हिन्दी साहित्य- सीमांचल
Nuclear Research Centres in India
|Research Center |Place |
|Atomic Energy Commission |Bombay |
|Bhabha Atomic Research Center |Trombay (Bombay) |
|Electronics Corporation of India |Hyderabad |
|High Altitude Research Laboratory |Gulmarg (Kashmir) |
|Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute |Durgapur (West Bengal) |
|Central Mining Research Institution |Dhanbad (Bihar) |
|Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., |Alwaye |
|Radio Astronomy Center |Ootacamund |
|Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics |Calcutta |
|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |Bombay |
|Tata Memorial Center |Bombay |
|Uranium Corporation of India |Jaduguda(Bihar) |
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (in years) for the year 1997, in selected countries.(Source : Human Development Report, 1999).
|Country |Life Expectancy |
|Japan |80.0 |
|Norway |79.0 |
|Iceland |79.0 |
|Switzerland |78.6 |
|Sweden |78.5 |
|Hong Kong |78.5 |
|Australia |78.2 |
|Italy |78.2 |
|France |78.1 |
|Greece |78.1 |
|Spain |78.0 |
|Cyprus |77.8 |
|Barbodos |76.4 |
|Hungary |70.9 |
|Lithuania |69.9 |
|China |69.8 |
|Thailand |68.8 |
|Kyrgyzstan |67.6 |
|Uzbekistan |67.5 |
|Brazil |66.8 |
|Mangolia |65.8 |
|India |62.6 |
|Iraq |62.4 |
|Myanmar |60.1 |
|Comoros |58.8 |
|Madagascar |57.5 |
|Lesotho |56.0 |
|Sudan |55.0 |
|South Africa |54.7 |
|Cambodia |53.4 |
|Gabon |52.4 |
|Senegal |52.3 |
|Djibouti |50.4 |
|Djibouti |50.4 |
|Niger |48.5 |
|Tanzania |47.9 |
|Chad |47.2 |
|Gambia |47.0 |
|Cote d'lvoire |46.7 |
|Mozambique |45.2 |
|Central African Rebublic |44.9 |
|Ethiopia |43.3 |
|Burundi |42.4 |
|Rwanda |40.5 |
|All Developing Countries |64.4 |
|Least Developing Country |51.7 |
|Industrialised Countries |77.7 |
|World |66.7 |
Noice Scale
Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels:
Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing.
|1 |Breathing |10 db |
|2 |Wind in the trees |20 db |
|3 |Whisper |20-30 db |
|4 |Ticking Clock |30 db |
|5 |House in a quiet street |35 db |
|6 |Radio Music |50-60 db |
|7 |Loud Conversation |60 db |
|8 |Office Noise |60 db |
|9 |Children Playing |60-80 db |
|10 |Lawn mower |60-80 db |
|11 |Vacuum cleaner |80 db |
|12 |Traffic Noise |60-90 db |
|13 |Sports Car |80-95 db |
|14 |Heavy truck traffic |90-100 db |
|15 |Loud Radio |100 db |
|16 |Motor Cycle |105 db |
|17 |Pneumatic drill |110 db |
|18 |Thunder storm |110 db |
|19 |Rock Music |120 db |
|20 |Aircraft Noise |90-120 db |
|21 |Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) |120 db |
|22 |Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) |140 db |
|23 |Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) |140-170 db |
SOLAR SYSTEM
|Pluto |Diameter |3,040 Kilometer |
| |Moons |1 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |5,865.5 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |248 Years |
| |Facts |This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the |
| | |strangest. |
| | |It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. |
| | |Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. |
| | |NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen |
| | |nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air. |
|Neptune |Diameter |49,000 Kilometer |
| |Moons |8 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |4,497 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |165 Years |
| |Facts |It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. |
| | |Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above |
| | |an apparent surface. |
| | |Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. |
| | |It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora |
| | |phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II. |
|Uranus |Diameter |52,096 Kilometer |
| |Moons |17 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |2,852.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |84 Years |
| |Facts |Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. |
| | |One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. |
| | |Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic|
| | |field that stretches millions of kilometers. |
|Mars |Diameter |6,755.2 Kilometer |
| |Moons |2 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |225.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |687 Days |
| |Facts |The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. |
| | |Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. |
| | |Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where|
| | |water once freely flowed. |
|Venus |Diameter |12,032 Kilometer |
| |Moons |None |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |107.52 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |225 Days |
| |Facts |Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective|
| | |sulfuric-acid clouds. |
| | |Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal |
| | |flat, rocky plains & signs of volcanic activity. |
|Mercury |Diameter |4,849.6 Kilometer |
| |Moons |None |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |57.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |88 Days |
| |Facts |Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. |
| | |Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour. |
| | |A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. |
| | |The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid. |
|Earth |Diameter |12,732.2 Kilometer |
| |Moons |1 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |148.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |365 Days |
| |Facts |Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the|
| | |only planet in the solar system to support life. |
|Jupiter |Diameter |1,41,968 Kilometer |
| |Moons |16 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |772.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |11.9 Years |
| |Facts |Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest |
| | |planet. |
| | |Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth |
| | |the only planet in the solar system to support life. |
| | |They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon. |
|Saturn |Diameter |1,19,296 Kilometer |
| |Moons |20 or more |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |1,417.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |29.5 Years |
| |Facts |Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of |
| | |thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. |
| | |The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons. |
|Sun |Diameter |13,84,000 Kilometer |
| |Statellites |9 Planets |
| |Age |4.5 billion years |
| |Facts |A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon |
| | |degrees Celsius at its core. |
| | |Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent |
| | |sunspots and flares. |
| | |On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazing sky streamers called Northern|
| | |Lights will appear. |
SCIENTIFIC MEASURES
AMPERE:
Unit of electric current. It is approximately equal to the flow of 6 x 1018 electrons per second.
