CHAPTER 1: SHOULD WE GIVE UP ON CAUSALITY

You could construct a cxc contingency table, where c is the number of categories (scale points) and see if most of the frequencies lie in the upper-right and lower-left portions of the table. That would require a large number of respondents if c is more than 3 or so, in order to "fill up" the c2 cells; otherwise the table would look rather anemic. ................
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