Jordan University of Science and Technology
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Medicine
Course Title: NEUROSCIENCE I
Course Code: M322
Credit Hours: 4 Credit Hours
Calendar Description: 4 weeks/2nd Semester/Third Year Students (Medical, Dental, and Pharm. D.)
Teaching Approaches: Integrated System Course
Module Coordinator: Professor Mazen M. Hasan, Department of Pharmacology
Academic Year: 2006/2007
I. Course description:
This system-based course integrates the basic sciences into a study of neuroscience and behavior in both health and disease states. Each of the basic science topics is incorporated into an integrated body of knowledge covering neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurological correlation, neuropharmacology, neuropathology, microbiology, human behavior. This goal will be achieved via selected lectures, relevant laboratory sessions, seminars topics, and self-directed learning methods.
The overall goal of the Neuroscience I course is to provide basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, function of the nervous system, biochemical basis of human behavior, as well as the pathological basis of neurological and mental disorders. Fundamental principles of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, microbiology and human behavior will be applied to pathological situations to distinguish the clinical basis for central nervous system disorders.
II. General objectives:
1. Outline the general organization of the nervous system.
2. Describe the gross features of the human central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
3. Discuss chemical synaptic transmission in terms of mechanisms, functions, and properties, and drugs modulating synaptic transmission.
4. Describe brain coverings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood supply of the central nervous system.
5. Define the structural basis, physiological, and pharmacological properties of the pathways that transmit sensory and motor information in the central nervous system.
6. Describe the anatomical and physiological basis for higher-order cortical functions in the central nervous system.
7. Describe pathogens that infect the central nervous system and the specific diseases related to the infection process.
8. Describe the pathological changes in central nervous system tissue that underlies various neurological diseases.
9. Describe the principles that guide our understanding of human behavior and the biochemical basis of various behavioral disorders.
10. Correlate lesion sites at specific levels of the central nervous system with neurological and pathological findings of various neurological disorders.
11. Describe the pharmacology of drugs employed in the management of various mental and neurological disorders.
III. Methods of Instruction:
I. Lectures.
II. Practical classes.
III. Small group discussion: Cerebrovascular accidents.
IV. Evaluation and Grading System:
1. First in-course exam (Written) = 40%.
2. Second in-course exam (Practical) = 17%.
3. Evaluation at small group discussion = 3%.
4. Final course exam (Written) = 40%.
V. Recommended Text Books:
1. Anatomy:
- Principles of Human Anatomy. By G. J. Tortora, 8th edition, 1999.
- Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. By R. S. Snell, latest edition.
- Grants Atlas of Anatomy or any other Atlas of Human Anatomy.
- Basic Histology. By L. Carlos Junqueira, 8th edition, 1995.
- Before we are born. By K. L. Morre and T. V. N. Persaud, 5th edition 1998.
2. Physiology:
- Textbook of Medical Physiology. By Guyton and Hall, 10th Edition, 2000.
- Concise Text of Neuroscience, by R. E. Kingsley, 2nd Edition. 2000.
3. Biochemistry:
- Harper’s Biochemistry. By Robert K. Murray and Co., 1999.
- Supplementary Departmental Handouts.
4. Pharmacology:
- Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology, 3rd Edition, 2005.
- Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. By Katzung, 8th Edition, 2000.
- Supplementary handouts.
5. Pathology:
- Basic Pathology. By Kumar, Cotran and Robbins, 6th Edition, 1997.
- Essential of Pathology Rubin, Latest Edition.
- Supplementary handouts.
6. Microbiology: Medical Microbiology. An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. By Sheries, Latest
Edition.
