Directions: Cut and paste in “Structure and Functions of ...
Directions: Cut and paste in “Structure and Functions of Living Organisms” section of foldableParts Found in Plants and AnimalsFunctionCell membraneOuter boundary of the cell and allows only certain material to move in/out of cellCytoplasmA gel-like material inside the cell; contains water and nutrients NucleusDirects the activity of a cellNuclear membraneSeparates the nucleus from the cytoplasmMitochondria“powerhouse” break down food and release energy to the cellvacuolesStorage areas for the cellOrganelles only in plant cellsFunctionCell wallProvides structure to the plant cellChloroplastsContain chlorophyll that makes food for the plant cell Human Body SystemFunctionUrinary systemdisposes of dissolved waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and lungs aid in the transfer of thermal energy from the body (major organs: kidneysCirculatory system“Transportation system” moves substances to or from cells where they are needed or produced, responding to changing demands (major organs: heart, blood)Skeletal systemProvides the support for movement and protection of internal organsMuscular systemCreates the force that enable the body to move and carry out different functions related to movementImmune systemProtects cells from microscopic invadersNervous systemcontrols body processes by using electrical impulses via a network of nervesEndocrine systemuses chemical messages called hormones, which are released into the blood and regulate many bodily processesDigestive systemBreaks down food into nutrients body needs (major organs: mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus)Reproduction systemEnables organism to make more of its own kindRespiratory systemTakes in oxygen and carbon dioxide to help you breathe. (Major organs: lungs Single-Celled OrganismsAmoebaUses pseudopods (false feet) to move around and get its foodParameciumMost complex protist, moves by cilia (tiny hair-like structures), some contain chlorophyllVolvox Colony of ciliates, some contain chlorophyllEuglenaKnown for its eyespot and moves using a flagella (whip-like structure)Directions: Cut and paste in “Evolution and Genetics” section of foldableKey VocabularyDefinitionGametemale and female sex cells, sperm and eggsAllelealternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organismPhenotypethe physical appearance of a trait in an organismGenotypethe genes of an organism; for one specific trait we use two letters to represent the genotypeRecessivetrait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a traitDominantobserved trait of an organism that mask the recessive form of a traitChromosomeCell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generationhybridoffspring formed by parents having different forms of a specific traitGeneSegment of DNA that controls protein production and the cell cycleHomozygousWhen the 2 alleles are the same (2 dominant or 2 recessive)Heterogenouswhen there are two different alleles for a traitTraitcharacteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive Cut and paste in the “Energy Conservation” section of foldable (3 items)Types of EnergyDescriptionExamplePotential EnergyEnergy that is stored upStretched rubber band, gasolineKinetic energyEnergy in motionMoving a skateboard, blowing windSound energyVibration of particlesCar hornElectromagnetic energyTransmitted as EM waves and produced by vibrations of electrically charged particlesLight, x-rays, microwavesChemical energyEnergy stored in chemical bonds of compoundsFood, matchesThermal energy (heat)Energy of an object due to motion of its molecules fire, rubbing hands together, ice meltingElectrical EnergyPower created by electronsBatteries, electricitySimple MachineDescriptionExampleLeverhas a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum Shovel, seesaw, baseball batPulleyconsists of a wheel over which a rope, chain, or wire passes Elevator, rig on flagpole, window blindsWheel and axleA wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loadsBikeInclined planeFlat surface that is raised so that one end is higher than the otherWheelchair rampWedgean object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apartAx, doorstopperScrewholds things together or lifts materialsScrew, corkscrew Cut and paste in the “Forces and Motion” section of foldable Newton’s 1st Lawan object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced forceEx: ball rolling will keep rolling until the unbalance force(friction) stops itNewton’s 2nd LawForce=mass x accelerationMore force needed to move a bowling ball than a tennis ballNewton’s 3rd lawThe third law says that for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).If you push on a wall, there’s an = and opposite force pushing back on you. DO NOT CUT OUT THE NOTES!!Copy the following information in the “Structure and Functions of Living Organisms” section of foldable Prokaryote: organism without a nucleusEukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton; have a nucleusA system is a group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival. System levels of organization progress from cells to tissues to organs and then systems. Systems work alone and with other systems to allow your body to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is a stable internal environment that allows you (and your cells) to survive.Copy the following information in the “Evolution and Genetics” section of foldableA Punnett Square shows the genotype’s two individuals can produce when crossed (founded by Reginald Punnett)Gregor Mendel: father of genetics; studied pea plantsIn humans, body cells have 46 chromosomes a piece (receive 23 from each parent)The ONLY way for a recessive trait to show up in an organism is if that organism's genotype is homozygous recessive (two little letters, like "rr").Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring and genetics is the study of heredity.A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that use symbols to represent people and lines to represent genetic relationshipsMeiosis — sexual reproduction; type of cell division where one body cell produces for gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes in a parent’s body. Ex: fertilization--male (sperm) and female (egg) sex cells come togetherMitosis—asexual reproduction; nucleus undergoes cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete of chromosomes Ex: budding—a cell or group of cells pinch off from the parent to form a new individual Copy the following information in the “Energy Conservation” section of foldableMechanical Energy = sum of objects potential and kinetic energy EX: cars’ moving energy or book resting on top of tableThe faster molecules move = more thermal energy Heat is energy transferred from object of higher temp to object of lower temp. (always flows from hot to cold)The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; only transferred from one from of energy to another. (energy transformation)Temperature measured in degrees; thermometer is used to measure temperature- Celsius Scale - most commonly used around the world; water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C- Fahrenheit Scale- used in United States; water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°FA simple machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. Compound machines are a combination 1 or more simple machines.Mechanical advantage is the number of times the machine multiplies force.(output force/input force)Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) is what is desired of a machine (usually 100%), where Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is what the machine actually does. A complete circuit is made by a closed path through which an electric current flows or may flow.Copy the following notes in “Forces and Motion” Section of FoldableMotion: a change in position, measured by distance and time.?Frame of reference: the point from which movement is determined. To measure movement, some point must be considered as nonmoving. Earth is the most common frame of referenceVelocity: speed in a given direction. Velocity gives distance, time, and the direction of travel.Force: any push or pull. Forces give energy to objects. Forces cause a change in motion. Friction: a force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching. Gravity: the force of attraction between all objects in the universe.? Free fall - an object falling under the influence of gravity. Near the surface of the earth all objects are accelerated by gravity at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s Weight: the effect of gravity on an object’s mass (Weight a change due to gravity but mass does not change.)Momentum: the product of the mass of an object and its velocity.All moving objects have momentum. To calculate momentum, use the equation: Momentum = Mass x VelocityAn unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed or direction of motion, or both. If a force is balanced, it is not moving.Inertia is the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion. Likewise, inertia is the reason a moving object stays in motion with the same velocity unless a force changes its speed or direction or both. Copy notes in the “Earth Systems” section of the foldable3 Ways heat is transferred Conduction- transfer of heat from one object to another through DIRECT CONTACT-warmer object transfers energy to cooler object until equal temp- conductors – transfers heat well like metals- insulators – poor conductors of heat such as wood, paper, and plastic foam- Convection- transfer of heat by movement of liquid or gas- increase of temp causes density of substance to decrease and move upward- Radiation- transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves- Sun is biggest source of radiation heat transferCopy on the back of your foldable:Scientific method steps:1. Define Problem or question2. Gather information3. Form hypothesis4. Plan experiment and identify variables5. Conduct experiment 6. Analyze and organize data 7. Draw conclusions and share results-independent variable- factors that are changed or manipulated in an experiment (goes on X-axis: horizontal);only ONE independent variable per experiment (EX: color of the light bulb) - dependent variable- outcome variable or factor being measured or observed (goes on Y-axis: vertical); EX: growth of plantsGraphs shows data in a visual way and makes it easier to understand the data. ................
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