PostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual
ļ»æPostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual
The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
PostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual
by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Copyright ? 1996-2001 by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Legal Notice
PostgreSQL is Copyright ? 1996-2001 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is distributed under the terms of the license of the
University of California below.
Postgres95 is Copyright ? 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California.
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN ”°AS-IS”± BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,
SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
Table of Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................vi
I. SQL Commands .....................................................................................................................................1
ABORT ..............................................................................................................................................2
ALTER GROUP.................................................................................................................................4
ALTER TABLE..................................................................................................................................6
ALTER USER ..................................................................................................................................10
ANALYZE .......................................................................................................................................12
BEGIN .............................................................................................................................................14
CHECKPOINT ................................................................................................................................16
CLOSE .............................................................................................................................................17
CLUSTER ........................................................................................................................................19
COMMENT .....................................................................................................................................21
COMMIT .........................................................................................................................................23
COPY ...............................................................................................................................................25
CREATE AGGREGATE..................................................................................................................31
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER ..............................................................................................34
CREATE DATABASE .....................................................................................................................36
CREATE FUNCTION .....................................................................................................................39
CREATE GROUP ............................................................................................................................43
CREATE INDEX .............................................................................................................................45
CREATE LANGUAGE....................................................................................................................49
CREATE OPERATOR .....................................................................................................................52
CREATE RULE ...............................................................................................................................57
CREATE SEQUENCE.....................................................................................................................60
CREATE TABLE .............................................................................................................................64
CREATE TABLE AS .......................................................................................................................73
CREATE TRIGGER ........................................................................................................................75
CREATE TYPE................................................................................................................................78
CREATE USER ...............................................................................................................................82
CREATE VIEW ...............................................................................................................................85
DECLARE .......................................................................................................................................88
DELETE...........................................................................................................................................91
DROP AGGREGATE ......................................................................................................................93
DROP DATABASE ..........................................................................................................................95
DROP FUNCTION ..........................................................................................................................97
DROP GROUP.................................................................................................................................99
DROP INDEX................................................................................................................................100
DROP LANGUAGE ......................................................................................................................102
DROP OPERATOR........................................................................................................................104
DROP RULE ..................................................................................................................................106
DROP SEQUENCE .......................................................................................................................108
DROP TABLE................................................................................................................................110
DROP TRIGGER...........................................................................................................................112
DROP TYPE ..................................................................................................................................114
DROP USER ..................................................................................................................................116
iii
DROP VIEW..................................................................................................................................118
END ...............................................................................................................................................120
EXPLAIN.......................................................................................................................................122
FETCH ...........................................................................................................................................125
GRANT ..........................................................................................................................................129
INSERT ..........................................................................................................................................132
LISTEN ..........................................................................................................................................135
LOAD.............................................................................................................................................137
LOCK.............................................................................................................................................138
MOVE ............................................................................................................................................143
NOTIFY .........................................................................................................................................145
REINDEX ......................................................................................................................................148
RESET ...........................................................................................................................................151
REVOKE........................................................................................................................................153
ROLLBACK...................................................................................................................................155
SELECT .........................................................................................................................................157
SELECT INTO...............................................................................................................................169
SET.................................................................................................................................................171
SET CONSTRAINTS ....................................................................................................................175
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ..............................................................................................176
SET TRANSACTION....................................................................................................................177
SHOW ............................................................................................................................................179
TRUNCATE ...................................................................................................................................181
UNLISTEN ....................................................................................................................................183
UPDATE.........................................................................................................................................185
VACUUM.......................................................................................................................................187
II. PostgreSQL Client Applications......................................................................................................190
createdb ..........................................................................................................................................191
createlang .......................................................................................................................................194
createuser .......................................................................................................................................196
dropdb ............................................................................................................................................199
droplang .........................................................................................................................................201
dropuser..........................................................................................................................................203
ecpg ................................................................................................................................................205
pgaccess..........................................................................................................................................210
pg_config........................................................................................................................................213
pg_dump.........................................................................................................................................215
pg_dumpall.....................................................................................................................................221
pg_restore.......................................................................................................................................223
psql .................................................................................................................................................230
pgtclsh ............................................................................................................................................251
pgtksh .............................................................................................................................................252
vacuumdb .......................................................................................................................................253
iv
III. PostgreSQL Server Applications ...................................................................................................256
initdb ..............................................................................................................................................257
initlocation .....................................................................................................................................259
ipcclean ..........................................................................................................................................260
pg_ctl..............................................................................................................................................261
pg_passwd ......................................................................................................................................265
postgres ..........................................................................................................................................267
postmaster ......................................................................................................................................271
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