IB SYLLABUS DETAILS
IB PHYSICS SL Syllabus (College Physics Chapters)
TOPIC 1: PHYSICS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT
1.1 The Realm of Physics (CP 1.1-1.2, 1.4, 1.6)
❑ State (express) quantities to the nearest order of magnitude.
❑ State the ranges of magnitude of sizes, masses and times that occur in the universe, from smallest to greatest.
❑ State (express) ratios of quantities as differences of orders of magnitude.
❑ Estimate approx. values of everyday quantities to one or two sig. figs. and/or nearest order of magnitude.
1.2 Measurement and Uncertainties (cp 1.3, 1.5, 1.7-1.9)
❑ State the fundamental units in the SI system.
❑ Distinguish between, and give examples of, fundamental and derived units.
❑ Convert between different units for quantities.
❑ State units in the accepted SI format.
❑ State values in scientific notation and in multiples of units with appropriate prefixes.
❑ Describe, distinguish between and give examples of random uncertainties and systematic errors.
❑ Distinguish between precision and accuracy.
❑ Explain how the effects of random uncertainties may be reduced.
❑ Calculate quantities and calculations to the correct number of sig. figs.
❑ State Uncertainties as absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties.
❑ Determine the uncertainties in results.
❑ Identify uncertainties as error bars in graphs.
❑ State uncertainty as an uncertainty range (() and represent it graphically as an “error bar”.
❑ Determine the uncertainties in the gradient and intercepts of a straight-line graph.
1.3 VECTORS & SCALARS (CP 3.1-3.2)
❑ Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities and give examples of each.
❑ Add and subtract vector quantities by the graphical method.
❑ Resolve vectors into perpendicular components along chosen axes.
TOPIC 2: MECHANICS
2.1 KINEMATICS (CP 2, 3.3-3.5)
❑ Define displacement, velocity, speed and acceleration.
❑ Define and explain the difference between instantaneous and average values of speed, velocity and acceleration.
❑ Outline conditions under which equations for uniform acceleration may be applied.
❑ Identify acceleration of a body falling in a vacuum near the Earth’s surface with g
❑ Solve problems using equations involving uniformly accelerated motion.
❑ Describe the effects of air resistance on falling objects.
❑ Draw and analyze distance-time graphs, displacement-time graphs, velocity-time graphs and acceleration-time graphs.
❑ Analyze and calculate the gradients (slopes) of displacement-time graphs and velocity-time graphs, and the areas under velocity-time graphs and acceleration-time graphs. Determine the velocity and acceleration from simple timing situations.
❑ Determine relative velocity in one and two dimensions.
2.2 FORCES & DYNAMCIS (CP 4.1-4.5, 6.1-6.2)
❑ Calculate the weight of a body using the expression W = mg
❑ Identify the forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagrams representing the forces acting.
❑ Determine the resultant force in different situations.
❑ State Newton’s first law of motion.
❑ Describe examples of Newton’s first law.
❑ State the condition for translational equilibrium.
❑ Solve problems involving translational equilibrium
❑ State Newton’s second law of motion.
❑ Solve problems involving Newton’s second law.
❑ Define linear momentum and impulse.
❑ Determine the impulse due to a time-varying force by interpreting a force-time graph
❑ State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
❑ Solve problems involving momentum and impulse.
❑ State Newton’s third law of motion.
❑ Discuss examples of Newton’s third law.
2.3 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER (CP 5.1-5.6, 6.3)
❑ Define work.
❑ Determine the work done by a non-constant force by interpreting a force-displacement graph.
❑ Solve problems involving the work done on a body by a force.
❑ Define kinetic energy.
❑ Define change in gravitational potential energy.
❑ State the principle of conservation of energy.
❑ List different forms of energy and describe examples of the transformation of energy from one form into another.
❑ Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions.
❑ Define power.
❑ Define and apply the concept of efficiency.
❑ Solve momentum, work, energy and power problems.
2.4 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION (CP 7.4)
❑ Draw a vector diagram to show that the acceleration of a particle moving with uniform speed in a circle is directed toward the center of the circle.
❑ State the expression for centripetal acceleration.
❑ Identify the force producing circular motion in various situations.
❑ Solve problems for particles moving in circles with uniform speed.
TOPIC 3: THERMAL PHYSICS
3.1 THERMAL CONCEPTS (CP 10.1-10.4, 11.1)
❑ State that temperature is a property that determines the direction of thermal energy transfer between two bodies in thermal contact.
