Cdlynn.people.ua.edu



Human biology is a matter of life or death: Effective science communication for COVID-19 researchCara Ocobock1 and Christopher D. Lynn 1University of Notre Dame Department of Anthropology, South Bend, IN2 University of Alabama Department of Anthropology, Tuscaloosa, ALCorresponding AuthorCara OcobockDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity Notre DameCorbett Family Hall 296Notre Dame, IN 46556P: 574-631-7738In times of upheaval, clear information dissemination is more important than ever. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has seen ad hoc messaging lead to public and policy reactions with largely negative consequences PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GdW5rPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48UmVj

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Everett et al., 2020; Funk, 2017; Garrett, 2020). The late George Armelagos and colleagues repeatedly highlighted the resurgence of infectious disease mortality many consider to be the third epidemiological transition—the emergence and rapid spread of old and new infectious diseases due to globalization PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYXJyZXR0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5ODwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Armelagos et al., 2005; Barrett et al., 1998; Harper and Armelagos, 2010; Zuckerman et al., 2014). Due to a wealth of evidence supporting this position over the past few decades, the current pandemic surprises few human biologists. Furthermore, the integrated nature of the field of human biology means that many of our colleagues are among those uniquely situated to address this and future crises. Human biology provides a perspective on human interaction in ecological contexts—a perspective the broader public needs.Since the late twentieth century, the world has been in the Information Age, with unprecedented global access to information ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Castells</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>4488</RecNum><DisplayText>(Castells, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4488</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590516566">4488</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Castells, Manuel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The rise of the network society</title></titles><volume>12</volume><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>John wiley &amp; sons</publisher><isbn>1444356313</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Castells, 2011). Though this access has theoretically provided more power through knowledge, the sea of “raw studies” lacking context or perspective add more confusion than clarity. The curation of information for the “public,” previously a scholarly or journalistic specialization, is now the domain of everyone with internet. To overcome problems associated with information overload, conspiracy theories, and the amplification of pseudoscience, human biologists need to drown out the noise with evidence-based information and theories of change ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Caulfield</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4489</RecNum><DisplayText>(Caulfield, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4489</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590516634">4489</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Caulfield, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pseudoscience and COVID-19-we&apos;ve had enough already</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title><abbr-1>Nature</abbr-1></periodical><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>0028-0836</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Caulfield, 2020). It is clear from the commentaries in this issue that human biologists can provide accessible and actionable resources for addressing fear, transmission, diagnosis and testing, long-term consequences, behavioral and cultural change, and more. As AJHB editorial board members responsible for public relations, we provide practical suggestions on how to hone science communication skills to reach experts and non-experts with human biology perspectives. Know the Audiences and GoalsBefore writing anything for publication, it is crucial to have in mind (1) intended audience and (2) goals for that audience. Knowing one’s intended audience is key to tailoring a message. Audiences for human biologists range from experts in a specialized research area to individuals with no background save an interest in science. For instance, many of the commentaries in this issue target a public health audience and are written with the goals of influencing change in policies affecting population-level behaviors. Many scholars have experience writing for academic audiences but are less comfortable outside that niche.Human biologists should develop a habit of writing for multiple audiences. One way is to write a synopsis in lay terms for any scholarly article one publishes so it will be accessible to policy experts or other interested consumers of popular science. This additional step enables scholars to nurture outside audiences that seek information from human biologists. This is not easy, as the general public is not a monolith but an aggregate of diverse experiences and beliefs shaping science attitudes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gauchat</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>4490</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gauchat, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590516721">4490</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gauchat, Gordon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The cultural authority of science: Public trust and acceptance of organized science</title><secondary-title>Public Understanding of Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Public Understanding of Science</full-title></periodical><pages>751-770</pages><volume>20</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>0963-6625</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gauchat, 2011). Defining goals should similarly start with certain questions: (1) Why target a given audience? (2) What are 1-2 points audiences should come away with? (3) How should a given audience be changed by those points, whether it be increased understanding or engaging in public action. It is important to keep goals simple and practical. For example, Alexandra Brewis and Amber Wutich PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZUF1dGg9IjEiPjxBdXRob3I+QnJld2lzPC9BdXRob3I+PFll

