Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas ...



Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: June 2020Incorporating emissions from the NEM up to September 2020left54948100Australia’s National Greenhouse Accounts? Commonwealth of Australia 2020Ownership of intellectual property rightsUnless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia.Creative Commons licenceAttribution CC BYAll material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms.Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from full licence terms are available from contained herein should be attributed as Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: June 2020, Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources.DisclaimerThe Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.PrefaceThe Quarterly Update provides estimates of Australia’s national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions up to the June quarter of 2020, and preliminary estimates of emissions from the National Electricity Market (NEM) up to the September quarter 2020.Emissions for the year to June 2020 are estimated to be 513.4?Mt?CO2-e, down 3.0?per?cent or 16.1?Mt?CO2-e on the previous year. This is the lowest level since 1998.The effects of COVID restrictions on emissions from transport (which fell 6.7 per cent or 6.7 Mt CO2-e), ongoing reductions in emissions from electricity (down 4.3?per cent or 7.7?Mt?CO2-e) and the lingering effects of last year’s drought on agriculture (a decline in emissions of 3.7?per?cent or 2.6 Mt?CO2-e) dominated increases in other sectors, mainly reflecting increases in LNG exports (up?6.0?per?cent to 79.3 Mt of liquefied gas).National emission levels for the June quarter 2020 were down by 6.2 per cent or 8.0 Mt CO2-e on the previous quarter, on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis2. Australia’s emissions have declined 18.9?per?cent since the peak in the year to June 2007. The year to June emissions were 5.7?per cent below emissions for the year to June in 2000 and 16.6?per?cent below emissions in the year to June 2005 ( REF _Ref46344939 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure P1).In the year to June 2020, emissions per capita and the emissions intensity of the economy were at their lowest levels in 30 years. Emissions per capita were lower than 1990 by 44.7?per?cent while the emissions intensity of the economy was 64.7?per?cent lower than in 1990. Figure P SEQ Figure_P \* ARABIC 1: Emissions, by quarter, June 2000 to June 2020 31750-3175Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources Emissions from the NEM increased 0.5 per cent on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis in September compared with the previous quarter while emissions from the NEM are down 5.1 per cent over the year to September compared with the same period to September 2019. Contents TOC \o "1-2" \h \z \u Preface PAGEREF _Toc57623710 \h 31.Overview PAGEREF _Toc57623711 \h 62.Sectoral Analysis PAGEREF _Toc57623715 \h 112.1.Energy – Electricity PAGEREF _Toc57623716 \h 112.2.Energy – Stationary energy excluding electricity PAGEREF _Toc57623717 \h 132.3.Energy – Transport PAGEREF _Toc57623718 \h 142.4.Energy – Fugitive emissions PAGEREF _Toc57623719 \h 162.5.Industrial processes and product use PAGEREF _Toc57623720 \h 172.6.Agriculture PAGEREF _Toc57623721 \h 172.7.Waste PAGEREF _Toc57623722 \h 182.8.Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry PAGEREF _Toc57623723 \h 193.Emissions per capita and per dollar of GDP PAGEREF _Toc57623724 \h 204.Consumption-based national greenhouse gas inventory PAGEREF _Toc57623725 \h 22Special Topic 1 - Australia’s Cancun Agreement 2020 target PAGEREF _Toc57623726 \h 25Special Topic 2 - New estimates for fugitive leakage emissions from natural gas gathering and boosting stations for Australia PAGEREF _Toc57623727 \h 27Special Topic 3 - Declining emissions from Australia’s grazing industries PAGEREF _Toc57623728 \h 325.Technical notes PAGEREF _Toc57623729 \h 376.Data tables PAGEREF _Toc57623744 \h 467.Related publications and resources PAGEREF _Toc57623746 \h 62OverviewTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, June quarter 2020, rates of changeJune quarter 2020Year to June 2020Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised-6.2%Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised – trend4Not estimated *Annual Change-3.0%* Consistent with advice from the ABS, trend analysis has been suspended for the June quarter 2020 for elements of the estimates most severely impacted by the COVID restrictions (total emissions and transport sector). The ABS advises that in the short term, this measurement will be significantly affected by changes to regular patterns in economic activity. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2: National Electricity Market (NEM) , September quarter 2020, rates of changeSeptember quarter 2020Year to September 2020Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised40.5%Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted and weather normalised – trend4-0.8%Annual Change-5.1%Summary of emissions in the June quarter 2020National emissions for the June quarter 2020 were lower by 6.2 per cent or 8.0 Mt CO2-e on the previous quarter, on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis ( REF _Ref6217146 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 1?and? REF _Ref7682224 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 2).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Emissions4, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: Change in emissions, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesOn a seasonally adjusted basis, there was an ongoing reduction in electricity emissions (1.5?per?cent or 0.6?Mt?CO2-e). The largest decreases in emissions were seen in transport (22.5 per cent or 5.6 Mt CO2-e) and fugitives (8.8 percent or 1.1 Mt CO2-e).Trend emissions are shown up to the March quarter 2020 ( REF _Ref6217398 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 3). Consistent with advice from the ABS, trend analysis has been suspended for elements of the estimates most severely impacted by the COVID restrictions (total emissions and transport sector). The ABS advises that in the short term, this measurement will be significantly affected by changes to regular patterns in economic activity.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: Trend emissions, by quarter, June 2010 to March 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesSummary of annual emissionsEmissions for the year to June 2020 are estimated to be 513.4 Mt?CO2-e. The 3.0?per?cent or 16.1?Mt?CO2-e decrease in emissions over the year to June reflects annual decreases in emissions from the electricity, transport, fugitives, industrial processes, agriculture and waste sectors. These decreases in emissions were partially offset by increases in emissions from stationary energy and land use, land use change and forestry sectors ( REF _Ref47614366 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 3). Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3: ‘Actual’ annual emissions, by sector, for the year to June 2019 and 2020SectorAnnual emissions (Mt CO2-e)Change (%)Year to June 2019Year to June 2020Energy – Electricity179.3171.6-4.3Energy – Stationary energy excluding electricity99.4102.53.1Energy – Transport100.693.9-6.7Energy – Fugitive emissions52.450.1-4.4Industrial processes and product use34.934.1-2.2Agriculture69.767.1-3.7Waste12.611.8-6.7Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry-19.4-17.78.8National Inventory Total529.5513.4-3.0Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4: Share of total emissions, by sector, for the year to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesOver the year to June 2020 there were decreases in emissions from the electricity, transport, fugitive, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste sectors. The 4.3 per cent decrease in emissions from the electricity sector is mainly due to a 5.9 per cent reduction in coal generation, and a corresponding 14.5 per cent increase in supply from renewable sources in the NEM. Transport emissions decreased 6.7 per cent over the year to June reflecting a 7.9 per cent decrease in petrol consumption and a 19.8 per cent decrease in jet fuel associated with the COVID restrictions on movement. The 3.7 per cent decline in emissions from the agriculture sector reflects the continuing effects of the recent drought which led to a decline in livestock populations and fertiliser use. Emissions from total export industries decreased 1.8 per cent (3.7 Mt CO2-e), despite the increases in LNG exports, up 6.0 per cent to 79.3 Mt of liquefied gas. The increases in LNG exports contributed 1.5 Mt CO2-e to the 3.1 Mt CO2-e increase in stationary energy (excluding electricity) emissions. Net fugitive emissions from LNG production declined over the same period due to CO2 injection in Western Australia and reduced levels of flaring.Sectoral trends since 1990Australia’s emissions in the year to June 2020 were 513.4 Mt?CO2-e, which is 16.7?per?cent (102.9?Mt?CO2-e) lower than in the year to June 1990.The waste and agriculture sectors have each decreased in emissions since 1990. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) emissions have decreased by the largest margin of any sector since 1990 (109.2?per?cent or 210.3?Mt?CO2-e).In percentage terms, the stationary energy excluding electricity sector has experienced the largest increase between 1990 and the year to June 2020 (55.5?per?cent or 36.6?Mt?CO2-e). Other sectors for which emissions have increased since 1990 include:fugitive emissions (38.6?per?cent or 13.9?Mt?CO2-e) – where emissions were relatively stable until 2015 when emissions increased strongly as a result of the growth of the LNG industry offset in 2020 by carbon capture and storage and a reduction in flaring activities;transport (53.0?per?cent or 32.5?Mt?CO2-e) – where steadily increasing emissions over the time series have been reversed due to the impacts of the COVID pandemic; electricity (32.4?per?cent or 42.0?Mt?CO2-e) – where emissions had been increasing steadily to a peak in 2009 followed by a decline due primarily to the increasing generation from renewable sources; and,industrial processes and product use (31.0?per?cent or 8.1?Mt?CO2-e).The changes in emissions from each sector from the year to June 1990 to 2020 in percentage terms are presented in REF _Ref7625151 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 5.