Religion of Islam



Religion of Islam

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History

The word Islam means "submission to God". The Holy Quran describes Islam as an Arabic word Deen (way of life). The followers of Islam are called Muslims. The literal meaning of Muslim is "one who surrenders" or "submits" to the will of God. In order to understand Islam, the basic portrayal of belief in Quran must be considered. According to Quran, those who submit to one God are Muslims. Aisha Y. Musa writes in his article, Jews in the Quran: An Introduction  that, "Islam is the religion of all the prophets from Adam to Noah to Abraham to Moses, Jesus and Mohammad. (10:71-72, 84; 2:128-133; 5:110-112)." Quran also declares that all the prophets who came before Mohammad and their followers were all Muslims. 

The origin of Islam dates back to the creation of the world. All the prophets who came to this world preached the same message of believing in one God and to accept them as His messenger. The prophets were also blessed with a manifestation of divine will or truth. Likewise, Prophet Mohammad was also a messenger of God. He revealed the truth and the way of life through the Holy Quran. 

Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him), the Arab society believed in multiple Gods. Although the Arabs believed in the unity of God, but they also claimed that God has entrusted His duties to various gods, goddesses and idols. For this purpose, they had more than 360 idols. They considered angels as the daughters of God. They were ignorant of social values. They were nomadic people who were dependent on cattle for their living. There was no government or law. All power existed with the rich. The society was full of barbarity and brutality. Tribes fought with each other over trivial matters for centuries. A slight argument over horses or water could lead to the slaughtering of thousands of innocent people.

It was the birth of Prophet Mohammad in 570 A.D in the city of Makkah which brought a revolution to the entire fate of the nomadic Arabs. He became famous among the people of Makkah at a very early age because of his allegiance and reliability. He was widely known as Al-Ameen (honest, trustworthy.)

At the age of 40, when Mohammad was meditating at Mt. Hera, he received a revelations from God. The angel Gabriel said to him, "Iqra" which means "to read". Mohammad replied "I cannot read". Gabriel embraced and released him. Then the first five verses of God was revealed to him which said, "Recite in the name of your Lord who created! He created man, out of a (mere) cloth of congealed blood. Recite; and thy Lord is most bountiful. He who had taught by the pen, taught man what he knew not." (96:1-5)

Mohammad started proclaiming the message of believing in one God. The people who once called him "Trustworthy" and "Honest" boycotted and plotted to kill him. In 622 A.D., due to worsening living conditions and social isolation, Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina along with his followers. This flight was known as Hijrah and marks the beginning of the Muslims calendar. Mohammad's message spread rapidly and the number of followers increased in Medina. During the next few years, a series of battles were fought between various tribes of Makkah and the Muslims of Medina. In 628 A.D, the Treaty of Hudaibiyah was signed between the two parties. Truce was declared for 10 years. The treaty was broken in 629 A.D by the non-Muslims of the Makkans. Mohammad moved towards Makkah with 10,000 men and the battle was won without a single bloodshed.  Mohmmad died in 632 A.D , at the age of 63 in the city of Medina. Mohammad's death brought a huge catastrophe among Muslims. People could not believe that Mohammad had left them forever. Many of the followers were perplexed and distraught, and claimed him to be still living.  At that time Mohammad funeral, Abu Bakr, who was the most respected of all the followers affirmed that, "O people, those of you who worshipped Mohammad, Mohammad has died. And those of you who worshipped God, God is still living."

Abu Bakr was chosen as the first Caliph (leader). Before his death in 634 A.D., Umar ibn ul Khattab was appointed as his successor. During the ten years of his rule, Muslims conquered 22 hundreds thousands miles of area. Mesopotamia and parts of Persia were taken from the Sassanids Empire (Iranian Dynasty), and Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Byzantine Empire. He was devoted and committed to his people and established an empire of peace, justice and dignity. The teachings of Islam started to spread through love. The principle of equality among all the people irrespective of race, color, caste, and creed won the hearts of the people. Within a few years, a lot of people accepted the message of Islam.  By the tenth century, Islam dominated the half of the world known at that time.

