Classification of Operant Contingencies
Response Cost
Definition: Removal (loss) of a specific reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of R, which produces a decrease in the frequency of R
Effects of Response Cost: Similar to punishment (rapid response suppression)
Terminological and Procedural Distinctions:
Response cost synonyms: Fine, negative punishment
Extinction: Termination of a reinforcement contingency
Time out: Removal of access to reinforcement
Response effort: Energy expenditure of a given response
Procedural Variations:
Source of removed reinforcement (earned vs. noncongingent)
Cost alone vs. cost plus gain (Sr+)
Cost parameters: Magnitude, schedule, disposition of reinforcer
Other Considerations:
More efficient than time out
Usually less objectionable than punishment
Impractical when client has limited supply of reinforcers
Potential negative side effects
McSweeny (1978)
“Effects of response cost on the behavior of a million person: Charging for directory assistance in Cincinnati”
General focus: To demonstrate the large-scale application of response cost
Specific aim:To evaluate (retrospectively) a surcharge for directory assistance calls in Cincinnati
Procedures
Participants:
Experimental: DA users in Cincinnati (1962-1976 , N=1.39 mil)
Control: DA users from outside Cincinnati (N=?)
DV:
# Local and long distance DA calls (product measure)
Retrieved from magnetic tape records
Reliability = 100%
Procedures:
BL: No charges
Response cost: 3 free locals/month, then 20¢ each
Experimental design?
Results
BL: Gradual ∆+ in local and long distance calls
Response cost: Local calls ( Large ∆-; Long distance ( no ∆
Note: ∆- in local calls prior to response cost (announcement)
Implications and Extensions
Major contributions:
Practical, large-scale application of response cost
Demonstration of cumulative large impact of small consequence and small individual behavior change
Retrospective program evaluation
Limitations:
No significant limitations
Extensions:
Cost contingency has been adopted as standard charge throughout the industry
Electrical energy usage?
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