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5: Percentage change in emissions, by sector, since year to June 1990Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesSectoral AnalysisEnergy – ElectricityElectricity generation is the largest source of emissions in the national inventory, accounting for 33.4?per?cent of emissions in the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref6987211 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4).Electricity sector emissions are experiencing a long term decline, down 18.9?per?cent (40.1?Mt?CO2-e) from the peak recorded in the year to June 2009 (Data Table 1A).Electricity sector emissions decreased 1.5?per?cent in the June quarter of 2020 on a ‘seasonally adjusted and weather normalised’ basis ( REF _Ref47516335 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 6). This reflected an increase of 1.0 per cent in renewable generation and a corresponding decline in coal generation (1.9 per cent). Over the year to June 2020, emissions from electricity decreased 4.3?per?cent compared with the year to June 2019.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6: Electricity sector emissions, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020National Electricity Market (NEM) emissionsEmissions in the NEM for the September quarter 2020 increased 0.5?per?cent on a seasonally adjusted and weather normalised basis compared with the previous quarter ( REF _Ref47516386 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 7). Emissions from the NEM account for around 84?per?cent of national electricity emissions.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: NEM electricity emissions, by quarter, September 2010 to September 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources, Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO, 2020), obtained using NEM-Review softwareFor the September 2020 quarter, generation from renewables decreased 1.1 per cent in trend terms ( REF _Ref47516418 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 8). This was due to decreases in hydro and solar generation.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8: Change in electricity generation in the NEM (trend), by fuel, by quarter, September 2010 to September 2020left310938300Source: Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO, 2020), obtained using NEM-Review softwareEnergy – Stationary energy excluding electricity Stationary energy excluding electricity includes emissions from direct combustion of fuels, predominantly from the manufacturing, mining, residential and commercial sectors. In the year to June 2020, stationary energy excluding electricity accounted for 20.0 per?cent of Australia’s national inventory ( REF _Ref6987211 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4).Emissions from stationary energy excluding electricity in the June quarter of 2020 were unchanged in trend terms compared with the March quarter. Emissions over the year to June 2020, increased by 3.3?per?cent in trend terms when compared with the previous year ( REF _Ref47515494 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 9). This was driven primarily by a 6.0?per?cent increase in LNG exports in the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref47515566 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 10).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9: Stationary energy excluding electricity emissions and energy industries excluding electricity, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 10: LNG exports, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesEnergy – TransportThe transport sector includes emissions from the direct combustion of fuels in transportation by road, rail, domestic aviation and domestic shipping. The main fuels used for transport are automotive gasoline (petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and aviation turbine fuel.In the year to June 2020, transport accounted for 18.3 per cent of Australia’s national inventory (Figure 4).Emissions in the June 2020 quarter decreased 21.4 per cent in actual terms on the March quarter 2020 ( REF _Ref47515445 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 11).Nevertheless, emissions from transport over the year to June 2020 decreased by 6.7 per cent when compared with the previous year in actual terms. This decline in transport emissions was partly the result of a 7.9 per cent annual decline in petrol consumption associated with the impacts of the COVID pandemic.The past ten years have seen a decrease in the consumption of petrol (including ethanol-blended) of 13.7 per cent and a strong increase in diesel consumption of 60.8 per cent ( REF _Ref47516459 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 12). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 11: Transport emissions, actual and trend, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 12: Consumption of primary liquid fuels, actual and trend, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesEnergy – Fugitive emissionsFugitive emissions occur during the production, processing, transport, storage, transmission and distribution of fossil fuels. These include coal, crude oil and natural gas. Emissions from decommissioned underground coal mines are also included in this sector.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 13: Fugitive emissions, actual and trend, by sub-sector, by quarter June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesFugitive?emissions in the June quarter decreased by 4.8?per cent in trend terms.Total gas production decreased 2.2?per cent in the June 2020 quarter, while LNG exports decreased 4.9%. The increasing ramp up of underground carbon dioxide injection from the Gorgon project and reduced levels of flaring during the June quarter acted to reduce fugitive emissions from the crude oil and natural gas sub-sector. A 5.1?per?cent increase in coal production in the June quarter partially offset decreases in overall?fugitive?emissions.Nevertheless, annual emissions in this sector decreased 4.4?per?cent over the year to June 2020 (Figure 13). Industrial processes and product useEmissions from industrial processes and product use occur as the result of by-products of materials and reactions used in production processes. This sector includes emissions from processes used to produce chemical, metal, and mineral products. It also includes emissions from the consumption of synthetic gases.In the year to June 2020, industrial processes and product use accounted for 6.6?per?cent of Australia’s national inventory ( REF _Ref6987211 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4). In actual terms, emissions declined 2.2 percent or 0.8 Mt CO2-e over the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref47516519 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 14). This decline was driven in part by decreases in emissions from the chemicals and metals sectors.Trend emissions for industrial processes and product use increased 3.0 per?cent in the June quarter on the previous quarter.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 14: Industrial processes and product use emissions, actual, by sub-sector, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesAgricultureEmissions from agriculture include methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are estimated for enteric fermentation and manure management in livestock. They are also estimated for rice cultivation, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues. Carbon dioxide emissions are reported from the application of urea and lime.In the year to June 2020, agriculture accounted for 13.1 per?cent of Australia’s national inventory( REF _Ref6987211 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4). Emissions from agriculture have decreased by 3.7 per?cent over the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref47516552 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 15).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 15: Agriculture emissions, trend, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesAlthough drought conditions have eased in the June quarter 2020, cattle and sheep herds are yet to rebound. The lack of feed available during the drought led to elevated levels of turn-off of both sheep and cattle resulting in a contraction in the Australian national herd and flock - forecast to reach its lowest levels since the early 1990s in 2020. As conditions continue to improve, herds are expected to be restocked.There has been some rebound in crop production in the June quarter 2020, however wheat production is yet to recover which offsets any gains made in the sector. Due to more favourable climatic conditions, crop production should continue to increase during 2020, with wheat production forecast to rebound strongly.WasteThe waste sector includes emissions from landfills, wastewater treatment, waste incineration and the biological treatment of solid waste. Emissions largely consist of methane, which is generated when organic matter decays under anaerobic conditions.In the year to June 2020, waste accounted for 2.3?per?cent of Australia’s national inventory ( REF _Ref6987211 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 4).Emissions from waste decreased 6.7 per cent (0.9 Mt CO2-e) over the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref47516582 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 16) due to increased gas capture at solid waste disposal sites. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 16: Waste emissions, actual, by sub-sector, by quarter, June 2010 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesLand Use, Land Use Change and ForestryThe Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector of the national inventory includes estimates of net anthropogenic emissions for forests and agricultural lands and changes in land use.In the year to June 2020, the LULUCF sector accounted for -3.4 per cent of Australia’s national inventory – a net sink (Figure 4). Net emissions for the LULUCF sector in the year to June 2020 are estimated to be -17.7 Mt CO2-e ( REF _Ref47516614 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 17). This net sink has shrunk by 8.8 per cent (1.7 Mt CO2-e) on the previous twelve months due to contractions in the recent rate of replanting (Table 3).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 17: LULUCF net anthropogenic emissions, by sub-sector, year to June, 1990 to 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesEmissions per capita and per dollar of GDPIn the year to June 2020 emissions per capita, and the emissions intensity of the economy are at their lowest levels in 30 years. National inventory emissions per capita were 20.1 t CO2-e per person in the year to June 2020. This represents a 44.7 per cent decline in national inventory emissions per capita from 36.3 t CO2-e in the year to June 1990.Over the period from 1989-90 to June 2020, Australia’s population grew strongly from 17.0 million to around 25.7 million,. This reflects growth of 50.5 per cent. 18Australia’s real GDP (chain volume measures) also experienced significant growth over this period, expanding from $0.8 trillion in 1990 to around $1.9 trillion in the year to June 2020. This represents a growth of 135.9 per cent.National inventory emissions per dollar of real GDP fell from 0.8 kg CO2-e per dollar in the year to June 1990 to 0.3 kg CO2-e per dollar in the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref57621221 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 18). This represents a decline of 64.7 per cent from the year to June 1990.