Shadow t Ae‡R±-G k¨v‡Wv ev Qvqv hy³ Ki‡Z Ges Qvqv evwZj Ki‡Z G UzjwU e¨eüZ nq|
3-D Shadow t Ae‡R±-G 3-wW (w_ª WvB‡gbkb) k¨v‡Wv hy³ Ki‡Z Ges Zv evwZj Ki‡Z G UzjwU e¨eüZ nq|
wb‡æ K‡qKwU Ae‡R±‡K mvaviY Qvqvhy³ Ges 3-wW Qvqvhy³ Ae¯’vq †`Lv‡bv nj t-
mvaviY Qvqvhy³ Ae‡R± t 3-wW Qvqvhy³ Ae‡R± t
Formating Autoshape/A‡Uv‡k‡ci MVY wba©viY t
Iqv‡W© WKz‡g›U ˆZixi mgq wewfbœ WªBs-A‡Uv‡kc hy³ Kiv nq| Ges †mKj WªBs-A‡Uv‡k‡ci MVb wba©vi‡Y wKQy KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:- mvBR ev AvKvi wba©viY, †fZ‡ii I evwn‡ii is wba©viY, i¨vwcs (‡jLvi m‡½ WªBs-A‡Uv‡k‡ci mgš^q mvab) BZ¨vw`| †mRb¨-
- †h WªBs ev A‡Uv‡kc-Gi MVb wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi eW©v‡i Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (Format AutoShape WvqvjM e· Avm‡e)
- Color and Lines Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Fill Color, Line Color wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Size Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i mvBR ev AvKvi (‰`N¨© I cÖ‡¯’i) wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok-G wK¬K|
Inserting Picture and Clipart/WKz‡g‡›U wcKPvi (K¨v‡givq aviYK…Z Qwe) Ges wK¬cAvU© (Aw¼Z Qwe) mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv t-
- Insert > Picture > Clip Art KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ‡qvRbxq QwewU wbe©vPb K‡i Insert KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev ivBU wK¬K K‡i Insert-G wK¬K|
Wrapping/Ae‡R± Ges †jLvi mgš^q mvab (†jLv Ges Ae‡R± Gi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb wba©viY) t-
†h Ae‡R±‡K †jLvi m‡½ mgš^q mvab cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi eW©v‡i Right Click Ki‡Z n‡e
- kU©KvU †gby †_‡K Format AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Dcw¯’Z WvqvjM e‡·i Wrapping A_ev Layout U¨v‡e wK¬K
- cÖ‡qvRbxq Wrapping Style wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e †hgb:-
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ordering of Object/Ae‡R± Gi Ae¯’vb wba©viY t-
WªBs-Ae‡R± Gi Ae¯’vb (mvg‡b-‡cQ‡b, †jLvi bx‡P) wba©viY Ki‡Z AW©vwis c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:-
❑ Ae‡R±‡K Ab¨ Ae‡R± Gi mvg‡b Avbvt-
- †h Ae‡R±‡K mvg‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Order > Bring to Front KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
❑ Ae‡R±‡K Ab¨ Ae‡R± Gi †cQ‡b ivLv t-
- †h Ae‡R±‡K †cQ‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Order > Send to Back KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
❑ Ae‡R±‡K ‡U·‡Ui †cQ‡b ivLv t-
- †h Ae‡R±‡K †U·‡Ui †cQ‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Order > Send Behind Text KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
❑ Ae‡R±‡K ‡U·‡Ui mvg‡b ivLv t-
- †h Ae‡R±‡K †U·‡Ui mvg‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Order > Bring in Front of Text KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Grouping Objects or Clipart/GKvwaK Ae‡R± A_ev wK¬cAvU©‡K `jfy³ ev GKwÎZ Kiv t-
- Select Objects Uzj Gi mvnv‡h¨ GKvwaK Ae‡R± A_ev wK¬cAvU©‡K wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Group KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
Ungrouping Objects or Clipart/`jfy³ ev GKwÎZ Ae‡R± A_ev wK¬cAvU©‡K `jgy³ ev Avjv`v Kivt-
- `jfy³ Ae‡R± A_ev wK¬cAvU©‡K wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Draw > Ungroup KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
Page Numbering/c„ôvq b¤^i hy³ Kiv t-
mvaviYfv‡e c„ôvq b¤^i hy³ Kiv _v‡K bv| WKz‡g‡›U KZ¸‡jv c„ôv Av‡Q Ges †Kvb c„ôvq Ae¯’vb Zv ÷¨vUvm evi-G ZvwK‡q †`L‡Z nq Ges c„ôvq b¤^i Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ c„ôvq b¤^i hy³ Ki‡Z nq| c„ôvq b¤^i hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- WKz‡g›U mPj †i‡L Insert > Page Number KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Position e· †_‡K c„ôvq b¤^‡ii Ae¯’vb (Dc‡i/bx‡P) wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Alignment e· †_‡K c„ôv b¤^i †Kvb w`‡K _vK‡e (ev‡g/Wv‡b/gv‡S/c„ôvi †fZ‡ii w`‡K/c„ôv‡i evB‡ii w`‡K) Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(evsjvq c„ôv b¤^‡ii Rb¨- gvwR©‡b Aew¯’Z c„ôv b¤^‡i Wvej wK¬K, c„ôv b¤^i wm‡j± K‡i SutonnyMJ d›U wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Close KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e)|
Creating Table/‡Uwej ev QK ˆZix Kiv t-
‡Uwej ev QK ˆZixi †¶‡Î †Uwej ev QK m¤^‡Ü fvj aviYv _vK‡j eyS‡Z myweav nq- KqwU Kjvg-‡iv wb‡q †UwejwU ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡æ GKwU †Uwej ev Q‡Ki bg~bv †`qv n‡jv:-
Column :
| | | | |Cell : |
|Rows : | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
** cÖ`wk©Z †Uwej ev QKwU‡Z 3wU Kjvg, 3wU †iv ev mvwi (3 x 3 = 9wU †mj ev Ni) Av‡Q|
- †Uwej ˆZixi Rb¨- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b Kvm©i †i‡L Table > Insert Table KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Number of Column e‡· Kjvg msL¨v UvBc A_ev wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Number of Row e‡· †iv msL¨v UvBc A_ev wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e, Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Adding a Column into a Table/‡Uwe‡j Kjvg hy³ Kiv t-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡bi Kjvg (¸‡jv) wm‡j± K‡i Table > Insert Column KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