Mohammad Ali writes in his article, "The condition of Arabs before the advent of the Holy Prophet and the Transformation He Wrought in Them," says that "From such debasing idolatry, the holy Prophet uplift the whole of Arabia in a brief span of twenty years . . . is not this the mightiest miracle that the world has ever witnessed ? . . . It was this fallen humanity whom the Holy prophet raised to the highest level of moral rectitude."

Mahatma Gandhi, in his unique style, says "Some one has said that Europeans in South Africa dread the advent Islam - Islam that civilized Spain, Islam that took the torch light to Morocco and preached to the world the Gospel of brotherhood. The Europeans of South Africa dread the Advent of Islam. They may claim equality with the white races. They may well dread it, if brotherhood is a sin. If it is equality of colored races then their dread is well founded."

Sarojini Naidu explains his point in Ideals of Islam by saying that "It was the first religion that preached and practiced democracy; for, in the mosque, when the call for prayer is sounded and worshippers are gathered together, the democracy of Islam is embodied five times a day when the peasant and king kneel side by side and proclaim: 'God Alone is Great'... I have been struck over and over again by this indivisible unity of Islam that makes man instinctively a brother."

Professor Hurgronje writes "the fact is that no nation of the world can show a parallel to what Islam has done towards the realization of the idea of the League of Nations ".

 References:

 

Javed Chaudhary

2009  Who is the real Alexander the Great?   Jang News, January 1.

Rao ,K. S. Ramakrishna

1978 Mohammad the Prophet. Electronic Document, , accessed January 6, 2009

Sahib, Mohammad Ali

The Condition of the Arabs Before the Advent of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and the Transformation He Wrought in Them. Electronic Document, , accessed January 6, 2009.

Naidu, Sarojini

1918 Ideals of Islam, Madras, Video Speeches and Writing, p.169

Musa, Aisha

1989 Jews in the Quran : An Introduction. Electronic Document,, accessed January 6, 2009

 

 

Written by

Salman Hakim, 2009

 

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|THE HIJRAH:  |[|Table of Contents |[|

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|After Muhammad had preached publicly for more than a decade, the opposition to him reached| |•  | |

|such a high pitch that, fearful for their safety, he sent some of his adherents to | |The Hijrah: [pic] | |

|Ethiopia, where the Christian ruler extended protection to them, the memory of which has | | | |

|been cherished by Muslims ever since. But in Mecca the persecution worsened. Muhammad's | |•  | |

|followers were harassed, abused, and even tortured. At last, therefore, Muhammad sent | |The Rightly Guided Caliphs: | |

|seventy of his followers off to the northern town of Yathrib, which was later to be | | | |

|renamed Medina ("The City"). Later, in the early fall of 622, he learned of a plot to | |•  | |

|murder him and, with his closest friend, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, set off to join the | |The Umayyads: | |

|emigrants. | | | |

|In Mecca the plotters arrived at Muhammad's home to find that his cousin, 'Ali, had taken | |•  | |

|his place in bed. Enraged, the Meccans set a price on Muhammad's head and set off in | |Islam In Spain: | |

|pursuit. Muhammad and Abu Bakr, however, had taken refuge in a cave where, as they hid | | | |

|from their pursuers, a spider spun its web across the cave's mouth. When they saw that the| |•  | |

|web was unbroken, the Meccans passed by and Muhammad and Abu Bakr went on to Medina, where| |The 'abbasids: | |

|they were joyously welcomed by a throng of Medinans as well as the Meccans who had gone | | | |

|ahead to prepare the way. | |•  | |

|This was the Hijrah - anglicized as Hegira - usually, but inaccurately, translated as | |The Golden Age: | |

|"Flight" - from which the Muslim era is dated. In fact, the Hijrah was not a flight but a | | | |

|carefully planned migration which marks not only a break in history - the beginning of the| |•  | |

|Islamic era- but also, for Muhammad and the Muslims, a new way of life. Henceforth, the | |The Fatimids: | |

|organizational principle of the community was not to be mere blood kinship, but the | | | |

|greater brotherhood of all Muslims. The men who accompanied Muhammad on the Hijrah were | |•  | |