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 18: Emissions per capita and per dollar of real GDP, actual year to June 1990 to 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesConsumption-based national greenhouse gas inventoryTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4: Consumption-based national greenhouse gas inventory, June quarter and year to June 2020, emissions growth ratesJune quarter 2020Year to June 2020Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted-2.8%Quarterly change – seasonally adjusted– trend17Not estimated *Annual Change-3.4%* Consistent with advice from the ABS, trend analysis has been suspended for June 2020 for elements of the estimates most severely impacted by the COVID restrictions (total emissions and transport sector). The ABS advises that in the short term, this measurement will be significantly affected by changes to regular patterns in economic activity.The consumption account estimates the impacts on emissions in Australia and in other countries due to Australian consumption or demand. On a seasonally adjusted basis, Australia’s consumption-based inventory was lower relative to the previous quarter (2.8 per cent or 3.0 Mt CO2-e) ( REF _Ref47516680 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 19).On an annual basis, the preliminary consumption-based inventory decreased by 3.4 per cent or 14.9 Mt CO2-e to 423.2 Mt CO2 e in the year to June 2020, reflecting declining emissions from consumption of imports (down 1.4 per cent) and also a decline in the emissions associated with the consumption of domestically produced goods. Emissions in the national greenhouse gas inventory are increasingly associated with the production of goods for export—emissions that are not included in the consumption-based inventory. The share of national greenhouse gas inventory emissions that are associated with domestic consumption was 60.7 per cent in the year to June 2020, down from 61.2 per cent over the preceding four quarters.Household consumption was the most significant contributor at 310.0 Mt CO2-e (or 73.2 per cent of total consumption emissions), followed by government final consumption emissions of 44.1 Mt CO2-e (or 10.4 per cent of total consumption emissions). When combined with gross fixed capital formation from government and public corporations, the Government sector was responsible for emissions of 67.1 Mt CO2-e (or 15.8 per cent of consumption-based emissions across the economy) (Table 5).Emissions generated by Australian consumption are 128.7 Mt CO2-e or 23.3 per cent lower compared to the year to June 2005. The analysis also shows that the emissions generated to support Australia’s consumption are less than those reported as the (production-based) national greenhouse gas inventory by 90.2 Mt CO2-e or 17.6 per cent in the year to June 2020 ( REF _Ref47516711 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 20).Consumption-based emissions are approximately 16.5 tonnes per person, which is around 3.5 tonnes per person less than the per capita emission calculation using the national greenhouse gas inventory.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 5: Consumption-based national greenhouse gas inventory, year to June 2020, by sectorConsumption-based inventory sectorYear to June 2020Household consumption310.0 Government consumption44.1Fixed capital - Govt & Public corporations23.0Private fixed capital85.7Change in inventoriesa-39.6Total consumption-based inventory423.2Includes carbon sequestered in forests and plantations available to be utilised in wood and paper production in the future.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 19: National Greenhouse Gas and Consumption-based inventories, Australia, by quarter, June 2005 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 20: Global emissions generated during production of Australia’s imports and exports, by quarter, June 1990 to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources Special Topic 1 - Australia’s Cancun Agreement 2020 targetAustralia has a target of reducing emissions to 5 per cent below 2000 levels by 2020 under the Cancun Agreement to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (“2020 target”). Performance against this target is assessed using an emissions budget approach.Australia’s overachievement on this target is estimated at 316?Mt CO2-e, when its cumulative emissions for the target period 2013-20 are compared against its emissions budget for that period. This is an improvement of 52 Mt CO2-e on the estimate reported in Australia’s emissions projections 2019. If Australia’s overachievement from the 2008-2012 period is included, the overachievement is estimated at 459?Mt CO2-e. UN Framework Convention on Climate processes to finalise assessment of Parties’ performance against their Cancun Agreement targets are expected to conclude in 2023-24.Table ST1: Accounting for Australia’s Cancun 2020 target, 2013 to 2020 AssetsMt CO2-eEmissions budget 2013-204,529Overachievement from 2008-12128Waste Industry Protocol units 2008-12212013-207Sub-total Assets4,685LiabilitiesCumulative emissions 2013-204,213Provision for voluntary action13Sub-total Liabilities4,226OverachievementAssets – Liabilities459Figure ST1: Australia’s emissions reduction budget vs estimated historical emissions to 2020Technical notesMethodology for calculating Australia’s 2020 target emission budgetAustralia assesses performance against its 2020 target, of five per cent below 2000 levels, using an emissions budget approach. The estimate of Australia’s overachievement on that target in Table 6 is calculated against the 2020 target’s emissions budget for the period 2013 to 2020. A trajectory to achieve the emissions budget is calculated by taking a linear decline from 2010 to 2020, beginning from the Kyoto Protocol first commitment period target level and finishing at five per cent below 2000 level emissions in 2020. Australia’s progress is assessed as the difference in cumulative emissions between projected emissions and the target trajectory over the period 2013 to 2020.Australia’s 2020 target is inclusive of all emissions and removals of greenhouse gases reported in its annual national inventory under the Kyoto Protocol. This includes the gases CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3 and the energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture and waste sectors and Kyoto Protocol LULUCF sub-classifications (deforestation, afforestation, reforestation, forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation). LULUCF emissions from Kyoto Protocol classifications are different to the LULUCF emissions based on UNFCCC classifications published in this report and used for the 2030 target.These estimates should be considered to be preliminary. Final estimates will be submitted by the Australian Government to the UNFCCC in April 2022.Special Topic 2 - New estimates for fugitive leakage emissions from natural gas gathering and boosting stations for AustraliaFugitive leakages from gathering and boosting stations in the natural gas supply system are one of the most complex sources in the Australian inventory to estimate. Emission processes are highly variable, unpredictable and relatively expensive to systematically measure with the result that there are few empirical studies available with which to characterise fugitive leakage emissions from Australian gas gathering and boosting stations. The most comprehensive empirical research anywhere on fugitive emissions from gas supply systems has been undertaken in the United States. This body of research forms the basis for estimation models used by the IPCC and also here in Australia. A new US study on fugitive emissions from gas gathering and boosting stations (Zimmerle et al 2020) has updated the available empirical data with the most comprehensive bottom-up fugitive emissions measurement campaign ever undertaken. This new work has been adopted by the US EPA as the basis for estimations presented in the US national greenhouse gas inventory and has important implications for the estimates of fugitive leakage emissions from gas gathering and boosting stations in the Australian inventory.In particular, the authors of this new study report that the average rate of fugitive emissions from gas gathering and boosting stations in the United States is 55 per cent lower than reported in a widely-cited earlier work (Mitchell et al 2015). New US empirical dataThe data on fugitive emissions from gathering and boosting stations presented in Zimmerle et al 2020 are considered the most reliable to date as they include measurements from the largest – ever sample of gas gathering and boosting stations (180 stations). The design of the study also provides a stronger basis for accurate modelling of fugitive leakage emissions as the authors have systematically estimated individual component sources of emissions within a station for the first time. In particular, they distinguish between methane emissions from specific leakage sources and methane emissions from other sources including deliberate venting and flaring events and uncombusted methane in engine exhaust. By contrast, the authors in Mitchell et al 2015 set monitoring equipment downwind of the station to capture the whole methane plume arising from the station and were not able to identify leakages separately from venting or from uncombusted methane in engine exhaust. The new detail in the disaggregated data in Zimmerle et al 2020 confirms that analysis of methane emissions from gathering and boosting stations should take into account two important methodological considerations. First, analysis of the Zimmerle 2020 data showed that around 18 per cent of the total methane from the gathering and boosting stations came from venting sources. These emissions were excluded from further analysis to prevent double counting since, in the Australian inventory, venting sources are already estimated and reported directly by companies under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) Scheme. Second, around 37 per cent of the total methane source came from engine exhaust emissions. These emissions were also excluded from the analysis of fugitive leakage emissions although, as shown below, they have been used to review the methods for the estimation of methane emissions from uncombusted fuel (which, in the Australian inventory, are reported separately under the Fuel Combustion sector). With these two adjustments to the data reported in Zimmerle 2020, the Department has estimated a non-linear relationship between the fugitive leakage emission rate emitted to the atmosphere and gathering and boosting station throughput (the quantity of natural gas passing through the station). The leakage emission rate declines quickly at low throughput levels and tends to a low rate of emission for