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (this issue; 2018; 2019a; 2019b) note how counterproductive shaming has been in public health initiatives. Furthermore, additional stress stigmatization is likely to lead to low birthweight and further deleterious outcomes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scheffler</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4493</RecNum><Prefix>Bogin and Varela-Silva`, this issue`; </Prefix><DisplayText>(Bogin and Varela-Silva, this issue; Scheffler et al., 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4493</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590517118">4493</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scheffler, Christiane</author><author>Hermanussen, Michael</author><author>Bogin, Barry</author><author>Liana, DS</author><author>Taolin, F</author><author>Cempaka, PMVP</author><author>Irawan, M</author><author>Ibbibah, LF</author><author>Mappapa, NK</author><author>Payong, MKE</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stunting is not a synonym of malnutrition</title><secondary-title>European journal of clinical nutrition</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>European journal of clinical nutrition</full-title></periodical><pages>377-386</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1476-5640</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bogin and Varela-Silva, this issue; Scheffler et al., 2020). Through audience- and goal-oriented writing, human biologists can create platforms for reliable two-way channels of communication with a variety of audiences.Create Two-Way ChannelsPew Research Center finds that more than 75% of US adults consider scientists to be intelligent and focused on fixing real world problems, though these positive views are mostly relegated to medical researchers ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Funk</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4481</RecNum><DisplayText>(Funk, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4481</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590092930">4481</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Electronic Article">43</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Funk, Cary</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Key findings about Americans&apos; confidence in science and their views on scientists&apos; role in society</title><secondary-title>Pew Research Center</secondary-title><tertiary-title></tertiary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pew Research Center</full-title></periodical><edition>12 February</edition><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>21 May 2020</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url>;(Funk, 2020). That’s the good news; the bad news is that nearly half of those same adults think scientists are poor communicators ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Funk</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>4478</RecNum><DisplayText>(Funk et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1588611113">4478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Funk, Cary</author><author>Hefferon, Meg</author><author>Kennedy, Brian</author><author>Johnson, Courtney</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Trust and Mistrust in Americans’ Views of Scientific Experts</title><secondary-title>Pew Research Center. . pewresearch. org/science/2019/08/02/trust-and-mistrust-inamericans-views-of-scientific-experts</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pew Research Center. . pewresearch. org/science/2019/08/02/trust-and-mistrust-inamericans-views-of-scientific-experts</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Funk et al., 2019). These findings suggest people react better to science they can most easily relate to (i.e., medical research). However, mode of communication matters. Recent work indicates that people don’t learn from having facts talked at them—they need to be communicated with in accessible and interactive ways ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawley</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>4482</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hawley and Sinatra, 2019; Ocobock and Hawley, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4482</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590093176">4482</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawley, Patricia H</author><author>Sinatra, Gale M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Declawing the dinosaurs in the science classroom: Reducing Christian teachers’ anxiety and increasing their efficacy for teaching evolution</title><secondary-title>Journal of Research in Science Teaching</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of research in Science Teaching</full-title></periodical><pages>375-401</pages><volume>56</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>0022-4308</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Ocobock</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4483</RecNum><record><rec-number>4483</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590093210">4483</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ocobock, Cara</author><author>Hawley, Patricia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Science on tap: effective public engagement or preaching to the choir?</title><secondary-title>Journal of Science Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Science Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>A04</pages><volume>19</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1824-2049</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hawley and Sinatra, 2019; Ocobock and Hawley, 2020). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hobson et al., 2019; Hoffmann-Longtin et al., 2018). Making science relatable involves using real-world examples and emotional appeal ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Martinez-Conde</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4484</RecNum><DisplayText>(Martinez-Conde and Macknik, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4484</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590093284">4484</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Martinez-Conde, Susana</author><author>Macknik, Stephen L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Opinion: Finding the plot in science storytelling in hopes of enhancing science communication</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</full-title><abbr-1>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</abbr-1></periodical><pages>8127-8129</pages><volume>114</volume><number>31</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0027-8424</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Martinez-Conde and Macknik, 2017). Cognitive sciences research suggests that human minds are adapted for learning more easily from a story than from, say, a report ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gottschall</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>4494</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gottschall, 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4494</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590517538">4494</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gottschall, Jonathan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The storytelling animal: How stories make us human</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</publisher><isbn>0547391404</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gottschall, 2012). The emotional upheaval of the pandemic is one of the most