Unit IV - Kingdoms of the Americas and Africa



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Unit Iv: ancient kingdoms of america and africa

Between 1000 BCE and 600 CE, north African rulers and Muslim merchants constructed a string of commercial city-states down the East African Coast. These coastal trading cities linked India and China to inner Africa.

On the other side of the continent, West African peoples built a series of similar kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.  All three kingdoms were influenced by the spread of Islam, were wealthy and were strong due to vast trading networks across the Sahara desert, mainly exporting gold for salt.

Traditional African art is often religious.  Religious statues and masks were carved from ivory, wood, and bronze.  African history and folktales were usually passed orally from generation to generation. 

In Mali, the emperor Mansa Musa was famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which increased trade between Mali and the Muslim Empire. Muslim scholars helped the city of Timbuktu become a center of learning.

Across the Atlantic Ocean, civilizations emerged in Mesoamerica. In the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, the Maya built magnificent stepped temples, which were the tallest man-made structures in the Americas until 1903. Mayans developed hieroglyphic system of a writing and produced books made from bark. Mayan scientists developed a fairly accurate 365 day a year calendar and used an advanced numbering system that included the concept of zero.

Aztec civilization established an empire with a strong, central government, and received tribute payments from many of their subject peoples. The Aztecs built large temples where human sacrifice took place. Aztec scientists also developed an accurate calendar, physicians set broken bones and filled cavities in teeth.  The Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan included a large stepped temple, aqueducts for water, and causeways for travel.

In the Andes Mountains of Peru, the Inca are credited with many great achievements. The Inca conquered an empire that stretched along the Pacific coast of South America.  They instituted a strong central government, and controlled their empire through the use of an elaborate road system that ran more than 12,000 miles. These roads linked the empire together using a system of relay runners.

Incan wealth and stability enabled many intellectual and cultural achievements. Incan engineers designed Cuzco, the capital city, and Manchu Picchu.  Due to the lack of flat land, Incan engineers developed improved methods of terrace farming, which cut strips of flat land into hillsides and used stone walls to support them.  This allowed the Inca to produce the food necessary to support their population. Incan physicians performed surgery to treat various injuries, and used herbal remedies for various illnesses. Incan scholars developed a record keeping system for accounting and to record dates or events that used colored, knotted string called Quipas. 

Directions for each homework assignment in this packet:

1. Use your textbook to answer all questions.

2. Answer the questions in the space provided IN COMPLETE SENTENCES.

3. You do NOT have to restate the question in your answer as long as you use a complete sentence to answer the question.

HW1: Part 1- Africa Map Directions

1. Using the PHYSICAL MAP on page 987, locate all the items on the PHYSICAL MAP list below (left side) and place on the map of Africa. You may have to drawn in some of the physical features on the map before you label them.

2. Using the AFRICAN KINGDOMS map on page 295, locate and label all of the items on the AFRICAN KINGDOMS list below (right side) and place on the map of Africa.

Physical Map African Kingdoms Map

Atlantic Ocean 1. Color where each of the African kingdoms Indian Ocean where located and make a key to label them.

Red Sea Nubia

Mediterranean Sea Axum

Nile River Ghana

Lake Malawi Mali

Lake Tanganyika Ethiopia

Zambezi River Songhai

Orange River

Niger River 2. Draw in the trade routes.

Congo River (Zaire River)

Lake Nasser 3. Label the following cities on the map.

Lake Chad Tunis

Lake Victoria Tripoli

Senegal River Cairo

Great Rift Valley Baghdad

Sahara Desert Mecca

Kalahari Desert Timbuktu

Namib Desert Gao

Atlas Mountains Benin City

Equator Mogadishu

Prime Meridian Mombasa

Kilwa

Great Zimbabwe

Sofala

[pic]

Name_________________________________ Class ID______ Date____________ Period ______

HW1: Part 2- Ancient Africa Questions

Use pages 289-293 in your textbook answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What were the richest West African states between the years 800 and 1600? __________________

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2. Although many different products were traded across the Sahara Desert, what two products dominated the Sahara trade? __________________________________________________________

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3. Why was salt so important to the people of West Africa? ___________________________________

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4. Describe the king of Ghana. (What roles/jobs did he have? What did the people of Ghana think of their king?) ________________________________________________________________________