VI. SPECIFIC (LEARNING) OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this module the students are expected to achieve the following learning objectives:
A. LECTURES:
| | | |
|# |Lecture Title |Lecture Objectives |
| |Introductory Meeting |Understand the general outline of the Neuroscience module. |
| |(All) |Be familiar with the modalities of teaching throughout the course. |
|1, 2 | |Acknowledge the important relation between normal and abnormal structure and function. |
| | |Appreciate the importance of basic neurosciences in clinical application and neurology. |
| |Introduction and basic structural |Describe the organization of the CNS. |
| |organization of the CNS |Over view of the main parts of the CNS. |
|3 |(Anatomy) |Identify the main parts of the brain in CT scan and MRI. |
| | |Explain the concept of nuclei, fasciculi, lemnisci, tracts, laminae, white and gray matter inputs (afferent) and outputs |
| | |(efferent). |
| | |Classify bones of the skull into tow major categories. |
| |Skull |Describe the following skull features: sutures, fontanels, foramina and par nasal sinuses. |
|4 |(Anatomy) |Describe the anterior, posterior, lateral, superior and basal view of the skull. |
| | |Anatomically analyze the orbit, nose, cranial fossae and mouth. |
| | |Discuss weak areas of skull. |
| | |Demarcate the major lobes, gyri and sulci of the cerebral hemisphere. |
| | |Describe the surface anatomy of the brain. |
|5 |Gross morphology of the brain |Describe the types of fibers in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere: projection (internal capsule), commissural |
| |(Anatomy) |and association fibers. |
| | |Identify the basal ganglia nuclei. |
| | |Identify main parts of the diencephalon. |
| | |Define parts of the brainstem. |
| | |Identify the superficial attachments of the cranial nerves. |
| | |Briefly describe the brain ventricles and meninges. |
| | |Describe the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. |
| | |Describe the level of the different spinal segments comparing to the level of their respective vertebrae. |
|6 |Gross morphology of spinal cord |Identify important gross features of spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal ganglia. |
| |(Anatomy) |Describe the internal features of spinal cord in the different regions and locate the major ascending and descending |
| | |tracts at these levels. |
| | |Summarize the origin, course and termination of the important ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord. |
| | |Classify the types of neurons. |
| |Microscopic structure of the NS |Identify different parts of neurons. |
|7 |(Anatomy) |Describe the structure and types of synapses. |
| | |Describe the process of myelination of myelinated axons |
| | |Describe the types of glia cells and their functions. |
| | |Describe the elements of the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier. |
| | |Review the physiology of synaptic transmission and the electrical Properties of synaptic potentials |
| | |List the criteria for accepting a chemical as a neurotransmitter. |
| |An overview of synaptic |Describe the mechanisms by which drugs cause presynaptic and postsynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission. |
|8 |transmission of the CNS |List the major excitatory neurotransmitters. |
| |(Pharmacology) |List the major inhibitory central neurotransmitters. |
| | |Identify the major receptor subtypes of CNS neurotransmitters and their functional role. |
| | |Indicate the involvement of neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of Diseases. |
| | |Describe the arrangement of the meninges and their relationship to brain and spinal cord. |
| | |Explain the occurrence of epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces. |
| | |Locate the principal subarachnoid cisterns, and their importance. |
|9 |Brain meninges, ventricles and CSF|Describe the ventricles of brain and importance of their choroids plexus. |
| |(Anatomy) |Summarize the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation and distinguish between communicating and |
| | |non-communicating types of hydrocephalus. |
| | |Describe CSF production, circulation and absorption. |
| | |List the major constituents of CSF |
| | |Locate the safe sites for the lumbar puncture. |
| | |Identify brain ventricles in CT scan, MRI and ventriculograms. |
| | |Describe the organization of the cerebral cortex. (Layers and columnar organization). |
| | |Locate the motor, sensory and association areas of the cortex. |
| |Cerebral hemisphere |Describe the cortical areas related to the written and spoken language. |
|10 |(Anatomy) |Summarize the arrangements of the white matter fiber systems. |
| | |Explain the location, parts, fiber components and blood supply of internal capsule. |
| | |Identify the structures in coronal and horizontal sections of brain. |
| | |Describe the effects of the lesions in different parts of internal capsule. |
| | |Describe the effects of occlusion of the different arteries that supply cerebral cortex. |
| | |Describe the four arteries supplying the intra cranial structures. |
|11 |Blood supply of the CNS |Describe the formation of circle of Willis. |
| |(Anatomy) |List branches of circle of Willis. |
| | |Follow up each branch to its destination. |
| | |Discuss the principle of end artery type of circulation. |
| | |Describe venous drainage of intra cranial structure. |
| | |Describe the cerebral blood flow mechanism and the controlling factors. |
|12 |Physiology of the brain |Explain the significance of cerebral perfusion pressure and the mechanism of its control. |
