Final Study Guide (Answer key)Name:



Final Study Guide (Answer key)Name:Finals start Friday 6/15. Answers can be found on website. You are allowed to bring a 3x5 notecard or quarter sheet of hand-written notes to the test.Unit 6Define the following political systems: Autocracy a government in which almost all power is held by a single leader who the people have no ability to change.Oligarchy a government in which almost all power is held by a small group of wealthy, militarily powerful, or otherwise privileged people. People have no real ability to change.Representative Democracy a government in which the people elect leaders who then run the government and make the decisions for the government.Direct Democracy a government in which most decisions are sent to the people to be voted on directly.Anarchy a society in which the government has no right/power to force people to do anything or in which the government does not exist.Be able to identify examples of the different political systems. You can practice by searching Wikipedia pages of “Politics of [insert country name here].” Most places claim to be representative democracies so a main question should be “is this really a democracy?”What is an Absolute Monarchy? An absolute monarchy is a monarchy that is also an autocracy—where the power of the King (or other monarch) “Approaches 100%”How did Monarchs use the Divine Right of Kings to justify their rule? They argued that God chose them to be the ruler of the country and that therefore only God could limit their rule.What did the following writers believe about the nature of man? Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes believed that people do not have spirits or souls and are just meaty machines that pursue pleasure and avoid pain. They therefore will do terrible things if they do not fear punishment. “Since [man] has no idea of goodness he must be naturally wicked; that he is vicious because he does not know virtue".John Locke believed that people are born as blank slates and will learn to be either good or bad or somewhere in between based upon the lessons they learn in their life.Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people are made evil by the inequalities and greed of society. He believed that people living in simple societies are at their happiest and most good “noble savages”What year did the French Revolution begin? 1789In what ways was society unequal before the French Revolution? How did that contribute to the Revolution? The Third Estate, which was 98% of the population, had 0% of the political power and paid almost all the taxes. The 1st and 2nd estates, which had most of the wealth, paid almost no taxes. This caused the French people to believe that the 1st and 2nd estate were just dead weight and motivated a revolution to pull them down and make the society more fair.How was debt weakening the French Government? How did that contribute to the revolution? France had an enormous debt. The King had was not able to raise enough money to actually pay the debt. The king’s desperation to fix the taxes and pay the debt led to him playing along with the revolution for a few years, hoping to avoid bankruptcy.What other things were causes of the Revolution? How did they contribute to the revolution?Food Shortages: there were numerous famines in France before the revolution and people were desperate to get food. They were convinced that the nobles and king were hoarding food. This drove hatred towards the nobles.Enlightenment Ideas: the writers of the enlightenment wrote about freedom and natural rights and popular sovereignty. All of these things undermined the power of the King of France and convinced many of the literate bourgeoisie that the King didn’t have the right to do a lot of the things he did.Oppression from the King: the King had almost unlimited power over the Third Estate. Those that acted against him or spoke ill of him could be imprisoned indefinitely, tortured, and even executed without the King really needing a legitimate reason. This caused many to consider the King a tyrant and made many dislike him.What were each of the following 4 events and how did they each serve to take power from the king to the people:Estates General A huge meeting between all of the three estates. Met to fix the debt and taxes problem. Was taken over by the third estate and formed the foundation of the revolutionary government.Tennis Court Oath The delegates of the Third Estate swore that they would continue to meet, regardless of what the King or nobles said, until they had succeeded in creating a constitution for France.Storming of the Bastille The people of Paris, in a sign of supporting the delegates of the Third Estate, assaulted the Bastille Prison in Paris. They killed the King’s soldiers at the prison and released the prisoners there. This showed the King that the people rejected his authority over them.Women's March hearing that the queen was hoarding grain in the palace (she wasn’t), a small army of armed peasant women attacked the palace. They found no grain but did take the King and queen and national assembly back to Paris. After this, the King was basically a prisoner and would not be able to stop the revolution by force.What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? Whoops, double answer, see above.What are the main rights granted by the DOROMAC? the rights of equality before the law, freedom, resistance to oppression, property, safety, and democracy.Who got no/few rights? Women, men under 25, or people who don’t own property.What is the Reign of Terror? The period during which the revolutionary government executed anyone who was suspected of opposing the revolution.Why was the King executed? He had attempted