higher levels of throughput. While stations with low throughput tend to have higher leakage rates, the low throughput of these stations means that their total emissions are nonetheless close to negligible.The new equation adopted for the Australian inventory is:Eij = 1.8301 × Qij-0.708where:Eij is the estimated fugitive leakage emissions of methane from gas gathering and boosting stations; andQij is the quantity of coal seam gas throughput at the gas gathering and boosting station. The weighted average emission rate obtained for fugitive leakage rates at gas gathering and boosting stations in Australia – around 0.03% - is sharply reduced from the previous rate used for the inventory of 0.15%. The new estimates derived, while lower than previously modelled, are broadly consistent with emission estimates that could be estimated by a company using the method 2 approach specified in the NGER Measurement Determination 2008. Figure ST2: Zimmerle et al 2020 station leakage ratesTechnology choices affect fugitive emissions Technological choices made by the gas industry are critical to the determination of leakage rates. In Australia, there are two main reasons why emission rates will tend to be lower than in the United States. First, modelling of the Australian gas supply system suggests that Australian gas gathering and boosting stations tend to be much larger than the ones in the sample in the Zimmerle et al 2020 dataset. As a result, Australian stations will tend to operate on that part of the emission rate curve where the emission rates are lower, on average, than the ones in the US sample. Second, Australian stations tend to utilise electric engines to a greater extent than in the United States where, in the Zimmerle et al 2020 sample, only around 5 per cent of stations used exclusively electric engines. Management impactsA third important factor to consider relates to the management of leakages.A large portion of gas leaked from gas gathering and boosting stations tends to derive from a small number of leakages. In the US data reported in Zimmerle et al 2020, it was estimated that around 1 per cent of leaks caused 40-50 per cent of the total leakage emissions from the sample (Table S3.39). These small number of high emitting sources are known as ‘super emitting’ leaks.?The presence of super emitting leaks means that a significant proportion of the leakages from the gas gathering and boosting stations can be influenced and managed through leak detection and repair programs. ? Data on management behaviour cannot be readily modelled. Rather, information from companies on their management and leak detection outcomes to inform the national inventory will need to be collected through company reporting through NGERs. Collection of management data for this emissions segment will be considered in the next review of NGER Measurement Determination to apply to the 2021-22 reporting year. Until then, the national inventory has adopted a cautious approach in relation to assumptions about Australian management practices, assuming they achieve similar outcomes with respect to leak detection and repair as is implied by the data in the US sample reported in Zimmerle et al 2020.Uncombusted methane in engine exhaustThe work of Zimmerle et al 2020 also highlighted the need for a review of the methane emission factors from the combustion of gas used for the Australian gas industry. The US 2020 National Inventory Report noted that Zimmerle et al 2020 made measurements at 116 reciprocating compressor engines - including 70 four-stroke lean burn (4SLB) engines and 46 four-stroke rich burn (4SRB) engines. These types of engines were considered representative of the vast majority of compressor drivers at G&B stations. Comparisons reported in Zimmerle et al 2020 of their measured emission rates for 4SLB and 4SRB engines with the default emission factors for those engines reported in the US EPA AP-42 found strong general agreement.Consequently, combustion methane emission factors for four-stroke rich burn/lean burn engines were taken from EPA AP-42 and weighted in the proportions observed by Zimmerle et al 2020 in the US industry to derive a single methane emission factor for reciprocating engines of 404.61 t CH4/PJ for use in the Australian inventory. This new value is considerably higher than the methane emission factor of 1.98 t CH4/PJ, based on gas turbine equipment, currently applied and reflects, essentially, a re-allocation of methane emissions currently allocated to the source of fugitive leakages(see section 5.5 for the estimated net impacts).Ongoing empirical research in AustraliaThe methodology presented here is subject to routine review and update on the basis of newly emerging empirical data in Australia.The CSIRO is now undertaking measurements at gathering and boosting stations in Queensland. These new Australian data are likely to provide a basis to test or verify the inventory model applied here.? The Australian measurements are due to be made available in late 2021. ?The CSIRO also undertook a large survey of gas production wells in Queensland in 2019. While significantly building the confidence around estimates of emissions from well pads, the results from that study do not indicate that the emission factor used in the Australian inventory for leakage emissions from wells is inappropriate. Other empirical research will also be taken into account in future method reviews as these studies emerge into the public domain, as well as efforts to improve the activity data used to characterise the gas supply system, including new data to be collected from companies through the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting system.ReferencesAmerican Petroleum Institute, (2009) Compendium of greenhouse gas methodologies for the oil and gas industry, CSIRO, 2019, Fugitive emissions from unconventional gas: What the latest scientific research is telling us about fugitive methane emissions from unconventional gas, July 2019 Mitchell, A, Tkacik,D, Roscioli, J, Herndon, S, Yacovitch T, Martinez, D, Vaughn, T, Williams L Sullivan, M, Floerchinger, C, Omara, M, Subramanian, R, Zimmerle, D, Marchese, A and Robinson, A, (2015) Measurements of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Gathering Facilities and Processing Plants: Measurement Results, DOI:10.1021/es5052809 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 3219?3227Zimmerle, D, Vaughn, T, Luck, B, Lauderdale, T, Keen, K, Harrison, M, Marchese, A, Williams, L, and Allen, A (2020) Methane Emissions from Gathering Compressor Stations in the U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol.?2020, 54, 12, 7552–7561Special Topic 3 - Declining emissions from Australia’s grazing industriesThe Australian grazing industries have made among the most significant reductions in emissions of any major industry group in Australia. Since 1990, emissions from Australian grazing (and grain cropping) industries have fallen by around 69 per cent to 92 Mt CO2e (Figure ST3).Figure ST3: Emissions, Sheep, beef cattle and grain farming, Australia, Mt CO2-e, 1990-2018Source: AGEIS ageis..auThe decline in emissions from these industries has been mainly due to changes to land management practices, which have also had significant impacts on Australia’s vegetation. Reductions in vegetation clearing, especially primary forest clearing (that is, clearing of forest that has not been previously cleared), the fostering of vegetation growth and the use of shelter belts have all contributed to improved carbon stock outcomes on Australia’s grazing lands.This trend has been supported by the Australian Government and, for example, around 80 per cent of funds distributed under the Emission Reduction Fund has been allocated to improve the carbon stocks on Australia’s grazing lands mainly through increasing or maintaining vegetation cover. Soil carbon is also an important potential sink and is one of five priority sectors identified in the Low Emission Technology Statement to develop low-cost methods for estimating carbon sequestration in Australia’s crop and grazing lands. The Australian Government is investing to improve the accuracy of the existing models to estimate soil carbon more accurately at project scales. By improving land management practices through ERF projects, there is significant opportunity to support reduction in agricultural emissions in future.Australia’s forest area has increased by around 3 million hectares The net effect of the changes in land management practices has been positive for some vegetation indicators. For example, over the decade 2008-2018, the area of land under forest in Australia has increased by around 3 million hectares or around 2 per cent of total forest area (Figure ST4).Figure ST4: Total forest area, Australia, 1990-2018, hectaresSource: DISER, National Inventory Report, Australian Government submission to the UNFCCC, May 2020The IPCC also records that in southern Australia there has been a marked greening of the landscape over recent decades - reflecting a range of influences but including the effects of better land management. This greening trend observed by the IPCC has not been universal. Australia’s outcomes have been exceptional and ranked Australia highest amongst OECD countries with the largest net gain in forest area over the period 2010-2020, ahead of Chile, USA, France and Italy - according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO) Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020. Around 85% of clearing activity aims to maintain existing usesThe process of greening and re-vegetation in Australia has been placing pressure on Australia’s land managers to maintain existing uses, including pressure on graziers seeking to maintain their existing pasture uses. Over the ten years to 2018, on average 471,000 hectares a year of forest has regrown each year on previously cleared lands – which is in excess of the average rate of clearing. In Australia, around 85 per cent of all forest clearing activity involves the re-clearing of forest that has regrown following previous clearing (and is referred to in this article as secondary forest clearing) (Figure ST5).The majority of the secondary forest clearing activity involves the clearing of young, regrowing forest. Around 250,000 hectares – or 67 per cent of all clearing activity – comprised the clearing of young forest that had been detected as emerging from grassland less than 10 years previously (Table ST2).Figure ST5: Primary and secondary forest clearing, Australia, 2018Source: DISER analysis using forest cover monitoring data from Australia’s National Inventory Report 2018 and Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment National Vegetation Information System mapping Major Vegetation Group to identify forests and woodlands above 5m tall.Around 9 per cent of forest clearing activity is primary clearing of eucalypt forests and woodlandsPrimary conversion of forests refers to the clearing of forests that had not previously been cleared – in