| |circulation |Describe the pressure-volume correlation and the mechanisms of its control. |
| |(Physiology) |Discuss the autoregulation mechanisms of cerebral blood flow in health and disease states. |
| | |To know the selectivity of disease and vulnerability of certain areas to specific disease processes. |
| | |To know the types and functions of the various elements in the brain & their response to injury. |
| |Characteristic features of CNS |To know the types of cerebral herniations, their anatomical locations & complications. |
|13 |pathology |To know the pathology of cerebral edema |
| |(Pathology) |To know the types, causes & effects of hydrocephalus. |
| | |Describe the language function of the neocortex |
| | |Name and locate the large association areas in the cerebral cortex and describe their functions. |
| |Higher functions of the neocortex |Define the terms categorical hemisphere and representational hemisphere, and summarize the differences between the |
| |learning and memory |hemispheres and their relation ship to handedness |
|14 |(Physiology) |Review the function of the limbic and frontal and frontal association areas. |
| | |Define and explain agnosia, unilateral neglect, dyslexia, and prosopagnosia. |
| | |List the common types of aphasia |
| | |Discuss the neural basis of learning and memory. and list parts of the brain that appear to be involved in memory, |
| |The biochemistry of CNS | |
|15 |neurotransmitters |1. Discuss the synthesis, storage, release and degradation of neurotransmitters. |
| |(Biochemistry | |
| | |Know the definition of Stroke, & Transient Ischemic Attack, and the areas & cells in the brain which are most |
| | |susceptible are ischemia & hypoxia. |
|16 |Vascular diseases of the CNS |Know about Global/ Ischemic encephalopathy, laminar necrosis, Border-Zone (Watershed) infarcts. |
| |(Pathology) |Understand Regional Infarction, and their pathology. |
| | |Know the types of intracranial hemorrhage & their pathological features. |
| | |Know the effects of hypertension on the brain. |
| | |Describe ketone bodies metabolism in the brain |
| |Metabolism of the CNS |Discuss the glutamine metabolism in the bran |
|17 |(Biochemistry) |Describe glucose transport and metabolism in nervous tissue |
| | |Discuss the effect of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on the brain and other nervous tissue |
| | |Discuss sphingolipids metabolism and their disorders (sphingolipidoses). |
| | |Describe the formation of neural tube and neural crest. |
| | |Describe the development of brain and spinal cord. |
| | |Describe the positional changes of spinal cord. |
|18 |Development of CNS |Describe the development of the spinal nerves and their spinal ganglia. |
| |(Anatomy) |Describe the development of meninges. |
| | |Describe the development of brain vesicles from the neural tube. |
| | |Describe the development of the different parts of brain. |
| | |Describe the development of brain ventricles and choroid plexuses |
| | |Describe the development of pituitary gland. |
| | |Describe the development of the cranial nerves and their ganglia. |
| | |Describe the congenital anomalies of brain and spinal cord. |
| | |List the types of aneurysms in the brain, their pathology, and outcome of rupture. |
| |Vascular disease and trauma of the|Know about perry aneurysms in the circle of Willis, their clinical and pathological manifestations. |
| |CNS |Know the types and morphology of open and closed injury to the brain, their pathology and complications. |
|19 |(Pathology) |Know about diffuse axonal injury. |
| | |List & understand the complications of trauma to the brain and spinal cord. |
| | |Describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of |
|20 |Bacterial meningitis |meningitis caused by Neisseria menegitidis, group b Streptococci, S. Penmoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Listeria |
| |(Microbiology) |momcytogenesis |
| | |Describe the morphology, physical properties, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment of polio virus, coxaki, |
|21 |Viral and fungal meningitis |enteroviruses, echo, arbovirus and rabies virus |
| |(Microbiology) |Describe cryptococcus neoformans, its morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, |
| | |treatment its importance |
| | |Compare &contrast the clinical and pathological findings in bacterial and viral meningitis. |
|22 |Inflammatory conditions of the CNS|Know the pathology of Tuberculous meningitis and Tuberculoma |
|& |(Pathology) |List the types of Syphilitic & Fungal diseases in the brain |
|23 | |Know about viral encephalitis, and the main morphological features in the commoner types. |
| | |Summarize the components of limbic system. |
| |Limbic system and olfactory |Describe the location, structure and the main connections of the hippocampal formation, amygdala and septal nuclei. |
|24 |pathways (Physiology) |Describe olfactory pathway |
| | |Describe the neural circuits involved in emotional responses and stereotyped behaviors. These include sexual and |
| | |maternal behavior, fear, rage, and motivation |
| | |Discuss the brain regions involved in sexual behavior in both sexes. |
| | |Describe the parts of the brain involved in producing the balance between rage and placidity. |
| | |Outline the anatomy of the serotonergic, noradrenergic (norepinephrine) and dopaminergic pathways, and summarize their |
| | |known and suspected functions. |
|25 |Drugs used in schizophrenia and |Describe the major symptoms and signs of schizophrenia |