❑ State the relation between the Kelvin and Celsius scales of temperature.
❑ State that internal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of molecules in a substance.
❑ Explain and distinguish between the macroscopic concepts of temperature, internal energy and thermal energy (heat).
❑ Define the mole and molar mass.
❑ Define the Avogadro constant.
3.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER (CP 10.5, 11.2-11.4)
❑ Define and distinguish between specific heat capacity and thermal (heat) capacity.
❑ Solve problems involving specific heat capacities and thermal capacities.
❑ Describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states in terms of molecular structure and motion.
❑ Describe and explain the process of phase changes in terms of molecular behavior.
❑ Explain in terms of molecular behavior why temperature does not change during a phase change.
❑ Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.
❑ Define specific latent heat.
❑ Solve problems involving specific latent heats.
❑ Define pressure.
❑ State the assumptions of the kinetic model of a gas.
❑ State that temperature is the avg. kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas.
❑ Explain the macroscopic behavior of an ideal gas in terms of a molecular model.
TOPIC 4: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
4.1 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion (shm) (CP 13.1-13.4)
❑ Describe examples of oscillations.
❑ Define displacement, amplitude, period, frequency, and phase difference.
❑ Define simple harmonic motion (SHM) and state the defining equations as [pic].
❑ Solve problems using the defining equation for SHM.
❑ Apply the equations: [pic]; [pic];[pic]; [pic]; [pic]as solutions to the defining equation for SHM.
❑ Solve problems for acceleration, velocity and displacement during SHM both graphically and by calculations.
4.2 ENERGY CHANGES DURING SHM (CP 13.5)
❑ Describe the interchange between KE and PE during SHM.
❑ Apply the expressions: [pic]For the KE of a particle with SHM; [pic] for the total Energy; [pic] for the PE.
❑ Solve problems involving energy changes during SHM, both graphically and by calculations.
4.3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE (CP 13.6, 14.9-14.10)
❑ State what is meant by damping.
❑ Describe examples of damped oscillations.
❑ State what is meant by natural frequency of vibration and forced oscillations.
❑ Describe the variation of forced frequency of the amplitude of vibration of an object close to its natural frequency of vibration.
❑ State what is meant by resonance.
❑ Describe example of resonance where the effect is useful and where it should be avoided.
4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS (CP 13.7-13.8, 14.4-14.5)
❑ Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive (traveling) wave.
❑ State that waves transfer energy.
❑ Describe and give examples of transverse and longitudinal waves.
❑ Describe waves in two dimensions, including the concepts of wave fronts and rays.
❑ Describe the terms crest, trough, compression and rarefaction.
❑ Define displacement, amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, wave speed and intensity.
❑ Draw and explain displacement-time and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves.
❑ Derive and apply the relationship between wave speed, wavelength and frequency.
❑ State that electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in free space and know orders of magnitude for the electromagnetic spectrum.
4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES (CP 13.10-13.11, 14.7, 22.3, 24.6)
❑ Describe the reflection and transmission of one-dimensional waves at a boundary between two media.
❑ State and apply Snell’s law.
❑ Explain qualitatively the diffraction of waves at apertures and obstacles.
❑ Describe examples of diffraction.
❑ State the principle of superposition and explain what is meant by constructive and destructive interference.
❑ State and apply the conditions for constructive and destructive interference in terms of path and phase difference.
❑ Apply the principle of superposition to find the resultant of two waves.
TOPIC 5: ELECTRIC CURRENTS
5.1 Electric potential difference, current and resistance (CP 16.1-16.4)
Electric Potential Differnce
❑ Define electric potential difference.
❑ Determine the change in potential energy or change in kinetic energy when a charge moves between two points at different potentials.
❑ Define the electron volt.
❑ Solve problems involving electric potential difference.
Electric Current and Resistance
❑ Define electric current.
❑ Define and apply the concept of resistance.
❑ Apply the equation for resistance in the form:[pic] where [pic] is the resistivity of the material of the resistor.
❑ State Ohm’s law.
❑ Compare ohmic and non-ohmic behavior.
❑ Derive and apply expressions for electrical power dissipation in resistors.
❑ Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance.
5.2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS (CP 17.1-17.5, 17.8, 18.1-18.4)
❑ Define electromotive force.
❑ Describe the concept of internal resistance.
❑ Apply the equations involving series and parallel circuits.
❑ Draw circuit diagrams.
❑ Describe the use of ammeters and voltmeters.
❑ Describe a potential divider
❑ Explain the use of sensors in potential divider circuits.