|called the Muhajirun - "those that made the Hijrah" or the "Emigrants" - while those in | |The Seljuk Turks: | |

|Medina who became Muslims were called the Ansar or "Helpers." | | | |

|Muhammad was well acquainted with the situation in Medina. Earlier, before the Hijrah, the| |•  | |

|city had sent envoys to Mecca asking Muhammad to mediate a dispute between two powerful | |The Crusaders: | |

|tribes. What the envoys saw and heard had impressed them and they had invited Muhammad to | | | |

|settle in Medina. After the Hijrah, Muhammad's exceptional qualities so impressed the | |•  | |

|Medinans that the rival tribes and their allies temporarily closed ranks as, on March 15, | |The Mongols And The Mamluks: | |

|624, Muhammad and his supporters moved against the pagans of Mecca. | | | |

|Photo: A colonnade of lofty arches surrounds the courtyard at the Prophet's Mosque in | |•  | |

|Medina, after Mecca the second holiest city of Islam. | |The Legacy: | |

|The first battle, which took place near Badr, now a small town southwest of Medina, had | | | |

|several important effects. In the first place, the Muslim forces, outnumbered three to | |•  | |

|one, routed the Meccans. Secondly, the discipline displayed by the Muslims brought home to| |The Ottomans: | |

|the Meccans, perhaps for the first time, the abilities of the man they had driven from | | | |

|their city. Thirdly, one of the allied tribes which had pledged support to the Muslims in | |•  | |

|the Battle of Badr, but had then proved lukewarm when the fighting started, was expelled | |The Coming Of The West: | |

|from Medina one month after the battle. Those who claimed to be allies of the Muslims, but| | | |

|tacitly opposed them, were thus served warning: membership in the community imposed the | |•  | |

|obligation of total support. | |Revival In The Arab East: | |

|A year later the Meccans struck back. Assembling an army of three thousand men, they met | | | |

|the Muslims at Uhud, a ridge outside Medina. After an initial success the Muslims were | |•  | |

|driven back and the Prophet himself was wounded. As the Muslims were not completely | |Related Topics: | |

|defeated, the Meccans, with an army of ten thousand, attacked Medina again two years later| | | |

|but with quite different results. At the Battle of the Trench, also known as the Battle of| |•  | |

|the Confederates, the Muslims scored a signal victory by introducing a new defense. On the| |Acknowledgements: | |

|side of Medina from which attack was expected they dug a trench too deep for the Meccan | | | |

|cavalry to clear without exposing itself to the archers posted behind earthworks on the | | | |

|Medina side. After an inconclusive siege, the Meccans were forced to retire. Thereafter | | | |

|Medina was entirely in the hands of the Muslims. | | | |

|The Constitution of Medina - under which the clans accepting Muhammad as the Prophet of | |  | |

|God formed an alliance, or federation - dates from this period. It showed that the | | | |

|political consciousness of the Muslim community had reached an important point; its | | | |

|members defined themselves as a community separate from all others. The Constitution also | | | |

|defined the role of non-Muslims in the community. Jews, for example, were part of the | | | |

|community; they were dhimmis, that is, protected people, as long as they conformed to its | | | |

|laws. This established a precedent for the treatment of subject peoples during the later | | | |

|conquests. Christians and Jews, upon payment of a yearly tax, were allowed religious | | | |

|freedom and, while maintaining their status as non-Muslims, were associate members of the | | | |

|Muslim state. This status did not apply to polytheists, who could not be tolerated within | | | |

|a community that worshipped the One God. | | | |

|Photo: The Ka'bah, spiritual axis of the Muslim world, stands in the courtyard of Mecca's | | | |

|Sacred Mosque. | | | |

|Ibn Ishaq, one of the earliest biographers of the Prophet, says it was at about this time | | | |

|that Muhammad sent letters to the rulers of the earth - the King of Persia, the Emperor of| | | |

|Byzantium, the Negus of Abyssinia, and the Governor of Egypt among others - inviting them | | | |

|to submit to Islam. Nothing more fully illustrates the confidence of the small community, | | | |

