Survey and health assessment of chemical substances in ...

Survey and health assessment of chemical substances in essential oils and fragrance oils

Carsten Lassen, Sven Havelund & Sonja Mikkelsen COWI Inge Bondgaard Eurofins Martin Silberschmidt ms consult

Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products, No. 92 2008

The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA.

Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA.

The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark.

Content

PREFACE

7

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9

1 INTRODUCTION

15

1.1 OBJECTIVE

15

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY

15

2 SURVEY

17

2.1 DELIMITATION OF THE SURVEY

17

2.2 THE MARKET FOR ESSENTIAL OILS AND FRAGRANCE OILS

18

2.2.1 Product types

18

2.2.2 Actors on the market and turnover

18

2.2.3 Consumer groups

19

2.2.4 Found products

20

2.3 USE PATTERN FOR THE PRODUCTS

23

2.4 CONSTITUENTS

28

2.4.1 Essential oils

28

2.4.2 Fragrance oils

42

2.5 LABELLING, LEGISLATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

46

2.5.1 Classification and labelling according to chemical legislation

47

2.5.2 Labelled in accordance with the cosmetics legislation

49

2.5.3 Labelling of products and recommendations

49

2.6 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ON CHEMICAL

SUBSTANCES IN TRADITIONAL AIR FRESHENERS

51

3 EXPOSURE SCENARIOS

53

4 RESULTS OF ANALYSIS PROGRAM

57

4.1 SELECTION OF PRODUCTS FOR ANALYSIS

57

4.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

61

4.2.1 Quantitative description of constituents

61

4.2.2 Climate chamber test

61

4.3 QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUENTS

63

4.4 CLIMATE CHAMBER TEST

65

4.4.1 Candle diffuser

65

4.4.2 Aroma Stream

67

4.5 INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSIS RESULTS

68

4.5.1 Aroma Stream

68

4.5.2 Candle diffuser

72

4.6 SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR HEALTH ASSESSMENT

74

5 HEALTH ASSESSMENT

75

5.1 SEARCH OF DATA

75

5.2 TOXICITY IN SELECTED SUBSTANCES BY INHALATION

77

5.2.1 D-limonene

77

5.2.2 Alpha-Pinene

78

5.2.3 Benzyl alcohol

82

5.2.4 p-Cymene

84

5

5.2.5 Citral

86

5.2.6 Camphor

87

5.3 EXPOSURE TO SELECTED SUBSTANCES BY INHALATION

88

5.4 RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH ASPECTS

92

6 REFERENCES

97

APPENDIX 1

26 FRAGRANCES COVERED BY DIRECTIVE 2003/15/EC

103

APPENDIX 2

CONSTITUENTS OF A NUMBER OF ESSENTIAL OILS

105

APPENDIX 3

CONSTITUENTS OF FRAGRANCE OILS

113

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Preface

The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has initiated a special effort to survey chemical substances in consumer products. The survey is accomplished by a series of projects with the purpose of illuminating the population's exposure to chemical substances and the possible risks related to this. Essential oils, fragrance oils and air refreshers all contain fragrances in varying quantities. When using the products, fragrances and auxiliary substances are spread in the rooms where they are used and persons being present in the rooms are exposure to the substances. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has thus initiated a survey of the use of aromatherapy oils and fragrance oils with the aim of investigating the possible health effects caused by inhalation of chemical substances in the oils. The successful implementation of the project has depended on information from a number of suppliers, importers, producers and users of products for aromatherapy and therefore we especially thanks all those who has contributed by answering questions and submitting product information. The project's primary target group is the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, market actors as well as professional and private users of the products. Steering group The project has been followed by a steering group consisting of: Anette Ejersted, Danish Environmental Protection Agency (Chairman) Bettina Andersen, Danish Environmental Protection Agency Shima Dobel, Danish Environmental Protection Agency Carsten Lassen, COWI A/S Inge Bondgaard, Eurofins Danmark A/S Martin Silberschmidt, ms consult - International Public Health Working group The project was carried out by a multidisciplinary team consisting of: Carsten Lassen (project manager), Sven Havelund og Sonja Mikkelsen, COWI, Inge Bondgaard, Eurofins and Martin Silberschmidt, ms consult.

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