PostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual

PostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual

The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

PostgreSQL 7.2 Reference Manual

by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

Copyright ? 1996-2001 by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group

Legal Notice

PostgreSQL is Copyright ? 1996-2001 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is distributed under the terms of the license of the

University of California below.

Postgres95 is Copyright ? 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement

is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS

DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN ��AS-IS�� BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,

SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.

Table of Contents

Preface .......................................................................................................................................................vi

I. SQL Commands .....................................................................................................................................1

ABORT ..............................................................................................................................................2

ALTER GROUP.................................................................................................................................4

ALTER TABLE..................................................................................................................................6

ALTER USER ..................................................................................................................................10

ANALYZE .......................................................................................................................................12

BEGIN .............................................................................................................................................14

CHECKPOINT ................................................................................................................................16

CLOSE .............................................................................................................................................17

CLUSTER ........................................................................................................................................19

COMMENT .....................................................................................................................................21

COMMIT .........................................................................................................................................23

COPY ...............................................................................................................................................25

CREATE AGGREGATE..................................................................................................................31

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER ..............................................................................................34

CREATE DATABASE .....................................................................................................................36

CREATE FUNCTION .....................................................................................................................39

CREATE GROUP ............................................................................................................................43

CREATE INDEX .............................................................................................................................45

CREATE LANGUAGE....................................................................................................................49

CREATE OPERATOR .....................................................................................................................52

CREATE RULE ...............................................................................................................................57

CREATE SEQUENCE.....................................................................................................................60

CREATE TABLE .............................................................................................................................64

CREATE TABLE AS .......................................................................................................................73

CREATE TRIGGER ........................................................................................................................75

CREATE TYPE................................................................................................................................78

CREATE USER ...............................................................................................................................82

CREATE VIEW ...............................................................................................................................85

DECLARE .......................................................................................................................................88

DELETE...........................................................................................................................................91

DROP AGGREGATE ......................................................................................................................93

DROP DATABASE ..........................................................................................................................95

DROP FUNCTION ..........................................................................................................................97

DROP GROUP.................................................................................................................................99

DROP INDEX................................................................................................................................100

DROP LANGUAGE ......................................................................................................................102

DROP OPERATOR........................................................................................................................104

DROP RULE ..................................................................................................................................106

DROP SEQUENCE .......................................................................................................................108

DROP TABLE................................................................................................................................110

DROP TRIGGER...........................................................................................................................112

DROP TYPE ..................................................................................................................................114

DROP USER ..................................................................................................................................116

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DROP VIEW..................................................................................................................................118

END ...............................................................................................................................................120

EXPLAIN.......................................................................................................................................122

FETCH ...........................................................................................................................................125

GRANT ..........................................................................................................................................129

INSERT ..........................................................................................................................................132

LISTEN ..........................................................................................................................................135

LOAD.............................................................................................................................................137

LOCK.............................................................................................................................................138

MOVE ............................................................................................................................................143

NOTIFY .........................................................................................................................................145

REINDEX ......................................................................................................................................148

RESET ...........................................................................................................................................151

REVOKE........................................................................................................................................153

ROLLBACK...................................................................................................................................155

SELECT .........................................................................................................................................157

SELECT INTO...............................................................................................................................169

SET.................................................................................................................................................171

SET CONSTRAINTS ....................................................................................................................175

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ..............................................................................................176

SET TRANSACTION....................................................................................................................177

SHOW ............................................................................................................................................179

TRUNCATE ...................................................................................................................................181

UNLISTEN ....................................................................................................................................183

UPDATE.........................................................................................................................................185

VACUUM.......................................................................................................................................187

II. PostgreSQL Client Applications......................................................................................................190

createdb ..........................................................................................................................................191

createlang .......................................................................................................................................194

createuser .......................................................................................................................................196

dropdb ............................................................................................................................................199

droplang .........................................................................................................................................201

dropuser..........................................................................................................................................203

ecpg ................................................................................................................................................205

pgaccess..........................................................................................................................................210

pg_config........................................................................................................................................213

pg_dump.........................................................................................................................................215

pg_dumpall.....................................................................................................................................221

pg_restore.......................................................................................................................................223

psql .................................................................................................................................................230

pgtclsh ............................................................................................................................................251

pgtksh .............................................................................................................................................252

vacuumdb .......................................................................................................................................253

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III. PostgreSQL Server Applications ...................................................................................................256

initdb ..............................................................................................................................................257

initlocation .....................................................................................................................................259

ipcclean ..........................................................................................................................................260

pg_ctl..............................................................................................................................................261

pg_passwd ......................................................................................................................................265

postgres ..........................................................................................................................................267

postmaster ......................................................................................................................................271

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