Development Through the Lifespan



Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 11

Physical and Cognitive

Development in

Adolescence

Conceptions of Adolescence

Biological Perspective

Puberty

Storm and Stress

Freud – genital stage

Social Perspective

Cultural influences

Balanced Point of View

Both biological and social influences

Hormonal Changes in Puberty

Growth Hormone and Thryoxine – increase around age 8 – 9

Estrogens

More in girls

Adrenal estrogens

Androgens

More in boys

Testosterone

Sex Differences in

Body Growth in Adolescence

Sleep Habits in Adolescence

Sleep needs decline

10 hours in middle childhood

7.5 – 8 hours in adolescence

Go to bed later

Biological changes

Social habits

Daytime sleepiness

Achievement, mood problems

More sleep disruption

Sports Participation

in High School

Sexual Maturation

Primary Sexual Characteristics

Maturation of the reproductive organs

Girls: menarche

Boys: spermarche

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity

Girls: breasts

Boys: facial hair, voice change

Both: underarm hair

Individual Differences in

Timing of Puberty

Heredity

Nutrition, exercise

Body fat in girls

Geographical location

SES

Ethnic group

Secular trend

Psychological and Emotional

Reactions to Puberty

Reactions to menarche and spermarche vary

Preparation is the key

Adolescent moodiness

Parent-child conflict

Consequences of

Timing of Puberty

Nutrition in Adolescence

Calorie needs increase

Poor food choices common

Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast

More soda, fast food

Iron, vitamin deficiencies

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Sexual Activity in Adolescence

Recent decline in sexual activity

Substantial percentage sexually active

Males start earlier than females

Few partners

American, Canadian rates same as other Western countries

Adolescent Contraceptive Use

Recent increase in contraceptive use

Still, 20% American, 13% Canadian do not use

Reasons for not using:

Concern about image

Adolescent risk taking

Social environment

Forced intercourse

Sequence of Coming Out

Feeling Different – ages 6 – 12

Confusion – ages 11 – 15

Acceptance – timing varies

Adolescent Pregnancy

900,000 American teen girls each year, 30,000 under age 15

40 – 45% get abortion

75% of teen mothers unmarried. Problems:

Educational achievement

Marital patterns

Economic circumstances

Parenting skills and ability

Adolescents’ Substance Use

Have tried, by age 14:

Cigarettes – 56%

Alcohol – 70%

Illegal drugs – 32%

By end of high school:

22% smoke regularly

60% tried heavy drinking

50%+ tried illegal drugs

Piaget’s Theory:

Formal Operational Stage

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Deducing hypotheses from a general theory

Pendulum problem

Propositional Thought

Evaluating the logic of verbal propositions

Formal Operational thought may not be universal

Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence

Attention

Memory strategies

Knowledge

Metacognition

Cognitive self-regulation

Processing capacity

Speed of thinking

Consequences of

Abstract Thought

Argumentativeness

Self-Consciousness & Self-Focusing

Imaginary audience

Sensitivity to criticism

Personal fable

Idealism and Criticism

Planning and Decision Making

Overwhelming options

Sex Differences in

Mental Abilities

Girls better on verbal tests; boys on mathematical tests

Genetics

Male spatial reasoning

Female left (language) hemisphere

Environment

“Masculine” and “feminine” school subjects

Class participation, teaching styles

Differences declining

School Transitions

in Adolescence

Grades decline with each transition

Higher standards

Less supportive teaching-learning environment

Lower self esteem

More with 6 – 3 – 3 organization than 8 – 4

Girls more than boys

Statistics on Dropping Out

Dropout Prevention Strategies

High-quality vocational training

Remedial instruction

Personalized counseling

Address factors in students’ lives outside school

Extracurricular activities

Supporting High Achievement during Adolescence

Child-rearing practices

Authoritative

Joint decision making

Peer influences

School characteristics

Teachers

High-level thinking

Student participation

Employment

Less than 15 hrs/week

Vocational education

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