Adding Row into a Table/‡Uwe‡j †iv hy³ Kiv t-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡bi †iv (¸‡jv) wm‡j± K‡i Table > Insert Row KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM| A_ev
- GKvwaK †iv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z- †Uwe‡ji bx‡P Kvm©i †i‡L Table > Insert Row KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- †iv msL¨v UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Merge Cells/GKvwaK †mj‡K GKwU †mj-G iƒcvš—i Kiv t-
‘Merge Cells’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e©i †Uwej t ‘Merge Cells’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c‡i †UwejwU wb¤^iƒct
|1 |2 |3 |4 | |1 |2 |3 |
| | | | | | | | | |
‡mj¸‡jv gvR© Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Table > Merge Cells KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM|
Splitting Cells/†mj/†mj¸‡jv‡K AwaK †mj-G iƒcvš—i Kiv t-
‘Split Cells’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© t ‘Split Cells’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c‡i t
|1 |2 | | |1 |2 |3 |4 | |
†mj w¯úU ev fvM Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj/†mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Table > Split Cells KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- KqwU Kjvg n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- U¨ve Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡qvRbxq †iv msL¨v wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Using AutoFormat into a table/†Uwe‡j A‡Uvdig¨vU Gi e¨envi t-
IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡g †Uwej‡K dig¨vU Kivi Rb¨ †ekwKQy dig¨vU ev MVb †`qv _v‡K hv‡K ejv nq A‡Uvdig¨vU| A‡Uvdig¨vU e¨env‡i Lye mn‡RB †Uwej‡K dig¨vU Kiv hvq| A‡Uvdig¨vU Ki‡Z KiYxq:-
- †h †Uwe‡j A‡Uvdig¨vU Kvh©Ki Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wm‡j± K‡i Table > Table AutoFormat KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Formats e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷vBjwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†Kvb dig¨vU bv PvB‡j- None wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting Width of Column/Kjv‡gi cÖm¯—Zv (cvk) wba©viY t-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq Kjvg(¸‡jv) wm‡j± K‡i Table > Cell Height and Width A_ev Table Properties KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Column U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Prefered Width ‡PK e‡· wK¬K K‡i Kjv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvc wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: 1 BwÂ)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting Height of Row/ †iv Gi D”PZv wba©viY t-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †iv(¸‡jv) wm‡j± K‡i Table > Cell Height and Width A_ev Table Properties KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Row U¨v‡e wK¬K, At e‡· A_ev Specify Height e‡· cÖ‡qvRbxq D”PZv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: 20 c‡q›U)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Using Print Preview/wcÖ›U wcÖwfD Gi e¨envi t-
KvM‡R wcÖ›U Ki‡j ev Qvcv‡j WKz‡g›UwU †Kgb n‡e Zv †evSvi Rb¨ wcÖ›U wcÖwfD KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨-
- WKz‡g›U mPj †i‡L Ctrl + F2 A_ev File > Print Preview KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
(Print Preview eÜ Ki‡Z- Close KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e)
Print Option/wcÖ‡›Ui wewfbœ Ackb t-
WKz‡g›U KvM‡R Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq wcÖ›Uv‡ii| wcÖ›Uv‡i WKz‡g›U Qvcv‡bvi mgq cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ Ackb wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wb‡æ wcÖ›Uvi WvqvjM e‡·i wPÎmn wewfbœ Ackb Gi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv t-
Printing Document/WKz‡g›U KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv t-
- WKz‡g›U mPj †i‡L (hv wcÖ›U Kiv cÖ‡qvRb) File > Print KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- Page Range Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:- WKz‡g‡›Ui mKj c„ôv Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ All, Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôvwU Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ Curent Page AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Pages e‡· wbw`©ó c„óv bv¤^vi wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e wbw`©ó c„ôv/c„ôv¸‡jv Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨)
- Number of Copies Ask †_‡K KZ¸‡jv msL¨vq Qvcv n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- wcÖ›Uv‡i KvMR cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wcÖ›UviwU mPj Ki‡Z n‡e |
Microsoft Excel ev MS-Excel ev Excel :