|as its military power, despite the battle of the Trench, was still negligible. But its | | | |

|confidence was not misplaced. Muhammad so effectively built up a series of alliances among| | | |

|the tribes his early years with the Bedouins must have stood him in good stead here- that | | | |

|by 628 he and fifteen hundred followers were able to demand access to the Ka'bah during | | | |

|negotiations with the Meccans. This was a milestone in the history of the Muslims. Just a | | | |

|short time before, Muhammad had to leave the city of his birth in fear of his life. Now he| | | |

|was being treated by his former enemies as a leader in his own right. A year later, in | | | |

|629, he reentered and, in effect, conquered Mecca without bloodshed and in a spirit of | | | |

|tolerance which established an ideal for future conquests. He also destroyed the idols in | | | |

|the Ka'bah, to put an end forever to pagan practices there. At the same time Muhammad won | | | |

|the allegiance of 'Amr ibn al-'As, the future conqueror of Egypt, and Khalid ibn al-Walid,| | | |

|the future "Sword of God," both of whom embraced Islam and joined Muhammad. Their | | | |

|conversion was especially noteworthy because these men had been among Muhammad's bitterest| | | |

|opponents only a short time before. | | | |

|In one sense Muhammad's return to Mecca was the climax of his mission. In 632, just three | | | |

|years later, he was suddenly taken ill and on June 8 of that year, with his third wife | | | |

|'Aishah in attendance, the Messenger of God "died with the heat of noon." | | | |

|Photo: Devout Muslims from all over the world gather for the pilgrimage to Mecca, for | | | |

|nearly fourteen centuries one of the most impressive religious gatherings in the world. | | | |

|The death of Muhammad was a profound loss. To his followers this simple man from Mecca was| | | |

|far more than a beloved friend, far more than a gifted administrator, far more than the | | | |

|revered leader who had forged a new state from clusters of warring tribes. Muhammad was | | | |

|also the exemplar of the teachings he had brought them from God: the teachings of the | | | |

|Quran, which, for centuries, have guided the thought and action, the faith and conduct, of| | | |

|innumerable men and women, and which ushered in a distinctive era in the history of | | | |

|mankind. His death, nevertheless, had little effect on the dynamic society he had created | | | |

|in Arabia, and no effect at all on his central mission: to transmit the Quran to the | | | |

|world. As Abu Bakr put it: "Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let him know that Muhammad is | | | |

|dead, but whoever worshipped God, let him know that God lives and dies not." | | | |

|Next :   THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS:      | | | |

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| | | |•  | |

| |The shift in power to Damascus, the Umayyad capital city, was to have profound effects | |The Hijrah: | |

| |on the development of Islamic history. For one thing, it was a tacit recognition of the | | | |

| |end of an era. The first four caliphs had been without exception Companions of the | |•  | |

| |Prophet - pious, sincere men who had lived no differently from their neighbors and who | |The Rightly Guided Caliphs: | |

| |preserved the simple habits of their ancestors despite the massive influx of wealth from| | | |

| |the conquered territories. Even 'Uthman, whose policies had such a divisive effect, was | |•  | |

| |essentially dedicated more to the concerns of the next world than of this. With the | |The Umayyads: [pic] | |

| |shift to Damascus much was changed. | | | |

| |In the early days of Islam, the extension of Islamic rule had been based on an | |•  | |

| |uncomplicated desire to spread the Word of God. Although the Muslims used force when | |Islam In Spain: | |

| |they met resistance they did not compel their enemies to accept Islam. On the contrary, | | | |

| |the Muslims permitted Christians and Jews to practice their own faith and numerous | |•  | |

| |conversions to Islam were the result of exposure to a faith that was simple and | |The 'abbasids: | |

| |inspiring. | | | |

| |Photo: Medieval Muslims regarded the Great Mosque built by the Umayyads in Damascus as | |•  | |

| |one of the wonders of the world. | |The Golden Age: | |

| |With the advent of the Umayyads, how ever, secular concerns and the problems inherent in| | | |

| |the administration of what, by then, was a large empire began to dominate the attention | |•  | |