❑ Solve problems involving electric circuits.
TOPIC 6: FIELDS AND FORCES
6.1 GRAVITAIONAL FORCE AND FIELD (CP 7.5)
❑ State Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
❑ Define gravitational field strength.
❑ Determine the gravitational field due to one or more point masses.
❑ Derive an expression for the gravitational field at the surface of a planet, assuming all its mass is at its centre.
❑ Solve problems involving gravitational forces and fields.
6.2 ELECTRIC FORCE AND FIELD (CP 15.1-15.5)
❑ State that there are two types of electric charge.
❑ State and apply the concept of conservation of charge.
❑ Describe and explain the properties of conductors and insulators.
❑ State Coulomb’s law.
❑ Define electric field strength.
❑ Determine the electric field strength due to one or more point charges.
❑ Draw and explain electric field patterns for different charge configurations.
❑ Solve problems of electric charges, forces and fields.
6.3 MAGNETIC FORCE AND FIELD (19.1-19.4; 19.6-19.7 concept only)
❑ State that moving charges give rise to magnetic fields.
❑ Draw and annotate magnetic fields due to currents.
❑ Determine the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
❑ Determine the direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field.
❑ Define the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field.
❑ Solve problems involving the magnetic forces, fields and currents.
TOPIC 7: ATOMIC & NUCLEAR PHYSICS
7.1 THE ATOM (CP 28.1-28.4)
Atomic Structure
❑ Describe a model of the atom that features a small nucleus surrounded by electrons.
❑ Outline the evidence that supports a nuclear model of the atom.
❑ Outline one limitation of the simple model of the atom.
❑ Outline evidence for the existence of atomic energy levels.
❑ Explain the terms nuclide, isotope and nucleon.
❑ Define nucleon number A, proton number Z and neutron number N.
❑ Describe the interactions in the nucleus.
7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY (CP 29.3-29.5, 29.7)
Radioactivity
❑ Describe the phenomenon of natural radioactive decay.
❑ Describe alpha, beta and gamma radiation and their properties.
❑ Describe the ionizing properties of radiation and its use in the detection of radiation.
❑ Outline the biological effects of ionizing radiation.
❑ Explain why some nuclei are stable while others are unstable.
Half-life
❑ State that radioactive decay is a random process and that the average rate of decay for a sample of radioactive isotope decreases exponentially with time.
❑ Define the term half-life.
❑ Determine the half-life of a nuclide from a decay curve.
❑ Solve radioactive decay problems involving integral numbers of half-lives.
7.3 NUCLEAR RxNs, FISSION AND FUSION (CP 26.9, 29.1-29.2, 29.6, 30.1-30.6)
Nuclear Reactions
❑ Describe and give an example of artificial (induced) transmutation.
❑ Construct and complete nuclear reaction equations.
❑ Define the term unified mass unit.
❑ State and apply Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence relationship.
❑ Explain the concepts of mass defect and binding energy and binding energy per nucleon.
❑ Draw and annotate a graph of showing the variation with nucleon number of the binding energy per nucleon.
❑ Solve problems involving mass defect and binding energies.
Fission and Fusion
❑ Describe the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
❑ Apply the graph in 7.3 to account for the energy release in the processes of fission and fusion.
❑ State that nuclear fusion is the main source of the Sun’s energy.
❑ Solve problems involving fission and fusion reactions.
TOPIC 8: ENERGY, POWER, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
8.1 ENERGY DEGRADATION AND POWER GENERATION
❑ State that thermal energy may be converted to work in a single process, but that continuous conversion of this energy to work requires a cyclical process and transfer of some energy from the system.
❑ Explain what is meant by degraded energy.
❑ Construct and analyze energy flow diagrams (Sankey diagrams) and identify where the energy is degraded.
❑ Outline the mechanisms involved in the production so electric power.
8.2 WORLD ENERGY SOURCES
❑ Identify different world energy sources.
❑ Outline and distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
❑ Define the energy density of a fuel.
❑ Discuss how choice of fuel is influenced by its energy density.
❑ State the relative proportions of world use of the different energy sources available.
❑ Discuss advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources.
8.3 FOSSIL FUEL POWER PRODUCTION
❑ Outline the historical and geographical reasons for the widespread use of fossil fuels.
❑ Discuss the energy density of fossil fuels with respect to the demands of power stations.
❑ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages with the transportation and storage of fossil fuels.
❑ State the overall efficiency of power stations fuelled by different fossil fuels.