gvB‡µvmd&U K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ˆZix ÔG‡·jÕ n‡”Q GKwU †¯cÖWkxU †cÖvMÖvg ev md&UIq¨vi| ‘Excel’ Gi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q- †miv| A_©vr wnmve-wbKv‡ki †¶‡Î G‡·j‡K Ô†miv †cÖvMÖvgÕ wn‡m‡e `vex Kiv n‡q‡Q| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B Bnv GKwU DrK…ó †¯cÖWkxU †cÖvMÖvg| Spread gv‡b Qov‡bv Ges Sheet gv‡b cvZv| g~jZt G‡·j Bnvi mvaviY †mwUs Abyhvqx wekvj wekvj 3wU kxU (Sheet1; Sheet2; Sheet3) ev cvZv wb‡q e¨enviKvixi mvg‡b nvwRi nq| cÖwZwU kx‡U i‡q‡Q wewfbœ Kjvg I †iv Ges Kjvg I †ivÕi mgš^‡q MwVZ †mj ev Ni| GmKj kx‡U wecyj cwigv‡Yi wnmve-wbKvk mgvav Kiv hvq| me ai‡Yi wnmve-wbKvk I MÖvdmn e¨emvwqK wi‡cvU© ˆZix‡Z ÔG‡·jÕ GKwU Abb¨ †cÖvMÖvg| cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ m~Î e¨envi K‡i Lye mn‡RB eo eo MvwYwZK wnmve mgvav Ki‡Z G‡·j Gi Zzjbv †bB|
Start †_‡K Program Ges †cÖvMÖvg Ackb †_‡K ‘MS-Excel’ wbe©vPb Ki‡j wb‡æi G‡·j ¯ŒxYwU cvIqv hvq:-
wfD cwieZ©b Kiv :-
IqvK©eyK‡K `y'‡Uv c×wZ‡Z Ae‡jvKb Kiv hvq:- Normal Ges Page Break Preview
Normal /mvaviYfv‡e Ae‡jvKb (IqvK©kx‡U Kv‡Ri mgq GB AckbwU cÖ‡qvRb nq) :-
- View > Normal KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Page Break Preview/weiwZmn c„ôv Ae‡jvKb Kiv (c„ôv †Kv_vq †kl Zv eyS‡Z G AckbwU cÖ‡qvRb) :-
- View > Page Break Preview KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Clearing Cell/Cells (‡mj/†mj¸‡jv cwi¯‹vi Kiv) :-
†mj/†mj¸‡jv‡Z Z_¨ Aš—f~©³ Kiv nq Ges Zv wewfbœ ai‡Yi dig¨vU ev MV‡b iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| hvid‡j, Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b †mj/†mj¸‡jv cwi¯‹vi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb:- †m‡ji welqe¯‘ gy‡Q †djv, dig¨vU ev MVb gy‡Q †djv, †m‡ji mKjwKQy gy‡Q †djv BZ¨vw`|
‡mj/†mj¸‡jv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z KiYxq :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj/†mj¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Edit > Clear > †m‡ji mewKQy cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z- ‘All’ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM A_ev ïaygvÎ †m‡ji dig¨vU ev MVb cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z- ‘Formats’ Ges ïaygvÎ †m‡ji welqe¯‘ gyQ‡Z- ‘Contents’ Ackb wbav©iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Deleting Row/Rows (‡iv/†iv¸‡jv gy‡Q †djv ) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †iv/†iv¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e,
- Edit > Delete KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Entire Row AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e)
Deleting Column/Columns (Kjvg/Kjvg¸‡jv gy‡Q †djv ) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq Kjvg/Kjvg¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Edit > Delete KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z) Entire Column AckbwU wbe©vPb K‡i Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Inserting Sheet (IqvK©ey‡K kxU mshy³ Kiv) :-
mvaviY †mwUs Abyhvqx G‡·j-G 3wU kxU _v‡K| AwaK kx‡Ui cÖ‡qvR‡b kxU mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq IqvK©eyK mPj †i‡L Insert > Worksheet KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Deleting Sheet (kxU gy‡Q †djv ) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq kx‡Ui bv‡g (Sheet1; Sheet2; Sheet3) wK¬K K‡i Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Edit > Delete Sheet KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Naming Sheet (kx‡Ui bvgKiY Kiv) :-
¯^vfvweKfv‡e kx‡Ui bvg _v‡K Sheet1; Sheet2 BZ¨vw`| cÖ‡qvR‡b kx‡Ui bvg wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| †mRb¨:-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq kxU-G Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
- kx‡Ui bvg UvBc K‡i Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
Adding ‘Header and Footer’ (†nWvi dzUvi hy³ Kiv ) :-
(IqvK©ey‡Ki cÖwZwU c„ôvi Dc‡ii Ges bx‡Pi gvwR©‡bi g‡a¨ GKB ai‡Yi welqe¯‘ Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨) †nWvi Ges dzUvi hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq IqvK©eyK mPj †i‡L View > Header and Footer
- Custom Header KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- †nWv‡ii welqe¯‘ UvBc K‡i Ok Ki‡Z n‡e
- Custom Footer KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- dzUv‡ii welqe¯‘ UvBc K‡i Ok (2 evi)| (wcÖ›U wcÖwfD KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M †nWvi dzUvi †`Lv hv‡e)|
Adding Row (‡iv hy³ Kiv ) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡bi †iv (¸‡jv) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Insert > Row
Adding Column (Kjvg hy³ Kiv ) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡bi Kjvg (¸‡jv) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Insert > Column
Inserting Chart (PvU©/MÖvd hy³ Kiv ) :-
Z_¨‡K wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kivi bvg MÖvd/PvU©| †jLv/wi‡cvU©‡K ¯úó I AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z †jLvi cvkvcvwk PvU© hy³ Kiv hvq| †hgb:-
| |
| | | | | |
|Books : |1990 |1991 |1992 |1993 |
|Fiction |300 |320 |360 |402 |
|Story |370 |400 |430 |470 |
|Poem |223 |240 |280 |301 |
PvU© ms‡hvR‡b KiYxq :-
- †h Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i PvU© ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- Insert > Chart
- Pv‡U©i UvBc ev aiY wba©vib K‡i Next (2 evi) KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- Chart Title e‡· Pv‡U©i kx‡ivbvg UvBc K‡i Next KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- Finish KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Using Thousand Separator and Decimal (nvRv‡ii c‡i Ô,Õ Ges Ô.Õ Gi e¨envi) :-
