Bio 105 Env - Mt. San Antonio College



Bio 20 Marine Biology – Final Exam Outline

Human and the Sea

I. Human Population

A. Human population in the world is over 7 billion

- It is predicted that the world population will double in 50 years.

- Human population in the U.S is over 313 million.



B. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) majority of people live near the coast:

The narrow coastal fringe that makes up 17 percent of our nation's contiguous land area is home to about 53 % of its population.

This population is expected to increase by an average of 3,600 people per day, reaching 165 million by the year 2015.

California led in coastal population change in the past two decades, increasing by 9.9 million people. This represents an increase of 1,179 persons every day in California’s coastal areas.

II. What We Take From the Sea

Food from the Sea

A. Fisheries - concentration of species suitable for harvesting

C.

Majority of harvest consist of fishes (finfish) = 84 % of total catch

- provides 16% of animal protein consumed worldwide

Also harvest molluscs & crustaceans (shellfish)

B. Worldwide catches then & now

C. Issues in the Fishing Industry: “Empty Oceans Empty Nets” video

What is bycatch? Is bycatch a problem in today’s fisheries? Explain why.

What fishery is the considered the most destructive and wasteful? Explain why it is so destructive and wasteful.

What are the low technology, low industrial fishing practices that occur? What marine communities do these practices tend to target?

Many developed nations like Japan, U.S., and those in Europe have become huge importers of seafood because their own waters are overfished. Why does this harm fisheries even more?

Georges Bank: Once the most productive fishing grounds in the world, with cod and haddock:

Briefly describe how the current practices of catching and transporting cod and haddock in Georges Bank has changed between now and the mid 1800s – 1900s.

How did the U.S. government contribute to the overfishing of Georges Bank?

Describe why bottom trawling is so destructive to the marine ecosystem.

Swordfish: Another New England fishery:

Describe how and where (i.e. close to shore or far out at sea) swordfish were caught before the 1960s and how and where they are caught today.

What was the average weight of swordfish before 1963?

In 1970 what was the average weight?

In 1996?

How many of the swordfish caught today are juveniles that have not had the chance to reproduce?

What is a major problem with long lining fishing?

Alaskan Fisheries: Pacific Halibut and Pacific Salmon:

Describe how Alaska is able to successfully manage the Pacific halibut fishery.

Describe how Alaska is able to successfully manage the Pacific salmon fishery.

Consumers, like you, can make a difference:

Describe how consumers and merchants can make a positive difference in today’s fishery crises.



Aquaculture: Farmed Seafood:

Describe why certain farmed seafood does not alleviate the problem of overfishing.

What type of marine organisms are better choices to farm and describe why?

III. Reasons for Species Loss

A. Habitat Destruction

B. Biotic Pollution – introduction of foreign or exotic species that do not naturally occur in an area

Strange Days On Planet Earth: Invaders video

1. How are foreign species introduced into new areas?

2. Why is biotic pollution harmful to ecosystems?

C. Pollution – artificial substances introduced by humans that decreases quality of environment

Strange Days on Planet Earth: Troubled Waters video

How are beluga whales being affected by chemicals?

Biological Magnification:

Watch this video and answer the following questions:

1. Describe how a dead zone in coastal waters is produced and state what human activities cause dead zones. Also, state how many dead zones exist worldwide

2. List solutions that can decrease the existence of dead zones.

Watch this video and answer the following questions:

1. Describe how the toxins that are released by red tides have affected people and manatees that live near Florida’s coasts.

Fast forward this video to the “Invisible Killer” segment and watch and answer the following questions:

1. Briefly describe how domoic acid affects marine animals such as sea lions.

Watch this video and answer the following questions:

1. Describe the general movement pattern of floating debris in the Pacific Ocean, state the size of the patch that is off of the western U.S., and state what type of debris makes up the majority of this patch.

2. Describe how the seabirds living on the Midway Atoll are being affected by the world’s trash.

D. Overexploitation/Overfishing

Strange Days On Planet Earth: Predators video

What are the effects of fishing down the food web on coral reefs?

Watch this video and answer the following questions:

1. Describe why Jeremy Jackson believes that we are heading toward a time when bacteria and jellyfish ruled the oceans, a trend called “the rise of slime” in the oceans.

2. Describe what fishing down the food web is and what effects it is having on ecosystems and fishers like Grovea Simpson from Georgia

E. Global Climate Change – Lethal Seas video

America’s Northwest Coast:

What animal and what life stage of this animal is currently under threat?

What was the suspected culprit that was negatively affecting this animal?

If the pH of a liquid is low, is the acidity high or low?

On average, how much has the ocean’s acidity been increasing?

What is the driving force of ocean acidity?

How does this chemical reaction affect marine organisms like oysters?

Coral Reefs-Papua New Guinea:

What is naturally bubbling up into the water from the sea floor and what is causing it?

Why was the scientist excited about finding this acidic site?

Describe the corals that dominate the highly acidic reefs and describe the corals that are absent.

What did the scientist find in terms of species diversity of sea creatures on the coral heads from the control reef versus the acidic reef?

What level of the food chain do the sea creatures on coral heads make up?

Arctic and Antarctic Seas:

Why are pteropods so important to these cold waters?

How has rising acidity affected pteropods in these waters?

Back to Papua New Guinea:

How are fishes affected by increased acidity?

What organism is actually thriving in the high acidity and describe why it is thriving?

West Coast of U.S.:

Why is the West coast a good place to understand how marine life copes with fluctuating pH?

What organism seems to have adapted to the high acidity here?

How did this organism become more efficient at building its calcium carbonate shell?

Back to Papua New Guinea:

What did the scientist determine regarding the growth of baby corals in areas with normal versus high acidity?

What would be the best solution to ocean acidification?

IV. Marine Reserves

A. What is a marine reserve?

B. What good are reserves?

C. Can reserves produce benefits outside their boundaries? How so?

D. Can reserves benefit migratory fish? How?

E. Our state has and is establishing marine reserves and protected areas in order to safeguard the long-term health of our marine life!

Channel Islands Marine Reserves:

California Marine Protected Areas:

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