| |of the caliphs, often at the expense of religious concerns - a development that | |The Fatimids: | |

| |disturbed many devout Muslims. This is not to say that religious values were ignored; on| | | |

| |the contrary, they grew in strength for centuries. But they were not always at the | |•  | |

| |forefront and from the time of Mu'awiyah the caliph's role as "Defender of the Faith" | |The Seljuk Turks: | |

| |increasingly required him to devote attention to the purely secular concerns which | | | |

| |dominate so much of every nation's history. | |•  | |

| |Muiawiyah was an able administrator, and even his critics concede that he possessed to a| |The Crusaders: | |

| |high degree the much-valued quality of hilm - a quality which may be defined as | | | |

| |"civilized restraint" and which he himself once described in these words: | |•  | |

| |I apply not my sword where my lash suffices, nor my lash where my tongue is enough. And | |The Mongols And The Mamluks: | |

| |even if there be one hair binding me to my fellowmen, I do not let it break: when they | | | |

| |pull I loosen, and if they loosen I pull. | |•  | |

| |Nevertheless, Mu'awiyah was never able to reconcile the opposition to his rule nor solve| |The Legacy: | |

| |the conflict with the Shi'is. These problems were not unmanageable while Mu'awiyah was | | | |

| |alive, but after he died in 680 the partisans of 'Ali resumed a complicated but | |•  | |

| |persistent struggle that plagued the Umayyads at home for most of the next seventy years| |The Ottomans: | |

| |and in time spread into North Africa and Spain. | | | |

| |Photo: Facing al-Gharbiyah, the western minaret, a muezzin at the Umayyad Mosque calls | |•  | |

| |believers to prayer. | |The Coming Of The West: | |

| |The Umayyads, however, did manage to achieve a degree of stability, particularly after | | | |

| |'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan succeeded to the caliphate in 685. Like the Umayyads who | |•  | |

| |preceded him, 'Abd al-Malik was forced to devote a substantial part of his reign to | |Revival In The Arab East: | |

| |political problems. But he also introduced much needed reforms. He directed the cleaning| | | |

| |and reopening of the canals that irrigated the Tigris-Euphrates Valley - a key to the | |•  | |

| |prosperity of Mesopotamia since the time of the Sumerians - introduced the use of the | |Related Topics: | |

| |Indian water buffalo in the riverine marshes, and minted a standard coinage which | | | |

| |replaced the Byzantine and Sassanid coins, until then the sole currencies in | |•  | |

| |circulation. 'Abd al-Malik's organization of government agencies was also important; it | |Acknowledgements: | |

| |established a model for the later elaborate bureaucracies of the 'Abbasids and their | | | |

| |successor states. There were specific agencies charged with keeping pay records; others | | | |

| |concerned themselves with the collection of taxes. 'Abd al-Malik established a system of| | | |

| |postal routes to expedite his communications throughout the far flung empire. Most | | | |

| |important of all, he introduced Arabic as the language of administration, replacing | |  | |

| |Greek and Pahlavi. | | | |

| |Under 'Abd al-Malik, the Umayyads expanded Islamic power still further. To the east they| | | |

| |extended their influence into Transoxania, an area north of the Oxus River in today's | | | |

| |Soviet Union, and went on to reach the borders of China. To the west, they took North | | | |

| |Africa, in a continuation of the campaign led by 'Uqbah ibn Nafi' who founded the city | | | |

| |of Kairouan - in what is now Tunisia - and from there rode all the way to the shores of | | | |

| |the Atlantic Ocean. | | | |

| |These territorial acquisitions brought the Arabs into contact with previously unknown | | | |

| |ethnic groups who embraced Islam and would later influence the course of Islamic | | | |

| |history. The Berbers of North Africa, for example, who resisted Arab rule but willingly | | | |

| |embraced Islam, later joined Musa ibn Nusayr and his general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, when they| | | |

| |crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Spain. The Berbers later also launched reform | | | |

| |movements in North Africa which greatly influenced the Islamic civilization. In the | | | |

| |East, Umayyad rule in Transoxania brought the Arabs into contact with the Turks who, | | | |