DISER’s analysis this is based on observations from satellite imagery since 1972. Primary forest conversion comprises around 15 per cent of all clearing activity and is a major source of direct emissions from clearing (around 8 Mt CO2e incurred to support grazing in 2018).Around 8,600 hectares of primary forest conversion in 2018 was of closed or open eucalyptus forests (Table ST2) while 24,000 hectares of primary forest conversion was of open eucalyptus woodlands.A further 24,000 hectares of primary forest conversion, or 7 per cent of all forest clearing activity reported by Australia, occurred in forests falling into vegetation classifications that are less than 5 metres in height or comprising mostly shrubland species. Around 7 per cent of primary clearing of eucalypt forests was for the purpose of grazingThe purpose of forest clearing activity can also be traced by mapping clearing activity against ABARES land use classifications.Around 22,000 hectares of primary forest conversion of eucalypt forests and woodlands (7 per cent of all clearing activity) was for the purpose of grazing, while the balance was for urban expansion and for other (or unknown) purposes. Table ST 2: Australian clearing activity, by type of vegetation and end land use, 2018, ha Final UseGrazingCroppingUrbanOtherTotalPrimary forest clearingPrimary clearing: Tall >5m closed & open eucalypt forest4,3641225903,4988,575Primary clearing: Tall > 5m eucalypt woodlands18,0632973935,30424,057Total primary forest clearing of eucalypt forests and woodlands22,4284199838,80332,632Primary clearing: other forests > 2 metres20,5341901363,18724,047Total primary forest clearing42,9626081,11911,99056,679Secondary re-clearing of forests to maintain existing land useSecondary forest clearing < 10 years since detection195,43212,7388,08024,137240,387Secondary forest clearing > 10 years since detection56,5341,3472,66312,25772,801Total secondary forest clearing251,96514,08510,74336,394313,187Total forest clearing activity294,92714,69311,86248,384369,867Source: DISER analysis. Most of the secondary forest clearing activity was undertaken for the purpose of maintaining existing pastures in grazing lands - around 252,000 hectares in 2018. DISER also monitors gains and losses of sub-forest woody vegetation which do not meet Australia’s canopy cover and tree-height thresholds for a forest. Comparison with other countriesCountries report land clearing in different ways making international comparisons complicated. Australia applies comprehensive national forest monitoring systems which tracks all human-induced forest cover changes. All forest clearing in Australia, whether primary clearing or secondary clearing, is reported according to Australia’s definitions.However, international standards under the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) only identify clearing where there is a permanent change from a forest land-use (like timber harvesting or conservation) to another landuse like agriculture or urban development.That is, the FAO only requires reporting of forest clearing if it occurs on forests that weren’t already used for grazing.Applying this limitation to Australia’s data, this means the 85 per cent of forest clearing reported by Australia relating to re-clearing to maintain existing land uses would not be detected by most other countries.Another reason international comparison is difficult is because the FAO allows each country to select their own canopy cover and tree-height thresholds for defining forests. Primary forest conversion of eucalyptus forests and woodlands in Australia clearly meets the default international definitions of forest cover, and is estimated to have been 32,600 hectares in 2018 (Table 6) or around 9 per cent of all estimated clearing activity reported by Australia. The area of primary forest conversion of eucalypts forest and woodlands in Australia in 2018 was broadly equivalent with the rates of forest conversion in Europe (France, Germany and Italy) and Canada (Table ST3). Using a broader definition of primary forest conversion, to include tree and shrubland species down to 2 metres in height and 20 per cent canopy cover, the area of primary forest conversion was less in Australia than in the European Union as whole.Table ST3: Primary forest conversion, 2018CountryArea haForest types includedLand-use changesAustralia32,600Eucalypts >5m tall and >20?% canopy coverNot including re-clearing to maintain existing land usesCanada34,000Tree species >5m tall and >10 % canopy coverNot including re-clearing to maintain existing land usesEuropean Union-3 a47,100Tree species >5m tall and >10 % canopy coverNot including re-clearing to maintain existing land usesAustralia 56,700Tree and shrublands, > 2m tall > 20% canopy coverNot including re-clearing to maintain existing land usesEuropean Union – 27 +UK202,700Tree species >2m, 3m, and 5m tall and > 10%, 20%, 25%, 30% canopy coverNot including re-clearing to maintain existing land usesa Germany, France and Italy. Source: unfccc.int; DISER analysis. Note: For the above analysis, the Department has relied upon the vegetation classifications used by DAWE NVIS which describe the predominant vegetation types in the region of clearing activity. For this analysis, the following NVIS major vegetation group classifications are used as a proxy for FAO standard forests more than 5m high: Eucalyptus low open forest; Eucalyptus open forest; Eucalyptus tall open forest; Eucalyptus woodlands; Rainforests. The NVIS classification is a high-level dataset and other components of the primary forest clearing activity likely constituted the primary clearing of trees taller than 5 metres in some locations. Despite the limitations, this analysis provides a more consistent interpretation of the UN FAO deforestation standard when applied to the Australian data and provides a better basis for international comparison.ConclusionBetter land management, particularly reductions in clearing activity, has contributed to significant reductions in emissions from Australia’s grazing industries in recent years. Around 22,000 hectares of primary eucalypt forest clearing was for grazing purposes in 2018. The majority of clearing activity in Australia is undertaken for the purpose of maintaining existing pastures and would not necessarily constitute ‘deforestation’ using FAO standard or the standard applied in many countries.Taking account of FAO land-use definitions, Australia’s rates of forest clearing in 2018 were broadly similar to the rates reported for the collection of major EU countries or for Canada and much less than for the European Union as a whole. Technical notesQuarterly CoverageThe Quarterly Update uses emissions estimates based on our United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) inventory time series to better support implementation of Australia’s 2030 target. This UNFCCC inventory will be used to track progress towards Australia’s commitment to reduce emissions levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement.International guidelinesThe Quarterly Update has been prepared in accordance with the international guidelines agreed for use for the Paris Agreement including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines for the Preparation of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and, where applicable, the 2019 IPCC Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The Quarterly Update reports on the national inventory with the application of the IPCC’s natural disturbances provision since the Government indicated in its 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission that it would meet its emission reduction commitments using this provision.The national inventory prepared without the application of the natural disturbances provision will be reported in the Australian Government’s National Inventory Report submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat each year between 15 April and 27 May. This submission will provide full details of estimates of annual emissions from bushfires and sequestration from subsequent biomass recovery.Greenhouse gasesEmissions are expressed in terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) weighting factors indicated in Table 6. GWPs have been used for each of the major greenhouse gases to convert them to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). As greenhouse gases vary in their radiative activity and in their atmospheric residence time, converting emissions into CO2-e allows the integrated effect of emissions of the various gases to be compared. The GWPs used in this Report were the 100-year GWPs contained in the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of Climate Science (IPCC 2007), by international agreement.For the period starting with the 2020-21 financial year, the Department will adopt the GWPs sourced from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, in accordance with the terms of the Paris Agreement.Table 6: Major greenhouse gases covered by the Quarterly UpdateMajor greenhouse gases4th Assessment Report GWP5th Assessment Report GWPCarbon dioxide (CO2)11Methane (CH4)2528Nitrous oxide (N2O)298265Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Various (refer to 4th Assessment Report)Various (refer to 5th Assessment Report)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Various (refer to 4th Assessment Report)Various (refer to 5th Assessment Report)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)22,80023,500Australia’s emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) are considered negligible and are not estimated.Quarterly methodology and growth ratesEmission estimates have been compiled by the Department using the estimation methodologies incorporated in the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) and documented in the National Inventory Report.The estimates are calculated using the latest national inventory data and indicators from external data sources (listed in Section REF _Ref7184438 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 7.6). These data are used to determine growth rates, which are applied to estimate quarterly emissions growth.Quarterly growth rates are calculated as the percentage change between the estimates for the previous quarter and the current quarter. Annual growth rates are calculated as the percentage change between the estimates for the twelve months to the end of the equivalent quarter in the previous year, and the twelve months to the end of the current quarter.RecalculationsPeriodic recalculations of the quarterly emission estimates are undertaken as more complete and accurate information becomes available, and in response to changes in estimation methods and international reporting requirements. Future changes to estimation methods will likely reflect progressive implementation of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines; updates to estimation methods in the land and fugitive emissions sectors; and updates to indicators used to