❑ Describe the environmental problems with the recovery of fossil fuels and their use in power stations.
8.4 NON-FOSSIL FUEL POWER PRODUCTION
Nuclear Power
❑ Describe how neutrons produced in a fission reaction may initiate more fission reactions (chain reactions).
❑ Distinguish between controlled nuclear fission (power production) vs. uncontrolled fission (nuclear weapons).
❑ Describe what is meant by fuel enrichment.
❑ Describe the main energy transformations in a nuclear power station.
❑ Discuss the role of the moderator and control rods in a thermal fission reactor.
❑ Discuss the role of the heat exchanger in a fission reactor.
❑ Describe how neutron capture by a nucleus of uranium-238 (238U) results in a nucleus of plutonium-239 (239Pu).
❑ Discuss the importance of plutonium-239 (239Pu) as a nuclear fuel.
❑ Discuss safety issues and risks associated with the production of nuclear power.
❑ Outline the problems with producing nuclear power using nuclear fusion.
❑ Solve problems on the production of nuclear power.
Solar Power
❑ Distinguish between a photovoltaic cell and a solar heating panel.
❑ Outline reasons for seasonal and regional variation in the solar power incident per unit area of the Earth’s surface.
❑ Solve problems involving specific applications of photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels.
Hydroelectric Power
❑ Distinguish between different hydroelectric schemes.
❑ Describe the main energy transformations that take place in hydroelectric schemes.
❑ Solve problems involving hydroelectric schemes.
Wind Power
❑ Outline the basic features of a wind generator.
❑ Determine the power that may be delivered by a wind generator, assuming that the wind KE is completely converted in mechanical KE and explain why this is impossible.
❑ Solve problems involving wind power.
Wave Power
❑ Describe the operation of a oscillating water column (OWC) ocean wave energy converter.
❑ Determine the power per unit length of a wave front.
❑ Solve problems involving wave power.
8.5 GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Solar Radiation
❑ Calculate the intensity of the Sun’s radiation incident on a planet.
❑ Define albedo.
❑ State factors that determine a planet’s albedo.
The Greenhouse Effect
❑ Describe the greenhouse effect.
❑ Identify the main greenhouse gases and their sources.
❑ Explain the molecular mechanisms by which greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation.
❑ Analyze absorption graphs to compare the effects of different greenhouse gases.
❑ Outline the nature of the black-body radiation.
❑ Draw and annotate a graph of the emission spectra of black bodies at different temperatures.
❑ State the Stefan-Boltzmann law and apply it to compare emission rates from different surfaces.
❑ Apply the concept of emissivity to compare the emission rates from the different surfaces.
❑ Define surface heat capacity Cs.
❑ Solve problems on the greenhouse effect and the heating of planets using a simple energy balance climate model.
8.6 GLOBAL WARMING
❑ Describe some possible models of global warming.
❑ State what is meant by the enhanced greenhouse effect.
❑ Identify the increased combustion of fossil fuels as the likely major cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
❑ Describe the linking of global warming to increased greenhouse gases.
❑ Outline some of the mechanisms that may increase the rate of global warming.
❑ Define coefficient of volume expansion.
❑ State that one possible effect of the enhanced greenhouse effect is a rise in mean sea-level.
❑ Outline possible reasons for a predicted rise in mean sea-level.
❑ Identify climate change as an outcome of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
❑ Solve problems related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
❑ Identify some possible solutions to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect.
❑ Discuss international efforts to reduce the enhance greenhouse effect.
OPTIOIN A: SIGHT AND WAVE PHENOMENA
A.1 THE EYE AND SIGHT (CP 25.2)
❑ Describe the basic structure of the human eye
❑ State the explain the process of depth of vision and accommodation
❑ State that the retina contains rods and cones, and describe the variation in density across the surface of the retina
❑ Describe the function of the rods and of the cones in photopic and scotopic vision
❑ Describe color mixing of light by addition and subtraction
❑ Discuss the effect of light and dark, and color, on the perception of objects
A.2 STANDING WAVES (CP 14.8)
❑ Describe the nature of standing waves
❑ Explain the formation of one-dimensional standing waves.
❑ Discuss the modes of vibration strings and air in open and in closed pipes
❑ Compare standing waves and travelling waves
❑ Solve problems involving standing waves
A.3 DOPPLER EFFECT (CP 14.6)
❑ Describe what is meant by the Doppler effect
❑ Explain the Doppler effect by reference to wave-front diagrams for both moving detector and source situations
❑ Apply the Doppler effect equations for sound
❑ Solve problems on the Doppler effect for sound
❑ Solve problems on the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves using [pic]
❑ Outline an example in which the Doppler effect is used to measure speed.