to flee France, was interfering with France’s ability to fight its enemies, and privately supported France’s enemies. He was sentenced for treason and the legislature voted to execute him by 361 votes to 360.What is the Committee of Public Safety? The dictatorial committee that became the rulers of France during the Reign of Terror.Who is Robespierre? Maximillien Robespierre was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He believed in the ideas of the Revolution and that only through terror would people be convinced to accept the rule of the revolutionary government.Why were so many people executed during the Reign of Terror? Robespierre was committed to continuing the revolution. Anyone who was even suspected of opposing the revolution was executed.How did Robespierre lose power? A revolt from the other members of the government defeated and captured Robespierre. He was executed by the guillotine.Who fought against France during the Coalition Wars? Who won most of the Coalition Wars? Who won the last two? Most of Europe fought against France but Britain was France’s main rival. France won the first five and lost the last two.What are some of the reasons that Napoleon’s army was successful? The French army after 1793 was made massive by the Levee en Masse. The Levee en Masse also dramatically improved French morale, as the entire nation was working together for the war. Napoleon was also an exceptionally talented general and was able to outthink and outplan most of his enemies.How large was the French Empire under Napoleon? After the War of the Fifth Coalition, Napoleon controlled basically all of Europe either directly or indirectly.Define the following and explain how they are legacies of the French Revolution and Napoleon:Metric System a system of measurements by units of 10. Was made standard during the French Revolution and Napoleon spread it to all the places he conquered. Was eventually cancelled in France but would be adopted a half century later by all of Europe.Levée en masse a military draft that calls all of the nation to work together for the war effort. Was one of the reasons Napoleon was so successful and the rest of Europe copied the French system or something very similar during the Coalition Wars.Nationalism the belief that the whole of a nation should work together for the success of that nation. Was one of the main ideas to come out of the French Revolution and was especially reinforced by the Levee en Masse.Code Napoleon a legal system that Napoleon forced upon his Empire. Attempted to create fair trails and have laws that all people could read—not just lawyers. Is the partial foundation of most legal systems in the world.Why are the years 1789-1848 known as the Age of Revolutions? In Europe and Latin America, there were dozens of Revolutions following the French Revolution.How are the revolutions in Europe different from those in Latin America during the Age of Revolutions? List both a difference in outcome and intent. The European Revolutions were mostly looking for democracy, constitutions, and national unity. Most of them were only moderately successful or unsuccessful. The Latin American Revolutions were mostly looking for independence and were generally successful.What was special about the Haitian Revolution? The Haitian Revolution was the only time a slave revolt resulted in the creation of a new government.What was the population of Saint Domingue like before the Haitian Revolution? Around 90% of Saint Domingue’s population were slaves who lived terrible lives while the wealthiest 2% of the country lived in fabulous wealth.What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution? The free black republic of Haiti, where slavery would never again be legal.Who was Toussaint Louverture and what role did he play in the Haitian Revolution? Louverture was a former slave who had been educated and lived pretty well who decided to join the revolution rather than fight against it. He eventually became the main leader of the Revolution and his military skill allowed the Haitians to defeat the armies sent to stop them.Unit 7What is Mechanization?The use of power produced by non-animal sources to perform work.What are the 3 parts of mechanization?Power—how energy is produced Transmission—how energy is moved Utilization—how energy is used.What kinds of mechanization existed before the Industrial Revolution? Windmills, watermills.How did people live before industrialization? Simple houses, most were farmers, small manufacturing economies, bad sanitation, many people slept in the same room with livestock.What are some inventions created during the First Industrial Revolution? Spinning Jenny, steam engine, power loom.Which industries and countries were involved in the First Industrial Revolution? Britain. Iron, coal, textiles (cloth)What were working conditions like in the First Industrial Revolution? very dangerous, very poor paying, totally unregulated, child labor, dirty, poor sanitation.Which industries and countries were involved in the Second Industrial Revolution? North America, most of Europe, Japan. All industries affected: rubber, home appliances, electricity, oil, cars, railroad, telephone, etc.How did the Industrial Revolution change us?What does the Spinning Jenny do?Spins dozens or hundreds of threads at once, allowing a person to much more quickly spin cloth.What is the advantage of steam engines over watermills?They produce more power and can be built away from running water.What is capitalism?An economic system based upon:Currency (Money)Private ownershipDistributing resources based upon buying and selling. You get only what you have money to afford.What is socialism?An economic system based upon:Common ownership