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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA

BANGALORE

SYNOPSIS

FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

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|1 |Name of the Candidate |Mrs. SAVITA R H |

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|2 |Name of the Institution |Diana College of Nursing, No. 68, Chokkanahalli, Jakkur Post, |

| | |Bangalore - 64 |

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|3 |Course of Study and Subject |Master of Science in Nursing |

| | |Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing Speciality |

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|4 |Date of Admission |28-06-2008 |

| |Title of the Topic |Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Minor Ailments of |

| | |Pregnancy Among Primi Gravida Mothers attending Antenatal Clinic at |

| | |K.C.General Hospital, Bangalore. |

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6. Brief resume of intended work

6.1 Need for Study

Women are the first and foremost key person and when she bears a child, a mother. Many societies define her through her fertility and her body is adopted for this day its shape and function childbirth or pregnancy is one of the major event in women’s life. Its memory and effect will remain her throughout her life, coloring her life and of those with her and around (Bennet RV Brown, 1996).1

Pregnancy is a creative and productive period in the life of women. It is one of the physiologic vital events, which needs special care from the conception to postnatal period, every mother wants to enjoy the nine months period with the baby inside her womb. The mothers joyful experience of the pregnancy is not going to be always but sometimes it is associated with problems of some minor ailments that may present among mothers which cause discomfort to the mothers during pregnancy.2

WHO (2005) reported that maternal mortality is currently estimated to be 5, 29,000 death per year, a global ratio of 400 maternal death per 1, 00,000 live births. Between 11 to 17 % of maternal death happen during child birth. The current estimate of south East Asia region account for 1, 70,000 maternal deaths annually. In India 450 maternal deaths per 1, 00,000 live birth.3

Minor ailments may occur due to hormonal changes, accommodation changes, metabolic changes and postural changes every system of the body is affected by pregnancy, she also needs knowledge when she facing with discomfort or worrying symptoms, Bennet RV Brown (1996).1

Treatment for the minor ailments such as nausea and vomiting, Heart Burn, Frequency in Urination, Back Ache can be taken care in following manners;

For nausea and vomiting eat a piece of bread or a few dry fruits, dry biscuits, orange sweets, pickles. Before getting up in the morning, Take small meals every two to three hours and Take carbohydrate rich food like soft mashed potatoes, bread rice and noodles. For heart burn Eat small, low fat meals frequently, Chew the food well and eat slowly and Avoid spicy food. For frequency in urination never restrict fluid in take because this will only increase the chance of urinary tract infection. If symptoms of urinary tract infection consult doctor and take prescribed anti biotic. For back ache avoid high heel shoes, to maintain correct posture while sitting and standing, and Practice antenatal exercise to relax muscle and spine.4

Pregnancy is considered as a normal physiological process during the reproductive age, but stands for mortality of the mother and child if not cared properly during pregnancy period. Most women experience Minor Ailments or side effects during their pregnancies usually nausea and vomiting heart burn, frequency of urination, hemorrhoids, Back Ache, constipation , cough, hiccough varicose vain anxiety during pregnancy, acidity and heart burn abnormal carving, leg crams and oedema.5

Ngoozi po. (2008) conducted a study on pica practices of pregnant women in Narrobi to determine the characteristics of women who reported practicing pica descriptive study involving use of questionnaire administered in interview format. The finding says that pica prevalence was significant high among the subjects; hence there is need to routinely screen pregnant women for pica during antenatal visit.6

Markl GE, Hasford J (2008) a study conducted identifies predictors for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. As a result the risk of developing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy was two times higher for non smokers than for the smokers. Physicians should be aware of this fact when seeing women asking for treatment.7

Hanif S. (2006) a study conducted on frequency and pattern of urinary complaints among pregnant women. As a result out of 1000 pregnant women 426 (42.6%) complained of urinary system. Problems like Diurnal & Nocturnal frequency was the most commonly encountered symptom (87.32%) followed by irritative symptoms and voiding difficulties. The findings say that lower urinary tract symptoms are frequently present in pregnant women.8

Every pregnancy is a unique experience for that women and each pregnancy that the women experiences will be new and uniquely different. This is why it is so important that the midwife should have knowledge and understanding of the common ailments of pregnancy in order to advise, treat and help further the women on strategies that will help her to cope up with the condition and minimize the effects she experiences.