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5. What was the influence of Islam on the kingdom of Ghana? (In other words, what ideas did came to Ghana from the Muslims that settled there?) ______________________________________________

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6. THINK! Using your answer to question 5, what is that an example of? ________________________

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7. What new kingdom emerged after the collapse of Ghana? _________________________________

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8. Who was the greatest emperor of Mali? Explain why he is remembered this way. ______________

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9. What custom (tradition) did Mansa Musa NOT adopt FROM nearby Muslim societies? __________

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10. Describe IN DETAIL the pilgrimage or hajj made by Mansa Musa. __________________________

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11. Explain at least 3 effects of Mansa Musa’s hajj. _________________________________________

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12. What new kingdom emerged after the collapse of Mali? __________________________________

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13. Describe at least 2 accomplishments of Songhai and describe Timbuktu._____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

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Use pages 294-297 in your textbook answer the following questions in complete sentences.

14. What religion did Ethiopia remain when other African kingdoms were coming under the influence of Islam? ____________________________________________________________________________

15. How did the location of Axum affect its success AND what areas of the world were linked by the triangular trade that the Axumites commanded? ___________________________________________

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16. What other traditions were absorbed by Ethiopian Christians over the centuries? _______________

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17. What did trade help local rulers build? ________________________________________________

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18. List at least 4 results did a blending of cultures have in East African city-states. ________________

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Use pages 297-301 in your textbook answer the following questions in complete sentences.

19 . Define slash-and-burn agriculture and state whether YOU THINK it’s an effective farming method. ___________________________________________________________________________

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20. What is the difference between living with the nuclear family and the joint family? ____________

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21. What is the difference between patrilineal and matrilineal? ______________________________

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HW2: Part 1- Americas Map Directions

Label the following countries and capitals on the map. Use the map on page 992 of your textbook.

Countries Capitals (you will need to draw a [pic] for each capital)

Mexico Caracas

Guatemala Bogota

Belize Quito

El Salvador Lima

Honduras La Paz

Nicaragua Brasilia

Costa Rica Buenos Aires

Panama Montevideo

Cuba Santiago

Haiti Mexico City

Dominican Republic

Puerto Rico

Colombia

Venezuela

Ecuador

Peru

Guyana

Suriname

French Guiana

Brazil

Bolivia

Paraguay

Uruguay

Chile

Argentina

Use the map on page 993 of your textbook. Draw (if needed) and label the following physical features on the map.

Physical Features

Pacific Ocean

Caribbean Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Andes Mountains

Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains

Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains

Yucatan Peninsula

Atacama Desert

Isthmus of Panama

Rio Grande River

Amazon River

Gulf of Mexico

Name_________________________________ Class ID______ Date____________ Period ______

HW2: Part 2- Ancient America Questions

Using pages 158-164 in your textbook, answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. What does the “Legend of the Five Suns” represent to the Aztecs? __________________________

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2. __________________________ hunters and gatherers came from ______________________. They crossed a land bridge located between ____________________ and _________________.

3. Label the physical features present in the regions of the Americas.

A. Mountains ____________________________________________________________________

B. Climate ______________________________________________________________________

C. Rivers _______________________________________________________________________

D. Animals ______________________________________________________________________

E. Crops ________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe Mayan farming methods. ____________________________________________________

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5. Name and describe the hierarchy (order from highest to lowest) of the Mayan social classes.

A. ______________________________________________________________________________

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B. ______________________________________________________________________________

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6. Which social class was the largest? ___________________________________________________

7. What are chinampas? _____________________________________________________________

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8. What is tribute? __________________________________________________________________

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9. How was Mayan government different than Aztec government? _____________________________

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10. According to Aztec religious beliefs, why did they perform human sacrifice and who were the primary sacrifice victims? _____________________________________________________________

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11. What educational roles did priests provide for the Aztecs? ________________________________

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12. Describe where the Incan people were located and what the terrain (land) was like. ____________

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13. Who was Pachacuti and why was he important? ________________________________________

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14. Describe how the Incans united their empire through:

A. Language: ____________________________________________________________________

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B. Roads: _______________________________________________________________________

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15. Describe the farming methods the Incans utilized (used). _________________________________

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16. Who were the “Chosen Women” and what were their duties? ______________________________

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Map of the Central and South America

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