Pytest Documentation
pytest Documentation
Release 8.4 holger krekel, trainer and consultant,
Aug 14, 2024
CONTENTS
1 Start here
3
1.1 Get Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 How-to guides
9
2.1 How to invoke pytest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 How to write and report assertions in tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 How to use fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 How to mark test functions with attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 How to parametrize fixtures and test functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 How to use temporary directories and files in tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.7 How to monkeypatch/mock modules and environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.8 How to run doctests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.9 How to re-run failed tests and maintain state between test runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.10 How to manage logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.11 How to capture stdout/stderr output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.12 How to capture warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.13 How to use skip and xfail to deal with tests that cannot succeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.14 How to install and use plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.15 Writing plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.16 Writing hook functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.17 How to use pytest with an existing test suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.18 How to use unittest-based tests with pytest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.19 How to implement xunit-style set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.20 How to set up bash completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3 Reference guides
113
3.1 Fixtures reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2 Pytest Plugin List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
3.4 API Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4 Explanation
359
4.1 Anatomy of a test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
4.2 About fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
4.3 Good Integration Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
4.4 Flaky tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
4.5 pytest import mechanisms and sys.path/PYTHONPATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
5 Further topics
375
5.1 Examples and customization tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
i
5.2 Backwards Compatibility Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 5.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 5.4 Python version support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 5.5 Deprecations and Removals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 5.6 Contributing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 5.7 Development Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 5.8 Sponsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 5.9 pytest for enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 5.10 License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 5.11 Contact channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 5.12 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 5.13 Historical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 5.14 Talks and Tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Index
481
ii
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