| |psychotic disorders |Describe the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. |
| |(Pharmacology) |List the major receptors blocked by antipsychotic drugs. |
| | |Describe the classifications of antipsychotic drugs |
| | |Describe the pharmacodynamics of antipsychotic drugs and correlate these pharmacodynamic to their clinical uses. |
| | |List the adverse effects and the behavior effects of the major antipsychotic drugs. |
| | |Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic of lithium. |
| | |Describe the monoamine theory of depression |
| | |Describe the classification of antidepressants. |
| | |Describe the probable mechanisms and the major pharmacodynamic properties of tricyclic antidepressants. |
|26 |Antidepressants |List the toxic effects that occur during chronic therapy and after an overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. |
| |(Pharmacology) |Describe the therapeutic use and toxic effects of MAO inhibitors. |
| | |Identify the second and third generation antidepressants and their distinctive properties. |
| | |Identify the prototype selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and list its major characteristics. |
| | |Identify the major drug interactions associated with the use of antidepressant drugs. |
| | |Identify the gross features of the medulla. |
| | |Describe the internal structure of the medulla. |
| | |Describe the main connections of the solitary nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, inferior |
| | |salivatory nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus. |
| | |Describe the blood supply of the medulla. |
|27 |Brain stem and mid brain |Describe lesions in the medulla such as medial medullary syndrome and lateral medullary syndrome. |
| |(Anatomy) |Describe the main connections of the sensory cranial nuclei in the pons and midbrain: Trigeminal sensory, nuclei |
| | |vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei. |
| | |Describe the main connections of the motor cranial nuclei in the pons and midbrain: trigeminal motor nucleus, facial |
| | |motor nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, abducens nucleus, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei. |
| | |Describe the connections of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus in the midbrain. |
| | |Describe the structure of reticular formation (RF). |
| | |Describe the main connections of RF and correlate these connections with its main functions. |
| | |Describe the functions of the reticular formation and discuss the nonspecific sensory system in the reticular formation.|
| | |Describe the genesis and electrophysiological basis of EEG. |
| |Arousal mechanisms and |Describe the primary types of rhythms that make up the EEG and the behavioral states that correlate with each. |
| |consciousness and sleep |Define and explain synchronization and alpha block. |
|28 |(Physiology) |Summarize the behavioral and electroencephalographic characteristics of each of the stages of slow-wave sleep. |
| | |Summarize the electroencephalographic and other characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and describe the |
| | |mechanisms responsible for its production. |
| | |Describe the pattern of normal nighttime sleep in adults and the variations in this |
| | |pattern from birth to old age. |
| |EEG: a clinical perspective and |Outline the clinical uses of the EEG. Particularly in the diagnosis of epilepsy. |
| |pathophysiology of epilepsy |Summarize the neuropsychological basis of epilepsy. |
|29 |(Physiology) |List e the major types of epilepsy |
| | |Summarize the behavioral and electroencephalographic characteristics of major types of epilepsy. |
| | |Identify the major lobes and regions of cerebellum. |
| | |Summarize the structure of the cerebellar cortex; identify the deep cerebellar nuclei and their connections. |
|30 |Cerebellum: |Summarize the afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum and their arrangement in the cerebellar peduncles. |
| |(Anatomy) |Describe the major functions of the cerebellum |
| | |Explain the effects of lesions of cerebellum and motor disorder associated with cerbellar lesions. |
| | |Define epilepsy and understand the classification of seizures |
| | |Understand the biochemical markers of epilepsy. |
| | |Understand cellular mechanisms underlying epilepsy |
| |Drugs used In epilepsy |Describe the major drugs for partial seizures, generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic seizures, and status |
|31 |(Pharmacology) |epilepticus. |
| | |List the mechanism of action, adverse effects and drug-drug interaction of each drug. |
| | |Understand the importance of Therapeutic drug monitoring in the follow -up of patients taking antiepileptic drugs |
| | |Describe the pharmacokinetic factors that must be considered in designing a dosage regimen for antiepileptic drugs. |
| | |List the new antiepileptic drugs and describe their advantages, major indications and adverse effects. |
| | |Identify the major chemical classes of sedative-hypnotics. |
| | |Describe the sequence of CNS effects of a typical sedative-hypnotic over the entire dose range. |
| | |Describe the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines, including interactions with neuronal membrane receptors. |
| |Sedative-hypnotics |Compare the pharmacokinetics of commonly used benzodiazepines and barbiturates and discuss how differences among them |
|32 |(Pharmacology) |affect clinical use. |
| | |Describe the clinical uses of sedative-hypotics. |
| | |Describe the common adverse effects and drug interaction of sedative-hynotics |