of all resources in a societyDemocratic distribution of commonly owned resourcesWhat is a mixed economy?A capitalist system with significant social welfare programs and income redistribution. Intended to correct inequalities and alleviate poverty.What is communism?A society that:Is anarchistIs socialistHas no:MoneyGovernmentSocial classUnit 8What is imperialism?A situation where one country is being exploited by at least one other country.Define the 3 kinds of imperialism:Conquest: when one country takes over another and rules it as a province of their country.Colonialism: when one country sends their people to establish settlements within the territory of another country.Neo-Imperialism: when one country forces another into an unfair relationship through political, military, or economic pressure.NOTE: be able to identify examples of the above types of imperialism.What is the Great Divergence? The period during which Europe was significantly wealthier and more powerful than the rest of the world.Why did the Great Divergence make it possible for Europe to imperialize the rest of the world? They were able to fund larger armies and military expeditions. They could also economically outcompete other countries. Finally, there were a number of useful military inventions in the industrialized countries such as machine guns and ironclad warships.What regions were affected by European Imperialism during the Great Divergence? Asia and AfricaDoes imperialism make money for imperial countries? Generally not.What are the economic benefits of imperialism? Imperialism can give countries access to resources they wouldn’t have back in their own country. It allows the country to build naval stations and coaling stations to defend they fleets and property. It allows companies to exploit those countries that have been imperialized.How does industrial capitalism motivate countries to become imperial? Industrial capitalism has an almost unlimited drive to gain: raw resources, more customers, and more land. Imperialism can fill any of these needs.According to the White Man’s Burden, what is the goal of imperialism? To help, develop, civilize, or “uplift” those countries that are conquered.According to the White Man’s Burden, why do European countries have a right or even duty to take over other countries? Because they have a superior culture and government and can train other countries to become like them.Name and explain 3 reasons why China was vulnerable in the 19th century:Isolated: China closed its borders in the 1550s. This caused diffusion from the rest of the world to China to slow down. Because of it, they were slow to adopt technologies like the steam engine and modern gunpowder weapons.Corrupt: the Qing government was very corrupt, with most bureaucrats serving themselves rather than the government. This was because the Qing government had very low taxes and didn’t have the money to administer its large country.Weak Navy: China had allowed its navy to become small and weak after it closed off the country. Why did China and Britain go to war during the Opium Wars? Britain was smuggling Opium into China. China protested and tried to make it illegal. Britain went to war to force China to pay for Opium lost during the Chinese crackdown.What did China attempt to reform about its society? China attempted to reform its military and industry. China occasionally also attempted to reform government but these attempts were rare.Why were Chinese reform efforts generally unsuccessful? Chinese reform efforts were constantly troubled by the corruption of the Qing government. Efforts to reform that corruption were generally halted by the government.What is the “Scramble for Africa?” The rapid European conquest of Africa from 1882-1914What was agreed upon at the Berlin Conference? European powers decided who would own which parts of AfricaHow much of Africa was under European control by 1914? Almost all. Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independentHow did King Leopold II become the personal owner of the Congo? He convinced the Berlin Conference to hand the Congo over to a charity organization that he secretly controlled. What resource was harvested in the Congo? What was harvesting it like? Rubber, which is very difficult and time consuming to harvest. The rubber fields were brutal slave plantations.What was life like in King Leopold’s Congo Free State? Give some specific examples. People would have their families held hostage to motivate them to work. People would be whipped, hands would be cut off, family members tortured and raped to motivate workers to meet their rubber quotas. Brutal soldiers would slaughter villages who resisted.What is Decolonization? The process by which colonies become independent.What was Decolonization like in Africa? How was Africa still under imperial control even afterwards? Decolonization was very fast in Africa. Because it was done in a hurry, it left a lot of political instability behind. Many parts of Africa were still economically exploited by imperial powers even until the present day.What were the 3 problems left behind by western imperialism after decolonization? Poorly drawn borders, political instability, and foreign ownership of resources.What was Japan like before imperialism? Japan was isolated and had a very strict military government. It was mostly still in the feudal system. It only traded with the Dutch and Koreans, and only through a single port in the south. Had been at peace for 200 years.Describe Commodore Perry’s arrival in Japan: Perry arrives in 1853 with 4 warships. Threatens Japan to either open their doors to trade or consider the USA an enemy. Leaves a letter from the president and shoots off his cannons to show their