Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 11
Physical and Cognitive
Development in
Adolescence
Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological Perspective
Puberty
Storm and Stress
Freud – genital stage
Social Perspective
Cultural influences
Balanced Point of View
Both biological and social influences
Hormonal Changes in Puberty
Growth Hormone and Thryoxine – increase around age 8 – 9
Estrogens
More in girls
Adrenal estrogens
Androgens
More in boys
Testosterone
Sex Differences in
Body Growth in Adolescence
Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Sleep needs decline
10 hours in middle childhood
7.5 – 8 hours in adolescence
Go to bed later
Biological changes
Social habits
Daytime sleepiness
Achievement, mood problems
More sleep disruption
Sports Participation
in High School
Sexual Maturation
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Maturation of the reproductive organs
Girls: menarche
Boys: spermarche
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity
Girls: breasts
Boys: facial hair, voice change
Both: underarm hair
Individual Differences in
Timing of Puberty
Heredity
Nutrition, exercise
Body fat in girls
Geographical location
SES
Ethnic group
Secular trend
Psychological and Emotional
Reactions to Puberty
Reactions to menarche and spermarche vary
Preparation is the key
Adolescent moodiness
Parent-child conflict
Consequences of
Timing of Puberty
Nutrition in Adolescence
Calorie needs increase
Poor food choices common
Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast
More soda, fast food
Iron, vitamin deficiencies
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Sexual Activity in Adolescence
Recent decline in sexual activity
Substantial percentage sexually active
Males start earlier than females
Few partners
American, Canadian rates same as other Western countries
Adolescent Contraceptive Use
Recent increase in contraceptive use
Still, 20% American, 13% Canadian do not use
Reasons for not using:
Concern about image
Adolescent risk taking
Social environment
Forced intercourse
Sequence of Coming Out
Feeling Different – ages 6 – 12
Confusion – ages 11 – 15
Acceptance – timing varies
Adolescent Pregnancy
900,000 American teen girls each year, 30,000 under age 15
40 – 45% get abortion
75% of teen mothers unmarried. Problems:
Educational achievement
Marital patterns
Economic circumstances
Parenting skills and ability
Adolescents’ Substance Use
Have tried, by age 14:
Cigarettes – 56%
Alcohol – 70%
Illegal drugs – 32%
By end of high school:
22% smoke regularly
60% tried heavy drinking
50%+ tried illegal drugs
Piaget’s Theory:
Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Deducing hypotheses from a general theory
Pendulum problem
Propositional Thought
Evaluating the logic of verbal propositions
Formal Operational thought may not be universal
Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence
Attention
Memory strategies
Knowledge
Metacognition
Cognitive self-regulation
Processing capacity
Speed of thinking
Consequences of
Abstract Thought
Argumentativeness
Self-Consciousness & Self-Focusing
Imaginary audience
Sensitivity to criticism
Personal fable
Idealism and Criticism
Planning and Decision Making
Overwhelming options
Sex Differences in
Mental Abilities
Girls better on verbal tests; boys on mathematical tests
Genetics
Male spatial reasoning
Female left (language) hemisphere
Environment
“Masculine” and “feminine” school subjects
Class participation, teaching styles
Differences declining
School Transitions
in Adolescence
Grades decline with each transition
Higher standards
Less supportive teaching-learning environment
Lower self esteem
More with 6 – 3 – 3 organization than 8 – 4
Girls more than boys
Statistics on Dropping Out
Dropout Prevention Strategies
High-quality vocational training
Remedial instruction
Personalized counseling
Address factors in students’ lives outside school
Extracurricular activities
Supporting High Achievement during Adolescence
Child-rearing practices
Authoritative
Joint decision making
Peer influences
School characteristics
Teachers
High-level thinking
Student participation
Employment
Less than 15 hrs/week
Vocational education
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