| | |Understand tolerance and dependence induced by sedative-hypnotics |
| | |Understand the therapeutic indications and adverse effects of benzodiazepines antagonists. |
| | |Understand the physiochemical theories of anesthesia; lipid and protein theory. |
| | |Describe stages of anaesthesia |
| | |Describe drugs used as pre-anesthetics and the rationale of their use. |
| | |Identify the main inhalation ansethetic agents and describe their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics properties. |
| |General anesthetics |Understand the mechanism and toxicities of inhalation anesthetics |
|33 |(Pharmacology) |Describe the relationship between the blood: gas partition coefficient of an inhalation anesthetic and the induction and|
| | |recovery of anesthesia. |
| | |Describe how changes in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow can influence the induction and the recovery of inhalation |
| | |anesthesia. |
| | |Describe the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics properties of the commonly used intravenous anesthetics. |
| | |Describe the toxicity of the intravenous anesthetics. |
| | |Describe the general arrangement of spinal nerves. |
| | |Discuss the basic principles of plexus formation. |
| |Spinal nerves and dermatomes, |Define a dermatome |
| |myotome and joint innervation and |Discuss the importance of Dermatomes |
| |structure of peripheral receptors |Define a myotome.and discuss the relation between a myotome and a dermatome of the same spinal nerve. |
|34 |(Anatomy) |Discuss the role of dermatomes in referred pain. |
| | |Discuss the innervation of joints. |
| | |Discuss example of referred pain from the heart and appendix. |
| | |Make a list of peripheral sensory receptors. |
| | |Classify general sensory receptors. |
| | |Define each type. |
| | |Describe the location of each receptor in skin, muscles, tendons, joints, carotid sinus, carotid body, and others. |
| | |Describe gracile and cuneate tracts. |
| |Spinal Cord: |Describe pathways for conscious proprioception, touch and vibration from the limbs and the trunk. |
| |general sensory pathways of the |Describe dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts. |
|35 |trunk and limbs |Describe pathways for unconscious proprioception from the limbs and trunk. |
| |(Anatomy) |Describe lateral spinothalamic tract. |
| | |Describe pathways for pain and temperature from the limbs and trunk. |
| | |Describe ventral spinothalamic tract. |
| | |Describe pathways for simple touch and pressure from the limbs and trunk. |
| | |Define sensory receptors and adequate stimulus. |
| | |List different types of receptors and classify them according to modality to which they best respond. |
| | |Describe the transduction properties of receptors. |
| | |Define receptor potential (generator potential) and know the ionic basis underlying receptor potential and list the |
| | |properties of receptor potential. |
| | |Diagram the electrical response of sensory receptors to graded increase in stimulus strength and describe the relation |
| |Sensory receptors and neuronal |between receptor potential and the frequency of action potential generated in the sensory nerve that innervate or |
|36 |circuits |contain the receptor. |
| |(Physiology) |Define receptor adaptation and the mechanism of adaptation in receptors and understand the difference between fast and |
| | |slowly adapting receptors and know the general functions of each type. |
| | |Understand the encoding of modality, intensity, and location of stimulus. |
| | |Define labeled line principle, law of projection and law of specific energies. |
| | |Define sensory unit and receptive field and describe the effects of there size on acuity of sensations. |
| | |List the major types of neuronal circuits involved in the processing of information. |
| | |Name the types of nerve fibers that mediate warmth and cold in peripheral nerves, and describe where impulses generated |
| | |in warmth and cold receptors terminate in the cortex. |
| | |Name the receptors that mediate pain, and explain the differences between fast and slow pain. |
| |Somatic and visceral sensation |Compare superficial, deep, and visceral pain. |
| |pain and thermal sensations |Define chronic and acute pain. |
| | |Define and explain phantom limb pain. |
|37 |(Physiology) |Define hyperalgesia and give examples of primary and secondary hyperalgesia. |
| | |Define visceral pain and describe pathways carrying pain from visceral organs. |
| | |List major stimuli of visceral pain. |
| | |Compare visceral pain to somatic pain. |
| | |Define explain referred pain. |
| | |List and explain ways to inhibit pain sensations and describe the brain analgesic system. |
| | |Discuss example of referred pain from the heart and appendix and other visceral organs. |
| | |Define the terms upper and lower motor neurons with examples (Reviewed). |
| | |Describe the corticospinal systems. |
| |Motor pathways |Describe the anatomical location, blood supply, and effects of lesions of the pyramidal system from origin to its |
|38 |(Anatomy) |termination. |
| | |Briefly describe the origin, course, and termination of the following pathways: |
| | |a. Rubrospinal. |
| | |b. Reticulospinal. |
| | |c. Vestibulospinal. |
| | |d. Tectospinal. |
| | |5. Compare the signs and symptoms of the upper and lower motor neuron lesion. |
| | |Describe the neural mechanisms of pain sensation and its control. |
| | |List the receptors affected by opioid analgesics and the endogenous opioid peptides. |
| |Opioids and opioid antagonists |List of major opioid agonists and rank them in analgesic efficacy. |