mvaviYfv‡e nvRv‡ii c‡i Ô,Õ Ges `kwgK e¨env‡i msL¨v wjL‡j Zv mn‡R †evSv hvq| †hgb:- 10,000.00
nvRv‡ii c‡i Ô,Õ Ges Ô.Õ `kwgK wba©viY Kiv :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Cells KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Number U¨v‡e wK¬K, Number wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
- Decimal Places e‡· 2 wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e (`kwgK Gi ci `yBwU 0 e¨env‡ii Rb¨| †hgb:- 10.00)
- Use Thousand Separator (,) †PKe‡· wK¬K K‡i wUK wPý hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Adding Border into cells (†mj/†mj¸‡jv‡Z eW©vi ev jvBb hy³ Kiv) :-
¯^vfvweKfv‡e G‡·j Gi †mj¸‡jv‡Z eW©vi ev jvBb _v‡K bv| ïaygvÎ Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© MÖxW jvBb †`Lv hvq|
†mj/†mj¸‡jv‡Z eW©vi ev jvBb hy³ Ki‡Z KiYxq :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Cells KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Border U¨v‡e wK¬K
- Outline wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (ïaygvÎ †m‡ji Pvicv‡k eW©vi ivL‡Z)
- Inside wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†m‡ji Pvicv‡k Ges †fZ‡i eW©vi ivL‡Z)
(eW©vi ev jvBb bv ivL‡Z- None wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Formatting Fonts/Texts (†U·U ev †jLvi aiY wba©viY Kiv) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Cells KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Fonts U¨v‡e wK¬K, Font e· †_‡K cQ‡›`i d›U ev †dBmwU wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Font Style e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷vBj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:-Bold; Italic BZ¨vw`)
- Size e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq d›U mvBR wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Underline e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AvÛvijvBb ÷vBj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e, Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting Height of row (†iv-i D”PZv wba©viY Kiv) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †iv wm‡j± K‡i Format > Row > Height KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Height ev D”PZvi cwigvY wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e (¯^vfvweK fv‡e nvBU ev D”PZv _v‡K 12.75 c‡q›U)
- Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Selecting width of column (Kjvg Gi cÖm¯—Zv wba©viY Kiv) :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq Kjvg wm‡j± K‡i Format > Column > Width KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- Width ev cÖm¯—Zv wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e (¯^vfvweK fv‡e cÖm¯—Zv _v‡K 8.43 c‡q›U), Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Using Formula (m~‡Îi e¨envi) :-
m~Î cÖ‡qv‡M mn‡RB MvwYwZK wnmve mgvav Kiv hvq| m~Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨- =SUM e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, †mBm‡½ eÜbxi g‡a¨ D‡jL Ki‡Z nq- †Kvb †m‡ji m‡½ †Kvb †m‡ji wnmve msNwUZ n‡e| †hgb:- =SUM(A1 + B1) m~‡Îi gva¨‡g †evSv‡bv nq- A1 †mj Gi m‡½ B1 †m‡ji †hvM wbY©q|
m~Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wewfbœ Acv‡iUi ev wP‡ýi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wb‡æ Acv‡iUi¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv:-
‡hvM wPý - + we‡qvM wPý - -
¸Yb Ó - * fvM Ó - /
kZKiv Ó - %
❑ GKwU †m‡ji m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU †m‡ji †hvM wbY©q:
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname + cellname)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
❑ GKwU †i‡Äi (ch©vqµ‡g Aew¯’Z) †hvM wbY©q : (†hgb: A1 †_‡K A10 ch©š—)
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname : cellname)
(A1 ‡_‡K A10 ch©š— †hvM wbY©‡q †mj‡bg wn‡m‡e A1 Ges A10 wjL‡Z n‡e)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
❑ we‡qvM wbY©q :
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname - cellname)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
❑ †mj-G fvM wbY©q : (†hgb: A1 †_‡K B1)
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname / cellname)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
❑ †mj-G ¸Yb wbY©q : (†hgb: A1 Gi m‡½ C1)
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname * cellname)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
❑ kZKiv wbY©q : (†hgb: 100 Gi 10%)
- †hLv‡b djvdj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb- †mj c‡q›Uvi †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =SUM(cellname * 10%)
- Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e|
What is ‘MS-Access/Gg Gm GK‡mm wK?
MS-ACCESS ev Microsoft Access ev Access n‡”Q GKwU WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg ev md&UIq¨vi| wew¶ß WvUvmg~n myk„•Ljfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z Ges Zv wewfbœ Avw½‡K (dig, †Kv‡qix, wi‡cvU© AvKv‡i) Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GK‡mm e¨eüZ nq| GK‡mm-G ˆZixK…Z GKwU WvUv‡eR dvB‡ji bgybv wb‡æ †`qv n‡jvt-
|Field |Voter No |
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|Record | |
|2000 |200 |
|3500 |350 |
|4200 |420 |
Getting Help/DBb‡WvR †_‡K mvnvh¨ cvIqvt
