Reading Nemeth Code
Reading Nemeth Code
Basic Issues
In Nemeth Code, numbers are written using lower signs. In some situations, they are not preceded by a number sign (dots 3-4-5-6).
Number sign #
There is ambiguity between punctuation and numbers. When in doubt, a numeric indicator is used to show that something is a number. Dots 4-5-6 is the punctuation indicator. It is used to show that punctuation is being used (when in a math context).
Punctuation indicator _
A plus sign is the "ing" sign, a minus sign is the braille hyphen. The equals sign is space, dots 4-6, dots 1-3, space.
Plus sign +
Minus sign -
Equals sign .k
Fractions are easy. The start of the fraction is marked with the "th" sign, the fraction line is the "st" sign, and the end of the fraction is marked with the number or "ble" sign.
Fraction ?number/number#
You can also have fractions of fractions (complex fractions). The larger fraction elements are marked with a dot 6. The smaller fraction elements are not.
Dot six ,
You can also have fractions of fraction of fractions. These are called hypercomplex fractions. The major elements are marked with a double dot 6. The rest are as above.
A Greek letter is marked with dots 4-6.
Greek letter indicator .
A square root starts with dot 3-4-5 (the "ar" sign), and ends with dots 1-2-4-5-6 (the "er" sign).
Square root >number}
Braille Cells in Transcriber Order
This index is arranged in "transcriber order". This order gives a number from 1 to 63 to all the braille cells. Here is the order:
• Cell 26 (the "and" sign) &
• Cell 27 (the "for" sign) =
• Cell 28 (the "of" sign) (
• Cell 29 (the "the" sign) !
• Cell 30 (the "with" sign) )
• Cell 31 (the "ch" sign) *
• Cell 32 (the "gh" sign) <
• Cell 33 (the "sh" sign) %
• Cell 34 (the "th" sign) ?
• Cell 35 (the "wh" sign) :
• Cell 36 (the "ed" sign) $
• Cell 37 (the "er" sign) ]
• Cell 38 (the "ou" sign) \
• Cell 39 (the "ow" sign) [
• Cell 40 (the letter w) w
• Cell 41 (dropped a) 1
• Cell 42 (dropped b) 2
• Cell 43 (dropped c) 3
• Cell 44 (dropped d) 4
• Cell 45 (dropped e) 5
• Cell 46 (dropped f) 6
• Cell 47 (dropped g) 7
• Cell 48 (dropped h) 8
• Cell 49 (dropped i) 9
• Cell 50 (dropped j) 0
• Cell 51 (the "st" sign) /
• Cell 52 (the "ing" sign) +
• Cell 53 (the "ble" sign) #
• Cell 54 (the "ar" sign) >
• Cell 55 (dot 3) '
• Cell 56 (dots 3-6) -
• Cell 57 (dot 4) @
• Cell 58 (dots 4-5) ^
• Cell 59 (dots 4-5-6) _
• Cell 60 (dot 5) "
• Cell 61 (dots 4-6) .
• Cell 62 (dots 5-6) ;
• Cell 63 (dot 6) ,
Index to Braille Symbols in Nemeth Code
Cells 1-25 (letters)
The letters a-z (excluding w). The letter w is listed as cell 40.
Cell 26 (the "and" sign)
The "and" sign means factorial in a math context. In inkprint this is written as an exclamation mark. For example, 6! is written as #6& in Nemeth Code.
Six Factorial (6!) #6&
If preceded by a dots 4-6, the "and" sign means the Greek letter chi.
chi .&
Cell 27 (the "for" sign)
The "for" sign means general omission sign. In arithmetic problems, the general omission symbol shows what the reader is expected to calculate. Often shown as a question mark in inkprint. For example, 2+3=? would be written as #2+3 .k = in Nemeth Code.
2+3=? #2+3 .k =
Cell 28 (the "of" sign)
The "of" sign means a left parenthesis in Nemeth Code. It is used in both a math and a literary context. The right parenthesis is a "with" sign. The dropped "g" parenthesis are not used in Nemeth Code at all.
parentheses () ()
Cell 29 (the "the" sign)
The "the" sign means integral in Nemeth Code. This basic symbol in calculus is shown as a tall stylized S. The integral of x dx is written as !x dx in Nemeth Code.
Integral !x dx
Cell 30 (the "with" sign)
The "with" sign means a right parenthesis in Nemeth Code. It is used in both a math and a literary context. The left parenthesis is an "of" sign. The dropped "g" parenthesis are not used in Nemeth Code at all.
parentheses () ()
Cell 31 (the "ch" sign)
The "ch" sign means times or centered dot in Nemeth Code. The centered dot is used to show multiplication in algebra (where the x used in arithmetic might be confused with the letter x). Five times x might be written as #5x or #5*x in Nemeth Code, depending on whether the inkprint shows a centered dot or not.
times dot *
Cell 32 (the "gh" sign)
The "gh" sign is a bit tricky. If there is a multipurpose indicator (a dot 5) starting off an expression, then the presence of the "gh" sign means that the next portion is placed above the first expression. Without a multipurpose indicator, then "gh" signals an index of radical (such as a cube root).
Here are the two structures: (gh) index (ar) root (er) for a radical with an index of radical; or (dot 5) base expression (gh) over expression (er). In both structures, the "er" sign terminates the expression. To write the cube root of 64, write #27] in Nemeth Code. To write an 8 above an x, write "x ................
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