|39 |(Pharmacology) |Describe the main pharmacodynamic and pharmacockinetic properties of agonist opioid analgesics and list their clinical |
| | |uses. |
| | |List the main adverse effects of acute and chronic use of opioid analgesics. |
| | |Identify opioid receptor antagonists and mixed agonist-antagonist. |
| | |Describe the clinical uses of the opioid receptor antagonists. |
| | |Describe methods of treatment of opiods dependency. |
|40 |CNS stimulants and drugs of abuse |Describe the pharmacological types of drug dependence. |
| |(Pharmacology) |Describe the major pharmacological actions of drugs that are commonly abused. |
| | |Describe the major signs and symptoms of withdrawal of drugs that are commonly abused. |
| | |Identify the most likely causes of fatalities from commonly abused agents. |
| | |Describe methods of treatment of drugs of abuse. |
| | |Describe the components that make up the reflex arc, the neural substrate for reflex responses. |
| | |The general properties of reflexes will be also analyzed. |
|41 |Spinal cord reflexes |Distinguish between and compare monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes. using stretch and withdrawal reflexes as |
| | |examples. |
| |(Physiology) |Give examples of stretch reflexes, including those that are frequently tested clinically. |
| | |Describe the muscle spindles and analyze their function, with particular attention to how they operate as part of a |
| | |feedback system to maintain muscle length. |
| | |Define reciprocal innervations, inverse stretch reflex, clonus, and lengthening reaction. |
| | |Define spinal shock, and explain the initial and long-term changes in reflexes that follow transaction of the spinal |
| | |cord. |
| | |Describe in general terms how posture and movement are regulated, and outline the function of each of the main |
| |Control of movements and posture: |components of the regulatory systems. |
| |motor functions of cerebrum and |Describe the cortical motor area, the pyramids, and the corticospinal tracts. |
|42 |brain stem |Discus the function of the pyramidal system in relation to skilled voluntary movement. |
| |(Physiology) |Define decerebrate and decorticate rigidity, and comment on the cause of each. |
| | |Describe the postural reflexes that are integrated in the medulla oblongata, the pones, midbrain, and the cerebral |
| | |cortex. |
| | |Discuss the motor functions of the brainstem and out line the major functions descending motor pathways originating in |
| | |the brain stem. |
| | |Define decerebrate and decorticate rigidity, and comment on the cause of each. |
| | |8. Describe the postural reflexes that are integrated in the medulla oblongata, the pons, |
| | |midbrain, and the cerebral cortex. |
B. Laboratory Sessions
Students are requested to:
1) Study and prepare the laboratory materials prior to the laboratory session.
2) Prepare a summary of the laboratory procedure.
3) Understand the class materials relevant to the laboratory session.
4) Instructors and faculty will be in the laboratory room to help you understand and learn the required skills.
5) Bring your atlas and relevant text books or notes to help you in identifying the structures in the anatomy
laboratory.
6) Spend the time in the laboratory class to be sure that you have learned the assigned skills.
| | |
|Laboratory Title |Objectives |
| |Gross morphology of brain: identify major. components of brain, know major |
| |lobes, major gyri and sulci identify major components of brain stem, important|
|Neuroanatomy I |landmarks and the main arteries of the brain including the circle of Willis. |
| |Study and identify the major components of brain in coronal transverse and |
| |sagittal sections including thalamus, hypothalamus |
|Neuroanatomy II |Brain ventricular system included capsule, basal ganglia etc. Use dissected |
| |brains, CT scan & MRI. |
| |Study major parts of the brainstem, origin of the cranial nerve Also identify |
| |(using the main nuclei (including the cranial nuclei) and the main ascending |
|Neuroanatomy III |and descending pathways in the brainstem. Also, identify the main nuclei, |
| |laminae, and tracts in the spinal cord. |
| |Study Images of CNS including cell reactions, increased intracranial pressure |
|Pathology I |with herniations and infections. |
|Pathology II |Study images of f various nervous system neoplasms |
| |A. Coetaneous sensations |
| |Determine tactile sensibility by determining two point discrimination. |
| | |
| |B. Reflexes: |
| |Demonstrate deep tendon reflexes and explain their clinical significance. The |
| |following reflexes will be studies: knee jerk, ankle jerk, biceps, and |
|Neurophysiology |triceps reflex. |
| | |
| |Demonstrate and elicit the following superficial reflexes and explain their |
| |physiological significance. The following reflexes will be studied: corneal |
| |reflex, palatal reflex, abdominal reflex, and Babinski’s sign. |
| | |
| |Examine muscle tone. |
| | |
|Lab title |Objectives |
| | |
| |Describe the method of specimen collection including the process of lumbar |
| |puncture. Transportation of specimen, and storage. |
|Microbiology I | |
| |Describe the laboratory method used for the specimen processing, including |
| |media used, incubation environment, colonial morphology and bacterial |
| |identification. |
| | |
| |Prepare a sample culturing resembling CSF specimen and Identify the organisms |
| |involved. |
| |Write the laboratory findings in the hospital laboratory format. |
Please note the following:
Lecture Room will be Science Hall 2.