estimate emissions in the stationary energy sector.Recalculations are designed to comply with international guidelines, are estimated on a time series consistent basis and are subject to annual international expert review.Recalculations since the March Quarter 2020The recalculations since the March 2020 edition of the Quarterly Update for the financial years 2005 and 2017 to 2019, by sector in Mt?CO2-e, are shown in REF _Ref47623816 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Tableand are a result of: The incorporation of recently reported activity data from the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting System for 2018-19 and 2019-20 resulted in recalculations to stationary energy (excluding electricity), fugitive emissions, industrial processes and product use, and waste. The NGERs data for 2019-20 will be published by the Clean Energy Regulator in February 2021.The incorporation of data from the newly released Australian Energy Update 2020. This update included new energy consumption data for 2018-19, and recalculations for earlier years. Emissions derived from actual fuel consumption data from the Australian Energy Update 2020 replaced earlier projected data 2018-19 emissions data for stationary energy (excluding Electricity) and transport.Revisions to the method for calculating methane emissions from fugitive sources in the gathering and boosting segment of the gas supply chain and from the fuel combustion using reciprocating gas engines.The incorporation of preliminary estimates for 2018-19 for the agriculture sector based on ABS livestock, ABARES agricultural commodities and industry data for fertiliser application using updated emission factors from the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Recalculations in this Quarterly Update also include updates to indicators used to derive emissions estimates in the quarters beyond the official 2018-19 inventory year. These included:Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) – livestock population, crop production and rice cultivation dataAustralian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) – National Accounts dataAustralian Energy Market Operator – National Electricity Market dataDepartment of Industry, Science Energy and Resources - Resources and Energy Quarterly data and Australian Petroleum Statistics data.In addition to the changes cited above, there has also been a change to the application of indicators for the energy sector (excluding electricity, oil and gas, petroleum refining and coal mining). This particular group of emission sources is now indexed to fuel sales data provided in the Australian Petroleum Statistics.Table 7: Recalculations (Mt?CO2-e) since the March 2019 Quarterly Update, by sector, 2005 and 2017 to 2020SectorFinancial Years and Quarters20052017201820192020SepDecMarJunSepDecMarJunSepDecMarJunSepDecMarJunSepDecMarAgriculture-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.30.00.00.0Electricity0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.60.00.20.30.3Stationary energy (excluding electricity)0.00.00.00.00.10.2-0.30.10.10.00.00.1-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.4-0.90.20.0Transport0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0-0.2-0.2-0.1-0.10.20.30.30.20.10.0-0.1Fugitive emissions-0.4-0.4-0.3-0.4-0.8-0.8-0.8-0.9-0.9-0.9-1.0-1.0-1.3-1.1-1.1-1.0-1.2-0.7-0.8Industrial processes and product use0.00.00.00.0-0.10.10.00.00.00.10.0-0.1-0.40.20.00.20.2-0.2-0.4Waste0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.3-0.3-0.3LULUCF0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Total-0.5-0.5-0.4-0.4-1.0-0.6-1.2-0.8-1.2-1.1-1.2-1.3-2.2-1.2-1.0-1.4-2.0-0.8-1.3Source DataPreliminary activity data are obtained under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting System (NGERS) and from a range of publicly available sources, principally:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020), Australian Demographic Statistics, pub. no. 3101 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020), Population Clock. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2020). Agricultural Commodities, September Quarter 2020. Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2020). Australian Crop Report, September Quarter 2020. Bureau of Statistics (2020), National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Cat. No. 5206.0 Australian Energy Market Operator (2020), Market data extracted using NEM-Review software: of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (2020), Domestic Totals & Top Routes: of Meteorology (2020), Monthly climate summaries: of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020). Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2020. of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020). Australian Energy Statistics: Table F. of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020), Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System: time seriesThe ABS defines an original time series as showing ‘the actual movements in the data over time’. The actual time series in this report are equivalent to an original time series.Seasonal adjustment analysisThe ABS defines seasonal adjustment as follows: ‘A seasonally adjusted time-series is a time-series with seasonal component removed. This component shows a pattern over one year or less and is systemic or calendar related.’ The actual quarterly data have been adjusted using Demetra to remove the effects of seasonal factors. Demetra is a standard seasonal adjustment tool, consistent with methods applied by the ABS.Trend analysisThe trend series provides the best indication of underlying movements in the inventory by smoothing short term fluctuations in the seasonally adjusted series, caused for example, by extreme weather events such as floods or fires. The trend time series is estimated using the Demetra tool. More information on trend analysis is available on the ABS website with advice from the ABS, trend analysis has been suspended for elements of the estimates most severely impacted by the COVID restrictions (total emissions and transport sector) for the June quarter 2020. The ABS advises that in the short term, this measurement will be significantly affected by changes to regular patterns in economic activity.Weather normalisationThe seasonally adjusted and trend estimates are further adjusted to correct for the effects of variations around average seasonal temperatures. This process is termed ‘weather normalisation’ and is designed to provide a clearer indication of the underlying trends in the emissions data.Seasonal temperatures are an important predictor of emissions in Australia due to their influence on demand for electricity for heating and cooling (air conditioning). The seasonally adjusted series corrects for the regular effects of differences in average temperatures between seasons. The weather normalised series further corrects for fluctuations in average seasonal conditions.The weather normalisation methodology is based on the Bureau of Meteorology concept of ‘heating and cooling degree days,’ and is applied to total emissions (excluding LULUCF) and the electricity sector. The methodology is described in detail in ‘Section 7: Special Topic’ of the December 2011 edition of the Quarterly Update.Quarterly uncertaintyFor all sectors the Department’s assessment is that the 90 per cent confidence interval for the national inventory is ± 6.5 per cent (i.e. there is a 90 per cent probability that future revisions will be limited to ± 6.5 per cent of the current estimate).Sectoral emissions sources and sinksEnergyElectricity:Emissions from the combustion of fuel used to generate electricity for public use.Stationary energy excluding electricity:Energy industries: petroleum refining, gas processing and solid fuel manufacturing (including coal mining and oil/gas extraction and processing).Manufacturing industries and construction: direct emissions from the combustion of fuel to provide energy used in manufacturing such as steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, non-energy mining and pulp and paper.Other sectors: energy used by the commercial, institutional, residential sectors as well as fuel used by the agricultural, fishery and forestry equipment. This also includes all remaining fuel combustion emissions associated with military fuel use.Transport:Road transport: passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses and motorcycles.Domestic air transport: commercial passenger and light aircraft on domestic routes using either aviation gasoline or jet kerosene. International air transport is reported but not included in Australia’s total emissions (in line with international guidelines).Coastal shipping: domestic shipping and small craft. International shipping is reported but not included in Australia’s total emissions (in line with international guidelines).Rail transport: railways, but not electric rail, where fuel combustion is covered under the electricity sector.Transmission of natural gas.Fugitive emissions:Emissions, other than those attributable to energy use, from:Solid fuels: CO2 and CH4 from coal mining activities, post-mining and decommissioned mines and CO2, CH4 and N2O from flaring associated with coal mining.Oil and natural gas: exploration, extraction, production, processing and transportation of natural gas and oil. Includes leakage, evaporation and storage losses, flaring and venting of CO2, CH4 and N2O.Industrial processes and product use:Mineral industry: CO2 from cement clinker and lime production; the use of limestone and dolomite and other carbonates in industrial smelting and other processes; soda ash production and use; and magnesia production.Metal industry: CO2 and PFCs from aluminium smelting; CO2, CH4 and N2O from iron and steel production; and CO2 from the production of ferroalloys and other metals.Chemical Industry: includes N2O from the production of nitric acid; CO2, from ammonia production, acetylene use and the production of synthetic rutile and titanium dioxide; and CH4 from polymers and other chemicals.Other product manufacture and use: CO2 from the consumption of CO2 in the food and drink industry and the use of sodium bicarbonate, SF6 from electrical equipment.Product uses as substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances: HFC and refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, foam blowing, metered dose inhalers, fire extinguishers, solvent use.Non-energy products from fuel and solvent use: CO2 produced by oxidation of lubricating oils and greases.Agriculture:CH4 and N2O emissions from the consumption, decay or combustion of living and dead biomass, including:Enteric fermentation in livestock: emissions associated with microbial fermentation during digestion of feed by ruminant (mostly cattle and sheep) and some non-ruminant domestic livestock.Manure management: emissions associated with the decomposition of animal wastes while held in manure management systems.Rice cultivation: CH4 emissions from anaerobic decay of organic material when rice fields are flooded.Agricultural soils: emissions associated with the application of fertilisers, crop residues and animal wastes to agricultural lands and the use of biological nitrogen fixing crops and pastures.Field burning of agricultural residues: emissions from field burning of cereal and other crop stubble, and the emissions from burning sugar cane prior to harvest.Carbon dioxide emissions from the application of urea and lime.Waste:Emissions are predominantly CH4. Small amounts of CO2 and N2O are generated through incineration and the decomposition of human wastes respectively. The main sources are:Solid waste: emissions resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in landfills.Wastewater: emissions resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewerage facilities (including on-site systems such as septic tanks) during treatment and disposal of wastewater.Incineration: emissions resulting from the incineration of solvents and clinical waste.Biological treatment of solid waste: emissions resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of organic material in composting and anaerobic digester facilities.Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry:The LULUCF sector includes:Forest converted to other land uses: emissions and removals resulting from the direct human-induced removal of forest and replacement with pasture, crops or other uses since 1972. Emissions arise from the burning and decay of cleared vegetation, and changes in soil carbon from current and past events.Land converted to forest: emissions and removals (i.e. sinks) from forests established on agricultural land. Growth of the forests and regrowth on cleared lands provides a carbon sink, while emissions can arise from soil disturbance on the cleared lands (N2O). Both new plantings and the regeneration of forest from natural seed sources contribute to this classification as well as sequestration projects under the Emission Reduction Fund.Forest land remaining forest land: emissions and removals in forests managed under a system of practices designed to support commercial timber production such as harvest or silvicultural practices or practices that are designed to implement specific sink enhancement activities. Forest harvesting causes emissions due to the decay of harvest slash and any subsequent prescribed burning. The regrowth of forests following harvesting provides a carbon sink and the harvested wood product pool can be a carbon sink or source depending on the rate of input and the rate of decay. Wildfire emissions on forest land are reported using IPCC guidance on natural disturbances. Further information on fire emissions occurring over the 2019-20 bushfire season will be reported in the Australian Government’s National Inventory Report submitted in May 2020.Cropland: Anthropogenic emissions and removals on croplands occur as a result of changes in management practices on cropping lands, from changes in crop type (particularly woody crops) and from changes in land use.Grazing land: Anthropogenic emissions and removals on grasslands result from changes in management practices on grass lands, particularly from changes in pasture, grazing and fire management; changes in woody biomass elements and from changes in land use.Wetlands: Net emissions from the coastal lands including dredging of seagrass, aquaculture, and loss of tidal marsh areas. Changes in mangroves are reported under forest classifications.MeasurementsThe units used in this quarterly update inventory are:grams (g)tonnes (t)metres (m)litres (L)Standard metric prefixes used in this inventory are:kilo (k) = 103 (thousand)mega (M) = 106 (million)giga (G) = 109tera (T) = 1012peta (P) = 1015In this report, emissions are expressed in Mt?CO2-e, which represents millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent gas.Future publicationsThe September 2020 Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory will be published by 28 February 2021.Data tablesData table 1 SEQ Data_table_1 \* ALPHABETIC A: Actual emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-02YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2001-2002September47.519.418.910.17.320.44.0127.716.8144.5December44.319.419.69.47.120.44.0124.216.8141.0March45.418.618.58.86.920.03.9122.116.4138.5June46.819.218.79.77.320.24.0125.816.6142.42002-2003September48.619.919.69.77.819.13.8128.320.3148.6December46.219.920.28.97.819.13.8125.820.3146.1March45.419.119.18.47.818.63.7122.119.8141.9June46.419.619.39.37.718.83.7124.820.1144.82003-2004September49.020.420.39.68.219.93.6131.016.7147.7December46.820.321.08.88.319.93.6128.816.7145.5March50.019.419.88.28.119.73.6128.916.5145.4June49.119.920.09.37.919.73.6129.516.5146.0YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2004-2005September50.920.920.89.88.020.13.6134.122.9157.1December48.220.921.19.37.920.13.6131.122.9154.1March48.819.919.78.67.919.63.5128.122.4150.5June48.920.520.69.78.119.93.6131.122.7153.82005-2006September50.920.720.610.08.219.73.6133.721.2154.8December48.920.521.99.48.019.73.6131.921.2153.1March50.619.420.58.87.819.33.5129.920.7150.6June50.920.720.510.18.019.53.5133.121.0154.12006-2007September52.220.521.110.78.518.73.7135.424.6160.0December50.821.021.910.08.618.73.7134.724.6159.4March51.619.721.19.48.518.33.6132.224.1156.3June49.520.621.310.88.618.53.6132.924.4157.32007-2008September53.521.421.611.58.718.13.8138.420.8159.2December50.321.322.19.68.618.13.8133.720.8154.5March51.720.321.29.68.517.93.7132.920.6153.4June50.521.421.610.38.617.93.7134.020.6154.6YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2008-2009September55.421.922.110.39.318.23.8141.018.1159.1December52.321.422.610.48.718.23.8137.218.1155.4March52.519.221.29.27.317.83.7130.717.7148.4-2541905-2775585 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 49 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 201700 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 49 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2017June51.520.321.510.87.518.03.7133.317.9151.32009-2010September51.420.622.510.88.617.63.8135.413.4148.7December51.321.023.09.99.017.63.8135.613.4148.9March52.520.321.59.59.117.23.8133.913.1147.0June49.921.121.910.49.017.43.8133.513.2146.72010-2011September51.021.922.611.08.818.73.7137.87.7145.5December47.121.623.610.29.318.73.7134.27.7141.9March50.720.222.18.59.118.33.6132.47.5139.9June49.721.723.29.79.018.53.6135.57.6143.12011-2012September50.923.022.610.38.819.13.3138.02.7140.6December49.222.523.010.18.319.13.3135.32.7138.0March50.321.423.09.38.218.83.3134.32.6136.9June48.722.023.410.68.118.83.3135.02.6137.6YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2012-2013September47.024.123.210.77.719.23.1135.11.4136.5December45.923.923.910.38.019.23.1134.41.4135.8March47.622.222.29.57.818.73.1131.21.4132.5June46.623.222.810.37.918.93.1132.91.4134.32013-2014September45.024.123.410.07.819.33.2132.82.4135.1December44.024.023.99.98.119.33.2132.32.4134.7March47.222.722.79.77.918.93.1132.12.3134.4June44.523.823.39.88.019.13.1131.62.3133.92014-2015September47.523.223.911.98.018.53.0136.10.1136.2December46.422.724.510.78.518.53.0134.30.1134.3March47.921.523.410.08.318.13.0132.20.0132.3June47.222.423.611.28.318.33.0134.00.1134.02015-2016September49.323.024.111.88.518.33.2138.2-5.7132.5December48.023.024.511.28.018.33.2136.1-5.7130.4March49.921.924.011.38.218.13.1136.6-5.6130.9June47.522.923.911.58.318.13.1135.3-5.6129.6YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2016-2017September48.823.924.611.98.319.33.2140.0-6.8133.2December45.424.025.911.68.519.33.2137.9-6.8131.0March49.622.023.911.48.118.93.1137.0-6.7130.3June46.024.224.512.88.319.13.2138.1-6.8131.32017-2018September46.224.425.112.98.518.93.2139.2-5.2134.0December44.824.325.512.88.618.93.2138.2-5.2133.0March46.623.724.512.08.518.53.1137.0-5.1131.9June45.524.925.112.98.518.73.2138.8-5.1133.72018-2019September45.225.025.412.68.317.63.2137.2-4.9132.3December43.425.325.913.49.017.63.2137.8-4.9132.9March47.024.024.312.38.617.23.1136.5-4.8131.7June43.725.225.014.08.917.43.1137.4-4.8132.62019-2020September43.625.125.113.28.916.93.0135.8-4.4131.4December42.226.125.712.68.416.93.0134.8-4.4130.4March44.225.224.212.28.016.72.9133.3-4.4129.0June41.726.019.012.08.716.72.9127.1-4.4122.7Data table 1 SEQ Data_table_1 \* ALPHABETIC B: Seasonally adjusted emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-02YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2001-2002September46.218.918.79.57.120.34.0125.016.2141.2December45.219.118.99.67.020.34.0124.316.6140.9March45.819.219.09.57.120.24.0124.716.8141.7June46.719.319.19.47.420.34.0125.916.8142.62002-2003September47.219.419.39.27.618.93.7125.619.9145.5December47.219.619.59.07.818.93.7125.820.0145.8March45.819.819.69.08.018.83.7124.620.2145.1June46.519.719.79.07.818.93.7125.020.2145.02003-2004September47.619.920.19.08.119.83.6128.216.4144.8December47.820.020.38.98.319.83.6128.816.5145.1March50.320.120.48.98.319.93.6131.416.9148.5June49.420.120.59.08.019.73.6130.016.5146.22004-2005September49.520.420.69.27.820.03.6131.222.8154.1December49.120.520.49.47.920.03.6131.022.8153.7March48.920.620.29.48.019.83.6130.622.8153.5June49.420.621.09.48.219.93.6131.722.6154.12005-2006September49.420.220.49.48.019.63.6130.721.2152.0December49.820.221.29.57.919.63.5131.821.1152.8March50.620.221.19.67.919.53.5132.321.0153.4June51.620.820.99.88.119.43.6133.920.5154.42006-2007September50.620.020.910.08.318.73.6132.424.9157.3December51.720.621.210.18.518.63.6134.624.6159.1March51.520.621.610.38.618.53.6134.524.2158.9June50.320.721.710.58.718.53.6133.723.7157.52007-2008September52.020.821.410.88.518.03.7135.621.3156.7December51.220.921.49.78.517.93.7133.520.9154.3March51.421.221.710.58.718.03.8135.120.6155.8June51.421.521.910.08.817.83.7134.719.5154.62008-2009September53.921.321.99.79.118.13.7138.319.1157.0December53.421.021.910.48.518.03.7137.018.4155.3March52.020.121.710.07.418.03.7132.817.6150.5June52.320.421.810.57.618.03.7134.016.7151.0YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2009-2010September50.220.022.310.38.517.53.8133.014.5147.1December52.420.622.39.98.817.43.8135.313.6149.0March51.921.322.110.49.217.43.8135.912.8148.8June50.521.222.110.19.117.43.8134.211.9146.12010-2011September50.221.222.510.48.718.63.7135.48.9144.3December48.121.222.910.29.218.63.7134.08.0142.0March49.821.122.79.29.218.63.6134.27.2141.5June50.121.823.49.49.118.63.6136.26.5142.42011-2012September50.422.322.59.98.818.93.3135.63.8139.7December50.322.122.310.08.118.93.3135.13.0138.1March49.322.423.710.08.319.13.3136.02.3138.4June49.022.123.610.38.218.93.2135.71.7137.02012-2013September46.723.423.110.27.819.03.1132.92.3135.7December47.023.623.310.37.919.03.1134.31.7136.0March46.523.322.810.27.919.03.1132.71.1133.7June46.923.323.010.17.919.03.1133.40.7133.8YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2013-2014September44.723.423.39.67.919.23.2130.93.1134.2December45.023.623.29.98.019.13.1132.32.6134.9March46.023.723.310.47.919.13.1133.52.0135.5June45.023.823.59.68.019.03.1131.91.8133.62014-2015September47.222.623.711.58.118.53.0134.50.6135.2December47.522.323.810.78.318.43.0134.30.3134.6March46.722.524.010.68.318.43.0133.5-0.2133.2June47.722.323.910.98.318.33.0134.1-0.3133.92015-2016September48.922.523.911.48.618.23.2136.8-5.4131.5December49.322.623.811.37.818.23.1136.2-5.5130.7March48.522.824.711.98.318.33.2137.8-5.9131.9June48.122.924.111.28.317.93.1135.3-5.8129.42016-2017September48.423.524.411.68.319.33.2138.8-6.6132.2December46.623.725.111.78.319.23.2137.9-6.7131.3March48.122.824.612.08.219.13.2138.2-6.8131.2June46.624.124.812.58.318.93.2138.0-6.8131.0YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2017-2018September45.924.024.912.68.519.03.2138.1-5.1133.2December46.124.024.712.98.518.93.2138.3-5.1133.2March45.124.625.112.68.718.73.2138.2-5.2132.9June46.024.825.412.58.518.53.2138.7-5.1133.22018-2019September45.124.625.212.48.317.73.2136.2-4.9131.8December44.724.925.113.48.917.53.2137.9-4.8133.0March45.324.925.012.98.817.33.1137.7-4.8132.7June44.025.025.313.68.917.23.2137.1-4.7131.92019-2020September43.624.824.913.18.917.02.9135.0-4.6131.1December43.425.724.912.68.316.82.9135.0-4.4130.4March42.626.124.812.88.216.83.0134.5-4.4130.0June42.025.919.211.68.716.52.9126.6-4.3122.0Data