Although ailments are often termed minor disorders they are far from minor for the women who is experiencing them and the midwife must remember this, it is also important that the midwife recognize when a common disorders (ailments) of pregnancy becomes a medical disorder of pregnancy for which the woman must be referred to the appropriate medical practitioner. Hence, the researcher chosen this study to teach the young Primi Gravida mothers to avoid the problem to make her happy during her antenatal period.

6.2 Review of Literature

The term review of literature refers to the activities involved in identifying and searching for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of the state of knowledge on that topic.9

Review of Literature related to minor ailments among pregnancy

SECTION A : Study related to nausea and vomiting.

SECTION B : Study related to abnormal craving (Pica).

SECTION C : Study related to Backache.

SECTION D : Study related to heart burn and Acidity.

SECTION E : Study related to frequency of maturation.

Koken G. (2008) Study conducted on Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy relationship with anxiety and depression. 230 women were investigated, by using the Rhode's system. These scores and demographic data were compared and P < 0.05 was considered significant. As a result a significant correlation between Rhode's score and both anxiety (r=0.388, P < 0.001) and depression score, (r=0.351, P < 0.001) was found. Gestational age showed and inverse correlation with anxiety scores (P=0.019). There was no significant correlation between demographic data and anxiety/depression scores, or Rhode's scores. The findings suggest that there is an association between anxiety and depression early in pregnancy and severity of Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

Lacasse A, Berard (2008) Study conducted on the Nausea and the Vomiting of Pregnancy specific health related quality of life (QOL) questionnaires. As a result 367 women included in the study, 288 (78.5%) reported Nausea and the Vomiting of Pregnancy in the first trimester of pregnancy. Among these women, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients were high for the complete Nausea and the Vomiting of Pregnancy quality of life questionnaire (alpha = 0.98), and for the four distinct domains [physical symptoms and aggravating factors (alpha = 0.90); fatigue (alpha = 0.94); emotions (alpha = 0.86); limitations (alpha = 0.97)]. The findings suggest that the Nausea and the Vomiting quality of life is a reliable and valid index to measure NVP-specific QOL in the first trimester of pregnancy.11

Anderson AM (2006) Study conducted on Pica in pregnancy in a privileged population: myth or reality. Most studies have focused on less privileged populations, but is pica prevalent among privileged pregnant women? 100,000 pregnant women in the Danish National Birth Cohort were asked about pica in a food frequency questionnaire mailed in gestation week 25. As a result the response rate of the questionnaire was 70% of Danish National Birth Cohort participants. Only 14 women reported to have eaten substances that were clearly not foods, i.e. 0.02% had pica in this cohort of well nourished Danish women. The findings suggest that it seems that, in privileged populations, pica is more a myth than a reality.12

Madugu HN (2001) Study conducted to determine the prevalence of pica, and factors associated with pica in pregnant women in Zaria. Using a structured questionnaire administered by medical staff and mothers. Statistical analyses included 95% confidence intervals, chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. The prevalence of pica among the subjects was 50%. The prevalence of non-food pica was significantly higher than that for food pica (difference = 17.8%, 95% confidence interval = 8.3 to 27.3%). There was a significant association between pica in family, friends or other members of the community and pica in the index pregnancy (chi 2 = 10.78, p = 0.007). Pica is common in pregnant women in Zaria, and their care should, therefore, include adequate dietary history and counselling. There is also a need to raise public awareness of the adverse effects of this practice.13

Palma PC (2006) Descriptive study was conducted to determine the frequency pattern of presentation and causative agents of lower urinary tract symptoms in pregnant females. One thousand consecutive pregnant women, attending the antenatal clinic were included in the study. All women underwent complete examination of urine. Out of one thousand pregnant women, 426 (42.6%) complained of one or more urinary symptoms. Diurnal and nocturnal frequency was the most commonly encountered symptom (87.32%), followed by irritative symptoms and voiding difficulties. Complete urine examination of symptomatic patients revealed ................
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