Laboratory groups
The students will be divided into 4 major groups (A, B, C, and D), and each major group is divided into two subgroups for the physiology laboratory sessions.
Small group discussion:
One seminar topic will be discussed in the module: Cerebrovascular accidents.
The students will be divided into 16 groups during the discussion session as follows:
Group A will be divided into A1, A2, A3, and A4.
Group B will be divided into B1, B2, B3, and B4.
Group C will be divided into C1, C2, C3, and C4.
Group D will be divided into D1, D2, D3, and D4.
Thus, the total number of discussions will be 16. All departments will participate in supervising these group discussions and most likely each department will supervise 2-3 small group discussions.
EXAMS
The Midterm and Practical exam:
The midterm exam and practical exam will be held on Monday 30/4/2007.
The Final exam:
The date of the final exam will be held on Thursday 31/5/2007.
Note: All faculty members from the Basic Science Departments involved in teaching the module are kindly
reminded that they must be involved in all aspects of exams.
Neuroscience 1 (M 322)
Week 1
| | | | | | |
|Time |SUN. |MON. |TUE. |WED. |THU. |
| |1/4/2007 |2/4/2007 |3/4/2007 |4/4/2007 |5/4/2007 |
| | | |Anatomy Lab 1 |Anatomy Lab 1 |Anatomy Lab 1 |
| | | |(Group A) |(Group B) |(Group C) |
|8:15 – 11:15 | | | | | |
| | | |Physiology Lab 1 |Physiology Lab 1 |Physiology Lab 1 |
| | | |(Group D) |(Group C) |(Group A) |
| | |Introduction and basic structural |Gross morphology of spinal cord |An overview of synaptic |Blood supply of the CNS |
| |Introductory Meeting |organization of the CNS | |transmission in the CNS | |
|11:15 – 12:15 | |(Anatomy) | |(Pharmacology) |(Anatomy) |
| | | |(Anatomy) | | |
| | | |Microscopic structure of the NS |Brain meninges, ventricles, and CSF|Physiology of brain circulation |
| |Introductory Meeting |Skull | | | |
|12:15 – 1:15 | | |(Anatomy) |(Anatomy) |(Physiology) |
| | |(Anatomy) | | | |
| | |Gross morphology of the brain | |Cerebral hemisphere |Characteristic features of CNS |
| | | | | |pathology |
|1:15 – 2:15 |(M 382) |(Anatomy) |(M 362) |(Anatomy) |(Pathology) |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|2:15 – 5:15 | | | | | |
Neuroscience 1 (M 322)
Week 2
| | | | | | |
|Time |SUN. |MON. |TUE. |WED. |THU. |
| |8/4/2007 |9/4/2007 |10/4/2007 |11/4/2007 |12/4/2007 |
| |Anatomy Lab 1 |Anatomy Lab 2 |Anatomy Lab 2 |Anatomy Lab 2 |Anatomy Lab 2 |
| |(Group D) |(Group D) |(Group B) |(Group A) |(Group C) |
|8:15 – 11:15 |Physiology Lab 1 |Pathology Lab 1 |Pathology Lab 1 | |Pathology Lab 1 |
| |(Group B) |(Group B) |(Group A) |Pathology Lab 1 |(Group D) |
| |Microbiology Lab 1 |Microbiology Lab 1 |Microbiology Lab 1 |(Group C) |Microbiology Lab 1 |
| |(Group C) |(Group A) |(Group D) | |(Group B) |
| | | | | | |
| |Higher functions of the neocortex: |Vascular diseases of the CNS |Vascular diseases and trauma of |Viral and Fungal meningitis |Limbic system and olfactory pathways |
|11:15 – 12:15 |Learning and memory |(Pathology) |the CNS |(Microbiology) |(Physiology) |
| |(Physiology) | |(Pathology) | | |
| | | | | | |
| |The biochemistry of the CNS |Metabolism of CNS |Bacterial meningitis |Inflammatory conditions of the CNS |Drugs used in schizophrenia and |
|12:15 – 1:15 |neurotransmitters | |(Microbiology) |I |psychotic disorders |
| |(Biochemistry) | | |(Pathology) |(Pharmacology) |
| | |(Biochemistry) | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | |Development of CNS | |Inflammatory conditions of the CNS |Antidepressants |
|1:15 – 2:15 |(M 382) | |(M 362) |II |(Pharmacology) |
| | |(Anatomy) | |(Pathology) | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|2:15 – 5:15 | | | | | |
Neuroscience 1 (M 322)
Week 3
| | | | | | |