table 1 SEQ Data_table_1 \* ALPHABETIC C: Trend emissions (Mt), by sector, by quarter, since 2001-02YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2001-2002September46.118.918.79.77.120.34.0124.917.2142.0December45.519.118.89.67.020.34.0124.716.3140.8March45.819.219.09.57.120.24.0124.916.6141.4June46.719.319.19.47.319.83.9125.517.5143.02002-2003September47.319.419.39.27.619.33.8125.819.2145.0December46.919.619.59.07.818.93.7125.320.3145.8March46.319.719.69.07.918.83.7125.020.5145.3June46.519.819.89.07.919.03.7125.619.4144.92003-2004September47.519.920.09.08.119.53.6127.417.2144.8December48.720.020.38.98.319.83.6129.316.2145.3March49.520.120.48.98.219.83.6130.416.8146.8June49.620.220.59.08.019.83.6130.818.5149.22004-2005September49.420.420.59.27.819.93.6130.921.1151.8December49.120.520.49.47.920.03.6130.922.8153.4March49.020.620.49.48.019.93.6131.022.9154.0June49.220.520.69.48.119.83.6131.022.3153.5YearQuarterEnergyIndustrial processes and product useAgricultureWasteTotal excluding LULUCFLULUCFNational Inventory TotalElectricityStationary energy excl. electricityTransportFugitive emissions2005-2006September49.520.320.89.48.019.73.6131.221.5152.6December49.820.121.19.57.919.63.5131.821.0152.5March50.820.221.19.67.919.53.5132.420.8153.3June51.120.320.99.88.119.23.6133.021.9154.72006-2007September51.220.520.910.08.318.83.6133.624.0157.1December51.420.521.210.18.518.63.6134.024.9159.0March51.220.621.610.38.718.53.6134.324.4158.8June51.020.721.710.58.718.43.6134.523.3157.82007-2008September51.320.821.510.68.518.13.7134.521.8156.2December51.520.921.510.58.518.03.7134.420.8155.2March51.121.221.710.48.617.93.8134.720.4154.9June52.021.421.910.08.918.03.7135.719.7155.62008-2009September53.321.321.99.99.018.03.7136.919.0156.3December53.320.921.910.18.518.13.7137.618.4155.0March52.420.421.710.27.818.03.7133.117.7151.9June51.720.121.910.37.817.93.7133.316.4149.32009-2010September51.620.122.210.28.317.63.8134.314.8148.3December52.020.722.310.18.917.43.8135.013.6148.6March51.821.222.110.29.217.53.8135.312.8148.5June50.821.322.110.39.117.83.8135.111.3146.52010-2011September49.621.222.510.38.918.23.7134.69.4144.0December49.121.222.810.19.118.53.7134.48.0142.2March49.421.322.89.69.218.63.6134.87.3141.8June50.221.822.79.59.118.73.5135.36.1141.72011-2012September50.422.222.59.88.718.83.4135.74.2140.0December50.222.322.710.08.419.03.3135.92.8138.4March49.622.323.310.18.219.03.3135.52.2138.0June48.522.823.510.28.119.03.2135.02.0137.02012-2013-1760855-716915 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 59 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 201700 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 59 / Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2017September47.323.323.310.37.919.03.2134.22.1136.1December46.623.523.110.37.819.03.1133.61.8135.3March46.823.422.910.27.919.03.1133.11.0134.2June46.123.323.010.07.919.03.1132.41.3133.72013-2014September45.123.423.29.77.919.13.1132.02.4134.3December45.123.623.39.97.919.13.2132.12.7135.0March45.523.823.310.37.919.13.1132.62.2134.9June45.923.423.510.58.018.93.1133.31.6134.62014-2015September46.822.823.710.78.118.63.1133.70.8134.7December47.322.423.910.78.318.43.0133.90.2134.5March47.022.423.910.68.318.43.0134.1-0.3133.8June47.722.423.910.98.318.33.0134.6-1.8133.12015-2016September48.922.523.911.28.318.23.1135.8-4.0131.8December49.122.723.911.58.218.23.1136.7-5.5131.0March48.622.824.111.58.318.23.2137.2-5.8131.3June48.323.024.211.58.318.53.2137.5-6.0131.62016-2017September47.923.424.411.58.318.93.2137.9-6.5131.6December47.523.624.611.78.319.23.2138.1-6.8131.5March47.223.624.712.08.219.13.2138.2-6.9131.0June46.723.724.712.48.319.03.2138.1-6.5131.62017-2018September46.123.924.812.78.418.93.2138.1-5.5132.7December45.724.124.912.88.618.93.2138.2-5.0133.3March45.624.525.112.78.618.73.2138.3-5.2133.1June45.524.725.312.48.518.43.2138.2-5.1132.82018-2019September45.224.725.212.68.517.93.2137.9-4.9132.5December44.924.825.212.98.617.53.2137.8-4.8132.6March44.924.925.113.28.817.33.1137.5-4.8132.8June44.324.925.113.48.917.23.1136.7-4.7132.02019-2020September43.625.125.013.18.817.03.0135.5-4.6131.1December43.325.624.912.88.416.93.0134.8-4.4130.3March42.726.024.912.58.316.72.9134.5-4.4130.1June41.926.0Not estimated11.98.616.52.9Not estimated-4.3Not estimatedTracking Australia’s emissionsThe data presented in REF _Ref56175879 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 8 and REF _Ref47456430 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 21 include Australia’s annual emissions for 2000 to 2020.Australia’s annual emissions for the year to June 2020 are estimated to be 513.4?Mt?CO2-e. This figure is 5.7?per?cent below emissions in the year to June 2000 (544.2?Mt?CO2-e) and 16.6?per?cent below emissions in the year to June 2005 (612.7?Mt CO2-e).Table 8: National inventory total from 2000 to 2020, by financial yearFinancial YearEmissions (Mt?CO2-e)2000544.22001575.02002566.42003581.52004584.62005615.52006612.72007632.92008621.72009614.22010591.32011570.42012553.22013539.22014538.12015536.82016523.52017525.92018532.72019529.52020513.4Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 21: National inventory total, year to June 2000 to year to June 2020Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesRelated publications and resourcesAustralia’s national Greenhouse AccountsThe following Department of Industry Science Energy and Resources (DISER) publications are all available at: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: Quarterly UpdatesQuarterly Updates of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory are the most up to date source of information on Australia’s national emissions. They provide a summary of Australia’s national emissions, updated on a quarterly basis. They give timely information to policy makers, markets and the public to demonstrate how Australia is tracking against its targets.Access past and future quarterly updates: 5167879103320National Inventory Report 2018The three volumes comprising Australia’s forthcoming National Inventory Report 2018 were submitted under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol in May 2020. These reports contain national greenhouse gas emission estimates for the period 1990-2018 and preliminary estimates for 2019 compiled under the rules for reporting applicable to the UNFCCC.Volume 1: Includes Australia’s data for energy (stationary energy, transport and fugitive emissions), industrial processes and product use, and agriculture.Volume 2: Australia’s data for the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) and waste sectors, recalculations and improvements.Volume 3: Australia’s data for Kyoto Protocol LULUCF, Kyoto Protocol accounting requirements, annexes, glossary and references.Read the report: 1736215771State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2018This document provides an overview of the latest available estimates of annual greenhouse gas emissions for Australia’s States and Territories. It complements Australia’s National Inventory Report 2018 and the National Inventory by Economic Sector 2018.Read the inventories: 5375246161556National Inventory by Economic Sector 2018This document provides an overview of the latest available estimates of annual greenhouse gas emissions, disaggregated by Australia-New Zealand Standard Industrial Classifications (ANZSIC). It complements Australia’s National Inventory Report 2018 and the State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2018.Read the inventory: Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS)The AGEIS centralises the Department’s emissions estimation, emissions data management and reporting systems. AGEIS is being used to compile national and State and Territory inventories. The interactive web interface provides enhanced accessibility and transparency to Australia’s greenhouse emissions data: ’s Emissions Projections 2019The report provides detail on emissions trends, including sector specific analysis of factors driving emissions. The report estimates the emissions reduction effort required to meet Australia’s emissions reduction targets. The projections include sensitivity analyses to illustrate how emissions may differ under changes in economic growth. 5057775244339Full Carbon Accounting ModelThe Full Carbon Accounting Model (FullCAM) is the calculation engine which supports the estimation of carbon stock change on forest and agricultural systems. FullCAM can be downloaded from the former Department’s webpage: 02058Australia’s Seventh National Communication/Fourth Biennial ReportAustralia’s Seventh National Communication (2017) summarises information on Australia’s implementation of its UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol obligations including: emissions and removals of greenhouse gases; national circumstances; policies and measures; vulnerability assessment; financial, technology and capacity building cooperation; education, training, and public awareness. Countries such as Australia are required to submit these reports to the UNFCCC every four years. In accordance with international reporting requirements, the 2017 National Communication also incorporates Australia’s Third Biennial Report. Australia has recently submitted its Fourth Biennial Report (2019). These must be submitted every two years and outline Australia’s progress in achieving emission reductions and the provision of financial, technology, and capacity-building support. More information is available at: the rest of the world is doingOther developed countries are also required to produce annual greenhouse gas inventories. More information regarding the reporting requirements and various international reports (including reports by Australia) are located online. ................
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