ÔDBb‡WvRÕ Zvi e¨enviKvix‡K bvbvai‡Yi mvnvh¨ w`‡q _v‡K, hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡Yi mgm¨v I mgvavb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv hvq| mvnvh¨ cvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡æv³ KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e:-
1g avc - Start †gby †_‡K Help KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
2q avc - Search evU‡b wK¬K
3q avc - mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq welq (†hgb: Save) UvBc K‡i Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e
4_© avc - GKUz bx‡P cÖ`wk©Z wewfbœ UwcK&m †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq UwcK&mwU (†hgb: Saving Document) wbe©vPb K‡i Display evU‡b wK¬K|
‡m‡ji bvgKiY Kiv :-
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Insert > Name > Define KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- ‡mj¸‡jvi (†iÄ-G Aew¯’Z) Rb¨ wbw`©ó bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb: Salary)
- Add KgvÛ evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e, Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
1) cÖ‡qvRbxq ‡dvìvi (†hgb:-TT) ˆZix K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj (†hgb:- T1) ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e
2) Qwei Rb¨ ch©vß RvqMv †i‡L †jLv †kl Ki‡Z n‡e
3) Excel-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e
4) Excel-Gi KvRUzKz Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e
5) Microsoft Word-Gi bZzb dvB‡j G‡·j †_‡K Kwc Kiv Z_¨ †có Ki‡Z n‡e
6) Z_¨¸‡jv ¯Œx‡Yi gvSLv‡b †i‡L Kx‡ev‡W©i Print Screen Kx 1evi Pvc‡Z n‡e
7) g~j dvB‡ji Part-Gi c~‡e© Kvm©i †i‡L †có KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
8) cÖvß QwewU‡K wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Picture Uzjevi mPj bv _vK‡j mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
9) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Wrapping Uz‡j wK¬K Ges In Front of Text-G wK¬K
(10) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Crop Uz‡j wK¬K, Qwei bx‡Pi gvSLv‡b Wª¨vM GÛ Wªc K‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask ev` w`‡Z n‡e, cybivq Crop Uyj eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e
(11) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Line Style Uz‡j wK¬K, 3 c‡q›U eW©v‡i wK¬K K‡i eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e
(12) WKz‡g›UwU Whole Page Ki‡Z n‡e Ges QwewU‡K †QvU K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b †mU Ki‡Z n‡e
(13) dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e
(14) cix¶vi kx‡Ui 4 bs KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
1) cÖ‡qvRbxq ‡dvìvi (†hgb:-TT) ˆZix K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj (†hgb:- T1) ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e
2) Qwei Rb¨ ch©vß RvqMv †i‡L †jLv †kl Ki‡Z n‡e
3) Excel-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e
4) Excel-Gi KvRUzKz Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e
5) Microsoft Word-Gi bZzb dvB‡j G‡·j †_‡K Kwc Kiv Z_¨ †có Ki‡Z n‡e
6) Z_¨¸‡jv ¯Œx‡Yi gvSLv‡b †i‡L Kx‡ev‡W©i Print Screen Kx 1evi Pvc‡Z n‡e
7) g~j dvB‡ji Part-Gi c~‡e© Kvm©i †i‡L †có KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
8) cÖvß QwewU‡K wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Picture Uzjevi mPj bv _vK‡j mPj Ki‡Z n‡e
9) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Wrapping Uz‡j wK¬K Ges In Front of Text-G wK¬K
(10) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Crop Uz‡j wK¬K, Qwei bx‡Pi gvSLv‡b Wª¨vM GÛ Wªc K‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask ev` w`‡Z n‡e
(11) Picture-Uzjev‡ii Line Style Uz‡j wK¬K, 3 c‡q›U eW©v‡i wK¬K K‡i eW©vi hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e
(12) WKz‡g›UwU Whole Page Ki‡Z n‡e Ges QwewU‡K †QvU K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b †mU Ki‡Z n‡e
(13) dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e
(14) cix¶vi kx‡Ui 4 bs KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
wmwcBD †h K‡qKwU As‡k MwVZ-
Control Unit – G AskwU hveZxqwKQy wbqš¿Y K‡i
Internal Storage Unit- Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZ‡i Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi KvRwU K‡i wmwcBD-i GB Ask
Input Unit- BbcyU As‡k M„nxZ Z_¨ Rgv nq
Output Unit- AvDUcy&U †÷v‡iR Gwiqvq cÖ¯‘ZK…Z djvdj cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ ˆZix _v‡K Ges AvDUcyU Ask Øviv Zv cÖKvwkZ nq|
Arithmetic Logic Unit- wmwcBD-i G AskwU hveZxq hyw³c~Y© I AsK Klvi KvR mgvav K‡i|
Writing with Bangla Font/ evsjv †jLv t
- evsjv d›U wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:-SutonnyMJ)
- Ctrl + Alt + B Pvc‡Z n‡e
(A_©vr evsjv wjL‡Z- cÖ_gZ: evsjv d›U _vK‡Z n‡e (†hgb:-SutonnyMJ) wØZxqZ: weRq AvBKb iƒ‡c _vK‡Z n‡e)|
Writing with English Font/ Bs‡iRx †jLv t
- Bs‡iRx d›U wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (†hgb:-Times New Roman)
- Ctrl + Alt + B Pvc‡Z n‡e
(A_©vr Bs‡iRx wjL‡Z- cÖ_gZ: Bs‡iRx d›U _vK‡Z n‡e (†hgb:-Times New Roman) wØZxqZ: weRq AvBKb iƒ‡c _vK‡Z n‡e)|
evsjv A¶i †hfv‡e cvIqv hv‡et-
|evsjv A¶i |Kx‡ev‡W© | |evsjv A¶i |Kx‡ev‡W© | |evsjv A¶i |Kx‡ev‡W© |
|A |Shift + |F | |` |L | | |© |
|Rakib |Dhaka |Manager |7500 | | | | | |