|Time |SUN. |MON. |TUE. |WED. |THU. |
| |15/4/2007 |16/4/2007 |17/4/2007 |18/4/2007 |19/4/2007 |
| |Anatomy Lab 3 |Anatomy Lab 3 |Anatomy Lab 3 |Anatomy Lab 3 | |
| |(Group D) |(Group B) |(Group C) |(Group A) |Self Learning |
|8:15 – 11:15 | | | | | |
| |Pathology Lab 2 |Pathology Lab 2 |Pathology Lab 2 |Pathology Lab 2 | |
| |(Group B) |(Group D) |(Group A) |(Group C) | |
| | | | | | |
| | |EEG: A clinical perspective and | |Spinal nerves and dermatomes, | |
| |Brian stem and mid brain |pathophysiology of epilepsy |Sedative-hypnotics |myotome and joint innervation and |Somatic and visceral sensations: |
|11:15 – 12:15 |(Anatomy) |(Physiology) | |structure of peripheral receptors |pain and thermal sensations |
| | | | |(Anatomy) | |
| | | |(Pharmacology) | |(Physiology) |
| |Arousal mechanisms and | | | | |
| |consciousness and sleep |Cerebellum: |General anesthetics |Spinal cord: |Motors pathways |
|12:15 – 1:15 |(Physiology) | | |general sensory pathways of the | |
| | |(Anatomy) |(Pharmacology) |trunk and limbs |(Anatomy) |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |(Anatomy) | |
| | | | |Sensory receptors and neuronal | |
| |(M 382) |Drugs used In epilepsy | |circuits |Opioids and opioid antagonists |
|1:15 – 2:15 | |(Pharmacology) |(M 362) | |(Pharmacology) |
| | | | |(Physiology) | |
| | | | | | |
|2:15 – 5:15 | | | | | |
Neuroscience 1 (M 322)
Week 4
| | | | | | |
|Time |SUN. |MON. |TUE. |WED. |THU. |
| |22/4/2007 |23/4/2007 |24/4/2007 |25/4/2007 |26/4/2007 |
| |Clinical problem based discussion |Clinical problem based discussion | | | |
|8:15 – 9:30 |(A2, B2, C2, D2) |(A1, B1, C1, D1) |Self Learning |Self Learning |Self Learning |
| |Clinical problem based discussion |Clinical problem based discussion | | | |
|9:45 –11:00 |(A3, B3, C3, D3) |(A4, B4, C4, D4) |Self Learning |Self Learning |Self Learning |
| | | |Revision: |Revision: |Revision: |
|11:15 – 12:15 |CNS stimulants and drugs of abuse |Control of movements and posture: motor |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |
| | |functions of cerebrum and brain stem |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology|Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology|
| |(Pharmacology) |(Physiology) |(Office Hours) |(Office Hours) |(Office Hours) |
| | | |(11:15-2:15) |(11:15-2:15) |(11:15-2:15) |
| | | |Revision: |Revision: |Revision: |
|12:15 – 1:15 |Spinal cord reflexes | |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |
| |(Physiology) |Self Learning |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology|Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology|
| | | |(Office Hours) |(Office Hours) |(Office Hours) |
| | | |(11:15-2:15) |(11:15-2:15) |(11:15-2:15) |
| | | | |Revision: |Revision: |
|1:15 – 2:15 |(M 382) |Self Learning |(M 362) |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, |
| | | | |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology |Pathology, Pharmacology and Histology|
| | | | |(Office Hours) |(Office Hours) |
| | | | |(11:15-2:15) |(11:15-2:15) |
| | | | | | |
|2:15 – 5:15 | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Neuroscience 1 (M 322)
Week 5
| | | | | | |
|Time |SUN. |MON. |TUE. |WED. |THU. |
| |29/4/2007 |30/4/2007 |1/5/2007 |2/5/2007 |3/5/2007 |
| | | | | | |
| | | |Neuroscience II: | | |
|8:15 – 12:15 | | | | | |
| | | |Introductory Meeting | | |
| |عطلة بمناسبة | | | | |
| |عيد العمال | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|12:15 – 2:15 | |Mid-Term Exam (Practical and | | | |
| | |Theoretical) of Neuroscience I | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | |(1:00 – 5:00) | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|2:15 – 5:15 | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
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