dominant themes of this crisis, making the emotional salience of the science of COVID-19 an easy way to reach people as well as an important one. Developing a narrative of human biology research as it pertains to COVID-19 provides a compelling story and relatable examples—two key components for effective science communication.It is also critical to address uncertainty when sharing science stories. A common concern among non-scientists is a lack of comfort with uncertainty ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Funk</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>4485</RecNum><DisplayText>(Funk, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4485</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590515852">4485</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Funk, Cary</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mixed messages about public trust in science</title><secondary-title>Issues in Science and Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Issues in Science and Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>86-88</pages><volume>34</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0748-5492</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Funk, 2017). Uncertainty drives scientists to conduct research, but for non-scientists uncertain situations are generally negative (e.g., waiting on medical results or worrying about job security or ability to pay bills during a pandemic). Therefore, human biologists and other scientists need to be explicit and transparent about the importance of inductive research as preludes to deductive studies and the steps needed before findings can be applied for any greater good.Publicize the WorkEffectively communicating science can be challenging, and there is a variety of formats that each come with advantages and disadvantages. There is no “best” strategy, but there are ways to develop and nurture platforms for communication and two-way channels. We focus on a few approaches we have found useful, but this is by no means exhaustive.Half-life the MessageEffective science communication can be done in the time it takes to travel from one floor to another on an elevator, ~30 seconds. Start with a hook then attempt to explain the research in 2-3 minutes. Then distill the message, speaking smarter (not faster), and eliminate jargon until it gets to 30 seconds. This exercise, commonly used in improvisational theater, is referred to as half-lifing because the length of the message is halved with each iteration, as with radioactive decay ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aurbach</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>4527</RecNum><DisplayText>(Aurbach et al., 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1593119685">4527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aurbach, Elyse L</author><author>Prater, Katherine E</author><author>Patterson, Brandon</author><author>Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Half-Life Your Message: A Quick, Flexible Tool for Message Discovery</title><secondary-title>Science Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>669-677</pages><volume>40</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1075-5470</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Aurbach</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>4527</RecNum><record><rec-number>4527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1593119685">4527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aurbach, Elyse L</author><author>Prater, Katherine E</author><author>Patterson, Brandon</author><author>Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Half-Life Your Message: A Quick, Flexible Tool for Message Discovery</title><secondary-title>Science Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>669-677</pages><volume>40</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1075-5470</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Aurbach et al., 2018). The final succinct message one can relate at a moment’s notice, whether the goal is to influence change (the elevator “pitch”) or simply informational (the elevator “speech”). Web sites and repositoriesMany academics have no central location where all of their works can be found. It is prudent to set up a professional website where all one’s publications can “live.” Alternatively, curate a Google Scholar, , Academia.edu, or page, which can steer interested parties to one’s work while also collecting analytics for professional review. Use institutional repositories to make white papers, grey papers (reports), preprints, theses and dissertations, and other documents accessible and citable. Many of the most interesting and potentially actionable models for COVID-19 transmission, as James Holland Jones noted in developing his commentary for this issue, are so new that they have not yet been peer-reviewed. Yet, in facing a crisis of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic, these may be critical works worth sharing immediately. Furthermore, citations of such papers are included in some analytics. BloggingBlogs can highlight aspects of one’s work not appropriate or ready for publication. Furthermore, linking to the works of others draws attention to one’s own research and can lead to direct encounters and collaboration. The reality of academic publishing is that, because of the importance of peer-reviewed publication requirements for promotion and tenure, blog writing may not be rewarded. However, collecting analytics on views and reads, much like the professional sites above, can provide useful data on the broad reach of one’s work. Magazines and newspapersFar more people are likely to read an article written for a popular science magazine or local newspaper than a blog or peer-reviewed journal article. Furthermore, several online science magazines cater to anthropology, human biology, and related disciplines. Wide-distribution magazines like Sapiens, The Conversation, Scientific American, PLOS SciComm, Medium, and Aeon have online portals for proposals and editors who work closely with scientist authors to crafts articles that are publicly accessible, informative, and fact-checked. Furthermore, they also provide the analytics important for convincing academic administrators, advisers, and colleagues that writing for the general public is meritorious.Press releasesWriting an article is no guarantee any audience will read it; promoting human biology science is up to the human biologists. Many researchers prefer to craft their own press releases, whether they use media relations liaisons or not, to ensure the release accurately represents the findings. However, it is beneficial to consult institutional public relations offices for help with this. University publicists help craft press releases and contact media. If one’s institution has little to no support, reach out to colleagues who promote their work well and ask for assistance. PodcastingPodcasts have become an extremely popular form of media. The number of science podcasts has grown exponentially ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>MacKenzie</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>4306</RecNum><DisplayText>(MacKenzie, 