|Probir |Dhaka |Asst. Accountant |4000 | | | | | |
|Ria |Comilla |Executive |5000 | | | | | |
|Nasir |Manikganj |Officer |5000 | | | | | |
|Abdur Rashid |Dinajpur |Executive |5000 | | | | | |
Result Sheet:-
|HRC Pilot High School |
|Roll No. |
|=IF(Total>=750,”Star”, IF(Total>=600,”1st Div.”, IF(Total>=450,”2nd Div.”, IF(Total>=330,”3rd Div.”, IF(Total=800,”A+ Grade-5.00”, IF(Total>=600,”A Grade-4.00”, IF(Total>=501,”B Grade-3.00”, IF(Total>=401,”C Grade-2.00”, IF(Total>=330,”D Grade-1.00”, IF(Total Conditional Formatting KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM
- cÖ_g e‡· Cell Value is wØZxq e‡· less than Ges 3q e‡· 33 wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
Setup wU n‡e wbæiƒc t
- Format-G wK¬K
- Font Style e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷vBj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (GLv‡b †hgb:-Bold)
- Size e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq d›U mvBR wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
- Underline e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AvÛvijvBb ÷vBj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e (GLv‡b †hgb Ôwm‡½jÕ)
- 2 evi Ok KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
(Add KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †gvU 3wU kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e)|
WªvBf dig¨vU K‡i bZzbfv‡e DB‡ÛvR †mUAvc Ki‡Z-
- BIOS-G XyK‡Z Del Pvc‡Z _vKzb
- Advance BIOS Feature wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb
- First Boot wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb
- CD/DVD Ackb wbe©vPb K‡i ESC Pvcyb
- Save & Exit Setup wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb
- Y †P‡c G›Uvi Pvcyb
- Press any key to boot from CD/DVD †jLv Avm‡j G›Uvi Pvcyb Ges A‡c¶v Ki“b
- To Set Windows †g‡mR G‡j G›Uvi Pvcyb (†d«k DB‡ÛvR †mwUs Gi Rb¨), A‡c¶v Ki“b
- Licence Agreement ¯ŒxY G‡j F8 Pvcyb (wKQy¶Y c‡i WªvBf †kv Ki‡e)
- cÖ‡qvRbxq WªvBf wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb
- cÖ‡qvRbxq dig¨vU (†hgb- Quick Format) wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi
evUb/KgvÛ Kv‡÷vgvBR Ki‡Z (‡hgb Uzjev‡i d›U †mU Kiv):-
- Tools > Customize-G wK¬K
- Command-G wK¬K
- cÖ‡qvRbxq KgvÛ/†gby‡Z wK¬K (Wvbcv‡k mve‡gby †`Lv hv‡e| †hgb Font wbe©vPb Ki‡j Wv‡bi e‡· mKj d‡›Ui bvg †`Lv hv‡e)
- cÖ‡qvRbxq KgvÛ A_ev evU‡b c‡q›Uvi †i‡L Wª¨vM GÛ Wª‡ci gva¨‡g Uzjev‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
-----------------------
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
wmwcBD ev †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Ki‡j ev †Kvb wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡j wmwcBD Zv wePvi-we‡klY I cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwµqvKiY †k‡l Dchy³ djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| †K›`ªxqfv‡e wmwcBD mKj cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR K‡i e‡j G‡K ejv nq- Brain of computer ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯—®‹| wmwcBD-i cvIqvi †evZvg †P‡c Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ki‡Z nq|
Monitor
gwbUi Kw¤úDUv‡ii djvdj cÖKv‡k weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ev Z_¨ BbcyU Ki‡j Zv gwbUi ¯Œx‡Y dz‡U I‡V| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
Power
Reset
Mouse
B`y‡ii gZ †`L‡Z gvDm Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm| gvDm e¨env‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Kiv nq| Z‡e Gi Pjb c×wZ Lye axiMwZ m¤úbœ| ZvB, eyw×gvb Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix MY gvD‡mi †P‡q Kx‡evW©‡K †ekx cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡Kb|
Keyboard
wewfbœ Kx m¤^wjZ †evW©‡K Kx‡evW© ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU Abb¨ BbcyU wWfvBm| Gi mvnv‡h¨ Lye `ª“Z KgvÛ-Z_¨ BbcyU Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨-KgvÛ BbcyU Ki‡Z Kx‡ev‡W©i f~wgKv me‡P‡q †ekx|
Power
GB ÔcvIqviÕ †evZvgwU †P‡cB me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi mPj Ki‡Z nq|
Hardware (nvW©Iq¨vi) :
nvW©Iq¨vi n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii kvwiixK Dcv`vb hv Avgiv †`L‡Z I ¯úk© Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb:- Kx‡evW©, gvDm, wmwcBD, gwbUi BZ¨vw`|
Software (md&UIq¨vi) :
nvW©Iq¨vi wb‡R wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, cÖ‡qvRb nq wb‡`©kbvi| Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi ˆe`y¨wZK wb‡`©kbv‡KB md&UIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
md&UIq¨vi `yB cÖKvi:-
1| System Software 2| Application Software
†hgb:- Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †hgb:- IqvW© cÖ‡mmi
Reset
Kw¤úDUvi mwVK KvR Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j A_ev †_‡g _vK‡j Kw¤úDUvi cybivq Pvjy Ki‡Z G †evZvg/myBPwU Pvc‡Z nq|
CD-ROM Drive
G WªvB‡fi mvnv‡h¨ wmwW ev K¤ú¨v± wW¯‹ Pvjv‡bv nq|
Floppy Disk Drive
d¬wc wW¯‹ Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ G WªvBfwU e¨eüZ nq|
Reset
Power
PROGRAM STORAGE
AREA
WORKING STORAGE
AREA
INPUT STORAGE AREA
OUTPUT STORAGE AREA
INPUT
UNIT
OUTPUT
UNIT
INTERNAL STORAGE UNIT
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
(
Scroll Button :