| |like the Berbers, embraced Islam and, in the course of time, became its staunch | | | |

| |defenders. Umayyad expansion also reached the ancient civilization of India, whose | | | |

| |literature and science greatly enriched Islamic culture. | | | |

| |Photo: The minaret of the Great Mosque at Kairouan in Tunisia became the prototype for | | | |

| |the majority of North African minarets. | | | |

| |In Europe, meanwhile, the Arabs had passed into Spain, defeated the Visigoths, and by | | | |

| |713 had reached Narbonne in France. In the next decades, raiding parties continually | | | |

| |made forays into France and in 732 reached as far as the Loire Valley, only 170 miles | | | |

| |from Paris. There, at the Battle of Tours, or Poitiers, the Arabs were finally turned | | | |

| |back by Charles Martel. | | | |

| |One of the Umayyad caliphs who attained greatness was 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, a man | | | |

| |very different from his predecessors. Although a member of the Umayyad family, 'Umar had| | | |

| |been born and raised in Medina, where his early contact with devout men had given him a | | | |

| |concern for spiritual as well as political values. The criticisms that religious men in | | | |

| |Medina and elsewhere had voiced of Umayyad policy - particularly the pursuit of worldly | | | |

| |goals - were not lost on 'Umar who, reversing the policy of his predecessors, | | | |

| |discontinued the levy of a poll tax on converts. | | | |

| |This move reduced state income substantially, but as there was clear precedent in the | | | |

| |practice of the great 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, and as 'Umar ibn 'Abd | | | |

| |al-'Aziz was determined to bring government policy more in line with the practice of the| | | |

| |Prophet, even enemies of his regime had nothing but praise for this pious man. | | | |

| |The last great Umayyad caliph was Hisham, the fourth son of 'Abd al-Malik to succeed to | | | |

| |the caliphate. His reign was long - from 724 to 743 - and during it the Arab empire | | | |

| |reached its greatest extent. But neither he nor the four caliphs who succeeded him were | | | |

| |the statesmen the times demanded when, in 747, revolutionaries in Khorasan unfurled the | | | |

| |black flag of rebellion that would bring the Umayyad Dynasty to an end. | | | |

| |Although the Umayyads favored their own region of Syria, their rule was not without | | | |

| |accomplishments. Some of the most beautiful existing buildings in the Muslim world were | | | |

| |constructed at their instigation - buildings such as the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, the| | | |

| |Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the lovely country palaces in the deserts of Syria, | | | |

| |Jordan, and Iraq. They also organized a bureaucracy able to cope with the complex | | | |

| |problems of a vast and diverse empire, and made Arabic the language of government. The | | | |

| |Umayyads, furthermore, encouraged such writers as 'Abd Allah ibn al-Muqaffa' and 'Abd | | | |

| |al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-Katib, whose clear, expository Arabic prose has rarely been | | | |

| |surpassed. | | | |

| |Photo: The shrine of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in an area revered by | | | |

| |Muslims, Christians and Jews alike covers the rock from which Muhammad is believed to | | | |

| |have ascended to heaven with the Angel Gabriel. | | | |

| |For all that, the Umayyads, during the ninety years of their leadership, rarely shook | | | |

| |off their empire's reputation as a mulk - that is, a worldly kingdom - and in the last | | | |

| |years of the dynasty their opponents formed a secret organization devoted to pressing | | | |

| |the claims to the caliphate put forward by a descendant of al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd | | | |

| |al-Muttalib, an uncle of the Prophet. By skillful preparation, this organization rallied| | | |

| |to its cause many mutually hostile groups in Khorasan and Iraq and proclaimed Abu | | | |

| |al-'Abbas caliph. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the last Umayyad caliph, was defeated and the | | | |

| |Syrians, still loyal to the Umayyads, were put to rout. Only one man of importance | | | |

| |escaped the disaster - 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiyah al-Dakhil, a young prince who with a| | | |

| |loyal servant fled to Spain and in 756 set up an Umayyad Dynasty there. | | | |

| |Next :   ISLAM IN SPAIN:      | | | |

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