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1552005894">4306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MacKenzie, Lewis E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Science podcasts: analysis of global production and output from 2004 to 2018</title><secondary-title>Royal Society Open Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Royal Society Open Science</full-title></periodical><pages>180932</pages><volume>6</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>2054-5703</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(MacKenzie, 2019). This growth is unsurprising given the low production costs and ease of access to the required technology. There are already a handful of field-specific podcasts through which human biologists can promote their research: The Sausage of Science, Zombified, and The Arch and Anth Podcast, to name a few. However, for those seeking guidance on starting a podcast, we recently wrote about our methods and experiences producing The Sausage of Science specifically for a human biology audience ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ocobock</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4495</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ocobock and Lynn, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4495</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590517755">4495</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ocobock, Cara</author><author>Lynn, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How the Sausage of Science is Made</title><secondary-title>Practicing Anthropology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Practicing Anthropology</full-title></periodical><pages>55-60</pages><volume>42</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>0888-4552</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ocobock and Lynn, 2020) .Local EventsLocal events, such as Science Café, Science on Tap, and Two Scientists Walk into a Bar?, can be excellent avenues for building personal connections within one’s community. Though these events often involve “preaching to the choir” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ocobock</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4483</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ocobock and Hawley, 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4483</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590093210">4483</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ocobock, Cara</author><author>Hawley, Patricia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Science on tap: effective public engagement or preaching to the choir?</title><secondary-title>Journal of Science Communication</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Science Communication</full-title></periodical><pages>A04</pages><volume>19</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1824-2049</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ocobock and Hawley, 2020), they are opportunities for science storytelling among interested non-scientists. Many cities already have regular public outreach events, and, for those that don’t, there is advice for starting one at . Infographics, videos, and digital storiesFinally, multimedia formats can be powerful tools for making research findings accessible for diverse audiences and are also useful in the classroom. For example, infographics (see accompanying example), short videos explaining one’s research (think 3-minute thesis), and digital stories are highly engaging visual representations that appeal to the human bias for visual learning ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lankow</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>4496</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lankow et al., 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="f05f522wvpxawfex5ae5w0ajfwrvrdp0apsv" timestamp="1590517843">4496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lankow, Jason</author><author>Ritchie, Josh</author><author>Crooks, Ross</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Infographics: The power of visual storytelling</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>John Wiley &amp; Sons</publisher><isbn>1118421590</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lankow et al., 2012). Furthermore, the software needed to complete these projects is freely available (infographics: Piktochart, Canva, and Venngage; video: YouTube; digital stories: Adobe Spark). ConclusionIn a crisis time, good science communication from human biologists is more important than ever. We provide practical suggestions for honing effective science communication skills, including knowing one’s audiences and goals; opening the lines of communication through producing elevator pitches and storytelling; promoting human biological research through blogging, podcasts, and local events; and exploring translational multimedia. Given the life or death situation, the world needs the expertise of human biologists, so let’s be heard. References ADDIN EN.REFLIST Armelagos GJ, Brown PJ, Turner B. 2005. Evolutionary, historical and political economic perspectives on health and disease. SocSciMed 61(4):755.Aurbach EL, Prater KE, Patterson B, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. 2018. 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Declawing the dinosaurs in the science classroom: Reducing Christian teachers’ anxiety and increasing their efficacy for teaching evolution. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 56(4):375-401.Hobson WL, Hoffmann-Longtin K, Loue S, Love LM, Liu HY, Power CM, Pollart SM. 2019. Active Learning on Center Stage: Theater as a Tool for Medical Education. MedEdPORTAL 15.Hoffmann-Longtin K, Organ JM, Helphinstine JV, Reinoso DR, Morgan ZS, Weinstein E. 2018. Teaching advocacy communication to pediatric residents: the efficacy of applied improvisational theater (AIT) as an instructional tool. Communication Education 67(4):438-459.Lankow J, Ritchie J, Crooks R. 2012. Infographics: The power of visual storytelling: John Wiley & Sons.MacKenzie LE. 2019. Science podcasts: analysis of global production and output from 2004 to 2018. Royal Society Open Science 6(1):180932.Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL. 2017. Opinion: Finding the plot in science storytelling in hopes of enhancing science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(31):8127-8129.Ocobock C, Hawley P. 2020. Science on tap: effective public engagement or preaching to the choir? Journal of Science Communication 19(1):A04.Ocobock C, Lynn C. 2020. How the Sausage of Science is Made. Practicing Anthropology 42(2):55-60.Scheffler C, Hermanussen M, Bogin B, Liana D, Taolin F, Cempaka P, Irawan M, Ibbibah L, Mappapa N, Payong M. 2020. Stunting is not a synonym of malnutrition. European journal of clinical nutrition 74(3):377-386.Zuckerman MK, Harper KN, Barrett R, Armelagos GJ. 2014. The evolution of disease: anthropological perspectives on epidemiologic transitions. Global health action 7. ................
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