c„ôvi Dc‡ii Ges wb‡Pi Ask †`L‡Z G evUb cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Right Button :
ivBU ev Wvb †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q kU©KvU ev mivmwi †gby mPj Kiv nq|
Left Button :
gvDm c‡q›Uvi wbw`©ó Kgv‡Ûi Ici †i‡L G †evZv‡g GKevi Pvc w`‡q KgvÛwU Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z nq|
CanonBJCprinter
i“U wW‡i±wi| G‡K WªvBf ejv nq| WªvBf‡K Avgiv K¨vwe‡bU ev Avjgvixi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡dvìvi| G‡K Avgiv Wªqv‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| Z_¨ msi¶‡Y aiY Abyhvqx wfbœ wfbœ †dvìvi e¨eüZ nq- mn‡R Zv Lyu‡R cvevi Rb¨|
C:
Windows
Student
Letter
System
Fonts
Reports
CD
Compact Disk
Maximize Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡Ûv‡K eo (m‡eŸ©v”P) AvKv‡i iƒcvš—i Kiv hvq|
Minimize Button :
G evUb ev †evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i DB‡Ûv‡K †QvU AvKv‡i iƒcvš—i Kiv hvq|
Title Bar :
‡jŠn `‡Ûi b¨vq †`L‡Z G eviwU‡Z DB‡ÛvÕi bvg †jLv _v‡K, hv †`‡L †evSv hvq †Kvb DB‡Ûv/ †cÖvMÖvgwU e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q|
Tool Bar :
GLv‡b †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Uzj/evUb _v‡K| †gbyi cvkvcvwk GmKj Uzj e¨env‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR Kiv hvq|
Menu Bar :
GLv‡b †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †gby _v‡K (†hgb:- File Edit View) BZ¨vw`|
Up Scroll Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvÕi Dc‡ii Ask †`L‡Z nq|
List Arrow Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wj÷ ev ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq|
Close Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡Ûv‡K eÜ Ki‡Z nq|
Left Scroll Button :
DB‡Ûvi ev‡gi Ask †`L‡Z G evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
Right Scroll Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvÕi Wv‡bi Ask †`L‡Z nq|
Down Scroll Button :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvÕi bx‡Pi Ask †`L‡Z nq|
Status Bar :
DB‡Ûvi ÷¨vUvm ev Ae¯’v GLv‡b D‡jL _v‡K|
Working Area :
GwU n‡”Q DB‡ÛvÕi Kg© GjvKv, †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR mgvav Ki‡Z nq|
Shutting Down Windows/DBb‡WvR eÜ Kiv t
DBb‡WvR Øviv PvwjZ Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kivi c~‡e© DBb‡WvR eÜ Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î KiYxq:-
1g avc - Start †gby †_‡K Shut Down A_ev Turn Off -G wK¬K
2q avc - Shut Down Ackb-G wK¬K A_ev Turn Off-G wK¬K
3q avc - Enter Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev Ok KgvÛ evU‡b wK¬K
(eZ©gv‡b †ekxifvM wmwcBD ¯^qswµqfv‡e eÜ nq| ¯^qswµqfv‡e eÜ bv n‡j ¯Œx‡Y †jLv †`Lv hv‡e-
“It’s now safe to turn of your computer” ¯Œx‡Y †jLvwU †`Lv †M‡j wmwcBD-i cvIqvi †evZvg †P‡c wmwcBD eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e)|
Kw¤úDUvi ¯ŒxY‡K †W¯‹Uc ejv nq| †mBm‡½ DB‡ÛvRÕ98 Pvjv‡bvi ci GB ¯ŒxYwU mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m hvi bx‡Pi evg‡Kv‡Y Ô÷vU© evUbÕ Ges †fZ‡i ‘My Computer’,
‘My Document’ Ges
‘Recycle Bin’ Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
Start Menu :
GLvb †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv, dvBj-‡dvìvi †LuvR Kiv mn wewfbœ KvR Kiv nq|
System Tray:
fwjDg K‡›Uªvj, weRq, mgq I ZvwiLmn wewfbœ c×wZi AvBKb (Qwe) GLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| GLv‡b wK¬K K‡i mn‡RB GLv‡b Aew¯’Z welq¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Taskbar:
mPj †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg GLv‡b †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b Aew¯’Z †cÖvMÖvg bv‡g GKevi wK¬K Ki‡j Zv mvg‡b Av‡m (†QvU Ae¯’vq _vK‡j) Ges cybivq wK¬K Ki‡j wgwbgvBR ev †QvU nq (g¨vw·gvBR ev eo AvKv‡i mvg‡b _vK‡j)|
Kwc AvKv‡i d¬wc wW‡¯‹ †cÖiY Ki‡Z
kU©KvU wn‡m‡e †W¯‹U‡c †cÖiY Ki‡Z
B-‡gBj-G †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨
AvDUjyK e¨env‡i B-†gBj (B‡j±ªwbK WvK) Ki‡Z
ÔgvB WKz‡g›UÕ-G †cÖiY Ki‡Z
I‡qe †cBR wn‡m‡e cÖKvkbvi Rb¨
Horizontal Ruler :
nwiR›Uvj i“jv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ WKz‡g‡›Ui cv‡ki gvc Ges Wvb I ev‡gi gvwR©b ¯úófv‡e †evSv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b GLvb †_‡K Wvb-ev‡gi gvwR©b wba©viY Kiv hvq|
Standard Toolbar :
÷¨vÛvW© Uzjev‡i _v‡K Kgb KvR Kivi wewfbœ Uzj ev evUb (†hgb:- cÖ_g evUb e¨env‡i bZzb dvBj ˆZix Ges wØZxq evUb e¨env‡i dvBj I‡cb Kiv)|
Formatting Toolbar :
dig¨vwUs Uzjev‡i †jLvi wewfbœ ai‡Yi MVb wba©vi‡Yi hveZxq Uzj ev evUb _v‡K| †hgb:- Font Size evUb †_‡K †jLvi AvKvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|
Cursor :
Kvm©i n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae¯’vb wb‡`©kK| Kvm©i †hLv‡b _vK‡e †mLv‡bB †jLv I KvR n‡e|
Vertical Ruler :
fvwU©K¨vj i“jv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ WKz‡g‡›Ui D”PZv Ges Dc‡i-bx‡Pi gvwR©b m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b GLvb †_‡KB Dc‡i-bx‡Pi gvwR©b wba©viY Kiv hvq|
Status Bar :
÷¨vUvm ev‡i _v‡K †cÖvMÖv‡gi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨| †hgb:- GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q- Page 1 Sec 1 L/1 At 1”| G¸‡jv †`‡L †evSv hv‡”Q 1g c„ôvi 1 bs †mKk‡b, 1g jvB‡b †jLv n‡e Ges Kvm©‡ii Ae¯’vb Av‡Q 1 Bw bx‡P|
100%
(
Sugestion Box :