power.What did Commodore Perry want from Japan? Open trade, open a coaling station for the united states, protect US citizens shipwrecked on Japan, and form a “friendship” with America.How did the 3 roles (samurai, fudai, tozama) react to the “Perry Crisis?” Samurai hated it, wanted Japan to fight and deny all terms. The Fudai didn’t want trade but also knew Japan was too weak to fight—wanted to modernize army but not society. Tozama wanted to open trade with the West even more than Perry was asking for.Why did the Samurai and Tozama overthrow the Shogun after the treaties? The Samurai were furious at the treaties and thought the shogun had betrayed Japan. The Tozama din’t mind the treaties but hated the Shogun anyway and used the opportunity to kick him out.What is the Meiji Restoration? The Meiji Restoration is the end of the shogunate and the return of political power to the Emperor Meiji.What changed in Japan after the Meiji Restoration? Japan rapidly industrialized and westernized. Japan built a modern army, abolishing the Samurai as they did, and began to conquer other parts of East Asia.Unit 9What is a Nation? How are nations formed? A nation is a group of people that identify with each other as a single political unit—generally formed through commonality in some combination of culture, language, territory, ethnicity, history, and religion.What is nationalism? What are its main beliefs? Nationalism is the belief that your nation should be united and strong. It includes the belief that: 1) your nation should rule itself, 2) your nation should have control of your entire traditional homeland, 3) your nation should act in its own interest, and 4) all people of the nation should be devoted to the naton.What are some of the things leading to tensions before the war? France wanted to reclaim the territory that it lost to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War and was willing to go to war to do so. England felt deeply threatened by the buildup of Germany’s fleet. Germany felt like other countries were not giving it the proper respect. Russia and Austro-Hungary both wanted more land in the Balkans and were angry at each other for the competition.Serbia and other Balkan countries hated Austro-Hungary for its poor treatment of the Slavic population living inside Austro-Hungary.How did the war start? The heir to the throne of Austro-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was murdered by Bosnian nationalists. Austro-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and threatened to go to war if they did not give in to very harsh demands. Serbia denied and they went to war. Since all of the great powers were allied with each other, they all went to war.Which countries were on which side? Who won?Central powersEntente PowersGermanyFranceAustro-HungaryRussiaOttomansBritainBulgariaItalyAmericaSerbiaOthersWhat were the plans? Why did they fail?Germany’s “Schlieffen Plan” was to crush France in 40 days and then turn to Russia. Planned to go around the French border forts by crossing into the neutral country of Belgium.France’s “Plan 17” was to attack Germany directly with all of its forces and continue attacking no matter the circumstances.The plans primarily failed because machine guns, barbed wire, and artillery made it nearly impossible to succeed on the attack. Meanwhile, offensive tactics and technology had not caught up.What was the war like after the plans failed? Stalemate. Trenches on both sides that were almost impossible to break through. Mud, blood, and futility. Constant fear of artillery barrages, during which soldiers could only cower in the trenches and pray to live. Disease-ridden mud that was sometimes so deep you could drown in it. Corrosive mustard gas mixed in with the mud; burned and blinded. Tens or hundreds of thousands would die to gain a few hundred feet of trenches. Deeply scarred the people who fought in it.What inventions were created in an attempt to break through the trenches? Tanks were created to drive over trenches and ignore machine guns/barbed wire. Poison gas was used to kill thousands. Flamethrowers used to clear trenches. Fighter planes and bombers to fly over the trenches.What factors led to the Central Powers defeat? What chances did they have to win? Central Powers horribly outnumbered in population, soldiers, economies, etc. Central powers did have a couple chances:Germany’s Schlieffen Plan came close to succeeding.After Russia collapsed, Germany used the extra forces in one last series of attacks called the Spring Offensive. Arrival of millions of American soldiers ended the offensive.How did the war change how people view war? People came into the war thinking of warfare as glorious and that it was a great thing to die for your country. People left the war deeply bitter and cynical about warfare. Nationalist views of war die in Britain and France and greatly diminish throughout Europe (though eventually grow stronger in Germany and Italy).What happened to Russia, Germany, Austro-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war?Russia collapses in 1917, surrenders to Germany, has to give up tons of land. Revolution replaces the Russian Tsar with a communist country, the Soviet Union.Germany is beaten and forced to sign a harsh and humiliating peace treaty (The Treat of Versailles). Loses tons of territory, is forced to take blame for the war, has to pay war reparations, and has to reduce its military capacity.Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires are torn apart into many other countries. Both essentially cease to exist after the war.Be able to recognize all the major powers on the map of Europe. ................
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