A.4 DIFFRACTION (CP 24.6-24.8)
❑ Sketch the variation with angle of diffraction of the relative intensity of light diffracted at a single slit
❑ Derive the formula [pic] for the position of the first minimum of the diffraction pattern produced at a single slit
❑ Solve problems involving single-slit diffraction
A.5 RESOLUTION (CP 25.6)
❑ Sketch the variation with angle of diffraction of the relative intensity of the light emitted by two point sources that has been diffracted at a single slit
❑ State the Rayleigh criterion of r images of two sources to be just resolved
❑ Describe the significance of resolution in the development of devices such as CDs and DVDs, the electron microscope and radio telescopes.
❑ Solve problems involving resolution
A.6 POLARIZATION (CP 24.9)
❑ Describe what is meant by polarized light
❑ Describe polarization by reflection
❑ State and apply Brewster’s law
❑ Explain the terms polarizer and analyzer
❑ Calculate the intensity of a transmitted beam of polarized light using Malus’ law
❑ Describe what is meant by an optically active substance
❑ Describe the use of polarization in the determination of the concentration of certain solutions
❑ Outline qualitatively how polarization my be used in stress analysis
❑ Outline qualitatively the action of liquid-crystal displays (LCDs)
❑ Solve problems involving the polarization of light
OPTION G: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
G.1 NATURE OF EM WAVES AND LIGHT SOURCES (CP 22.1-22.5)
❑ Outline the nature of EM radiation
❑ Describe the different regions of the EM spectrum
❑ Describe what is mean by the dispersion of EM waves
❑ Describe the dispersion of EM waves in terms of refractive index
❑ Distinguish between transmission, absorption and scattering of radiation
❑ Discuss examples of the transmission, absorption and scattering of EM radiation
❑ Explain the terms monochromatic and coherent
❑ Identify laser light as a source of coherent light
❑ Outline the mechanism for the production of laser light
❑ Outline an application of the use of a laser
G.2 TWO-SOURCE INTERFERENCE OF WAVES (CP 24.2)
❑ State the conditions necessary to observe interference between two sources
❑ Explain the interference pattern produced by waves from two coherent point sources
❑ Outline a double-slit experiment for light and draw intensity pattern
❑ Solve problems involving two-source interference
G.3 DIFFRACTION GRATING (CP 24.8)
❑ Describe the effect on the double-slit intensity distribution of increasing the number of slits
❑ Derive the diffraction grating formula for normal incidence
❑ Outline the use of a diffraction grating to measure wavelengths
❑ Solve problems involving a diffraction grating
G.4 LENSES AND IMAGE FORMATION (CP 23.1-23.6)
❑ Define the terms principal axis, focal point, focal length and linear magnification as applied to convex lens
❑ Define the power of a convex lens and diopter
❑ Define linear magnification
❑ Construct ray diagrams to locate the image formed by a convex lens
❑ Distinguish between a real image and a virtual image
❑ Apply the convention “real is positive, virtual is negative” to the thin lens formula
❑ Solve problems for a single convex lens using the thin lens formula
G.5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS (CP 25.2-25.5)
❑ Define the terms far point and near point for the unaided eye
❑ Define angular magnification
❑ Derive an expression for the angular magnification of a simple magnifying glass for an image formed at the near point and at infinity
❑ Construct a ray diagram for a compound microscope with final image formed close to the near point of the eye
❑ Construct a ray diagram for an astronomical telescope with the final image at infinity
❑ State the equation relating angular magnification to the focal lengths of the lenses in a telescope
❑ Solve problems involving the compound microscope and the telescope.
OPTION B: QUANTUM PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
❑ Quantum physics
❑ Nuclear physics
OPTION C: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
❑ Analogue and digital signals
❑ Data capture; digital imaging using charge-coupled devices (CCDs)
❑ Electronics
❑ The mobile phone system
OPTION D: RELATIVITY AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
❑ Introduction to relativity
❑ Concepts and postulates of special relativity
❑ Relativistic kinematics
❑ Particles and interactions
❑ Quarks
OPTION E: ASTROPHYSICS
❑ Introduction to the universe
❑ Stellar radiation and stellar types
❑ Stellar distances
❑ Cosmology
OPTION F: COMMUNICATIONS
❑ Radio communication
❑ Digital signals
❑ Optic fire transmission
❑ Channels of communication
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