ï× kã ZvwjKv GLv‡b _v‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wK¬K K‡i ï× kãwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| ï× kã cvIqv bv †M‡j- wb‡R‡KB mwVK kãwU wj‡L wb‡Z n‡e|
kã ï× g‡b K‡i Gwo‡q hvIqvi KgvÛ w`‡Z G evUb e¨eüZ nq|
†Kvb kã Kw¤úDUvi wWKkbvix‡Z hy³ Ki‡Z G KgvÛ evUb cÖ‡qvRb nq|
ï× kã wbe©vPb K‡i G Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ fyj kãwU cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
Not in Dictionary :
GB e‡· fyj kãwU jvj i‡O †`Lv hvq| Ges e¨vKiYMZ fyj Ask meyR i‡O †`Lv hvq|
Space Bar (†¯úm evi)t-
`yÕwU k‡ãi gv‡S GK A¶i mgvb dvuK m„wó‡Z GwU cÖ‡qvRb nq|
CONTROL (K‡›Uªvj Kx)t-
kU©KvU ev mivmwi KgvÛ cÖ‡qv‡M GB Kx cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb:- Kwc KgvÛ w`‡Z Ctrl + C (GB Kx †P‡c a‡i †i‡L KgvÛ w`‡Z nq)|
[pic]
Number of Copy e·:
cÖwZwU c„ôvi KqwU n‡e Zv GLvb †_‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cÖwZ c„ôvi 1wU K‡i Kwc Qvcv nq|
Property evUb :
G evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wcÖw›Us‡qi Rb¨ AwaK myweav (†hgb:- wdwbwks) e¨envi Kiv nq|
Page Range :
GLvb †_‡K WKz‡g‡›Ui †Kvb c„ôv ev KZUzKz Ask wcÖ›U n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| All wbe©vPb K‡i m¤ú~Y© WKz‡g›UwU, Curent wbe©vPb K‡i Kvm©i Aew¯’Z c„ôv wcÖ›U Kiv nq Ges Pages wbe©vPb K‡i wbw`©ó c„óv/ c„ôv¸‡jv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:- 1g I 3q c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z GLv‡b Ô1,3Õ wjL‡Z nq Ges 5g †_‡K 12Zg c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z Ô5-12Õ wjL‡Z nq|
Name e· :
G e‡· wcÖ›Uv‡ii wj÷ _v‡K| GLvb †_‡K Kvw•LZ wcÖ›UviwU wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
Name Box :
GLv‡b mPj ev G¨vw±f †m‡ji (†h †mj-G Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q) bvg †`Lv hvq †hgb:- A1| †mBm‡½ †Kvb wbw`©ó †m‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ G e‡· Kvw•LZ ‡mj-Gi bvg UvBc K‡i Enter Kx Pvc‡j Lye mn‡RB Kvw•LZ †mjwU‡Z Ae¯’vb †bqv hvq|
Formula Bar :
†mj-G Aew¯’Z dg~©jv (dg~©jv bv _vK‡j †m‡ji welqe¯‘) †`L‡Z Ges Zv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ G eviwU cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m‡ji dg©~jv A_ev welqe¯‘ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨- cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b wK¬K K‡i †m‡ji dg©~jv-Z_¨ m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq|
Cell Pointer :
‡mj c‡q›Uvi Gi gva¨‡g ‡evSv hvq- †Kvb †mj-G Ae¯’vb Av‡Q|
Column Bar :
Kjvg †nwWs ev wk‡ivYvg GLv‡b †jLv _v‡K| GLvb †_‡K Kjv‡gi bvg Rvbv hvq| †mBm‡½ Kjvg bv‡g wK¬K/Wª¨vM K‡i m¤ú~Y© Kjvg wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq| G‡·j-G Kjvg Av‡Q me©‡gvU - 234 wU|
Cell :
Kjvg I †iv Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ni n‡”Q †mj| †mj-G Z_¨ ivLv nq|
Row Bar :
†iv Gi †nwWs ev wk‡ivYvg GLv‡b †jLv _v‡K, hv †`‡L †iv Gi bvg Rvbv hvq| G‡·j-G †iv Av‡Q me©‡gvU - 65536 wU|
Status Bar :
÷¨vUvm ev‡i _v‡K †cÖvMÖv‡gi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨| †hgb:- GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q- Ready hv †`‡L †evSv hv‡”Q- †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ˆZix Av‡Q| kx‡U m¤úv`bvi mgq GLv‡b Edit †jLv †`Lv hvq|
Sheet Bar :
GLvb †_‡K †evSv hvq- †Kvb kx‡U Ae¯’vb Av‡Q| †mBm‡½ Ab¨ kx‡U Ae¯’vb wb‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kx‡U wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
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Address Box :
GLv‡b dvBj-‡dvìv‡ii G¨v‡Wªm ev wVKvbv †jLv _v‡K, hv †`‡L dvBj-‡dvìv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
Tool Bar :
GLv‡b †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Uzj/evUb _v‡K| †hgb:-
†gbyi cvkvcvwk GmKj Uzj e¨env‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR Kiv hvq|
Menu Bar :
GLv‡b †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †gby _v‡K (†hgb:- File Edit View) BZ¨vw`|
Left Pane :
G·‡cv‡ii evg Ask †_‡K †Kvb WªvBf, †dvìvi wbe©vPb Ki‡j, D³ WªvBf, †dvìv‡i Aew¯’Z mKj dvBj-‡dvìvi Wvb As‡k †`Lv hvq|
wP‡Î evg As‡k †`Lv hv‡”Q- C WªvBf wbev©wPZ Ges G WªvB‡f msiw¶Z dvBj-‡dvìvi Wvb As‡k †`Lv hv‡”Q|
Right Pane :
DB‡Ûvi G As‡k WªvBf, †dvìv‡i Aew¯’Z dvBj-‡dvìvi †`Lv hvq| †hgb:- evg Ask †_‡K gvB Kw¤úDUvi wbe©vPb Ki‡j- GLv‡b gvB Kw¤úDUv‡i msiw¶Z mKj WªvBf, K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj BZ¨vw` †`Lv hv‡e|
Alternative (Aëvi‡bwUf Kx)t-
‡gby (†hgb: File, Edit, View) mPj Ki‡Z G KxÕi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Alternative Kx †P‡c a‡i †i‡L †Kvb †gbyi AvÛvijvBK…Z A¶i Pvc‡j D³ †gbywU mPj n‡e|
CAPS (K¨vcm jK Kx)t-
A‡bK¸‡jv K¨vwcU¨vj ev eo ni‡d wjL‡Z GwU cÖ‡qvRb|
Enter (G›Uvi Kx)t-
KgvÛ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z Ges c¨vivMÖvd ˆZix Ki‡Z GB Kx cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Windows (DB‡ÛvR Kx)t-
GB Kx †P‡c Start †gby mPj Ki‡Z nq|
SHIFT (wkd&U Kx)t-
K¨vwcU¨vj ev eo ni‡d wjL‡Z Ges KxÕi Dc‡ii A¶i wjL‡Z GwU cÖ‡qvRb (GwU †P‡c a‡i †i‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq)|
TAB (U¨ve Kx)t-
cieZ©x e‡· Ae¯’vb wb‡Z Ges c„ôvi †fZ‡ii w`‡K wjL‡Z G U¨ve Kx e¨eüZ nq|
Backspace (e¨vK‡¯úm Kx)t-
e¨vK ev c~‡e© Aew¯’Z A¶i gy‡Q †dj‡Z GB Kx cÖ‡qvRb|
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