ATOMIC WEIGHT:
The weight of an atom of hydrogen is taken as the standard; the respective weights of the atoms of all other substances are expressed in terms of it. So when it is stated that the atomic weight of iron is 56, it is meant that the atom of iron is 56 times as heavy as the atom of hydrogen.
ANGSTROM:
The unit of wavelength of light is Angstrom. 1 Angstrom = 10-8 cm. There is a bigger unit for measuring the wavelength of infrared light; it is called a milli-micron and is equal to 10-7 cm. Micron =10-4 cm, is a still bigger unit. Bar is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure of 106 dynes per sq cm.
CALORY
Calory is the unit of heat. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature or one gram of water through 1 C.
HORSE POWER:
The practical unit of power - the power of an agent which can work at the rate of 550 foot-pounds per second or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. 1 HP=746 watts.
JOULE
Joule is the unit of work or energy. It is equal to 107 ergs. It is the energy consumed in one second in an electrical circuit through which a current energy of one ampere is flowing against a potential difference of one volt.
KNOT
Knot is a measure to know the speed of a ship.
LIGHT YEAR:
A light year is the distance light travels in one mean solar year, at speed of 1, 86,000 miles per second. It is equal to 5,880,000,000,000 miles. It is used as a unit for measuring stellar distances.
NAUTICAL MILE:
A unit of distance used in navigation - one minute of longitude measured along the Equator. A Nautical Mile is approximately equal to 6, 080 feet.
PRESSURE:
The pressure is expressed in pounds weight per sq cm. The pressure of the atmosphere is expressed in millibars. One millibar = 1 dyne per sq cm. If the pressure are very high, they are expressed in multiples of atmospheric pressure. 1 atmosphere is a pressure exerted by a column of mercury 76 cm high at sea level and at a latitude of 45 .
QUINTAL:
Metric measure of weight; 100 kilograms = 1 quintal.
VOLT:
The unit of potential difference. It is that much potential difference which when applied to the ends of an electrical conductor of resistance one ohm, the amount of energy consumed in the circuit in one second is one Joule (=107 ergs).
WATT:
Unit of power - the rate of work done in joules per second; the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric current of 1 ampere.
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES
Altimeter is a special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.
Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.
Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind.
Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing.
Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously.
Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat.
Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea.
Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.
Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of colour.
Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current.
Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed.
Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge.
Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current.
Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.
Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water.
Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere.
Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.
Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.
Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles.
Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases.
Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields,
Mariner's Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The "N" point on the dial indicates north pole and the "S" point, south pole.
Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects.
Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube.
Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light.
Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface.
Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid.
Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations.
Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures.
Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy.
Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work.
Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations.
Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall.
Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.
Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor.
Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.
Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks.
Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects.
Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis.
Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices.
Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects.
Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure.
Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.
Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity.
Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs.
Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.
Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.
Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.
Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places.
Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified.
Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves.
Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature.
Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume.
Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures.
Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value.
Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale.
Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.
Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES
Altimeter is a special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.
Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.
Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind.
Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing.
Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously.
Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat.
Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea.
Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.
Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of colour.
Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current.
Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed.
Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge.
Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current.
Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.
Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water.
Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere.
Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.
Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.
Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles.
Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases.
Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields,
Mariner's Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The "N" point on the dial indicates north pole and the "S" point, south pole.
Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects.
Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube.
Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light.
Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface.
Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid.
Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations.
Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures.
Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy.
Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work.
Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations.
Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall.
Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.
Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor.
Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.
Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks.
Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects.
Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis.
Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices.
Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects.
Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure.
Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.
Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity.
Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs.
Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.
Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.
Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.
Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places.
Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified.
Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves.
Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature.
Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume.
Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures.
Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value.
Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale.
Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.
Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.
SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY
Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.
ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).
ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).
AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air
AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.
AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.
AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.
AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.
AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.
AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.
AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.
AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.
ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.
ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.
ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.
ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.
ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.
ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.
ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.
ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.
BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.
BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.
BIOLOGY: The study of living things.
BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.
BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines.
BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.
BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.
BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).
BOTANY:The study of plants.
CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.
CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.
CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).
CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.
CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.
CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order of past events.
CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.
COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.
COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.
COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.
CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.
CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.
CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures.
CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.
CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of cytology and genetics.
CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.
DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.
DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by the deaf.
ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate and inanimate.
ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.
ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.
ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.
EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.
ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.
ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.
ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing characteristics of the races of mankind.
ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.
ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.
EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.
GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.
GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.
GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.
GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.
GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.
GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's surface.
GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take place within it.
GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population, etc.
GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.
GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental conditions on health.
GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.
GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.
GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.
[pic][pic][pic]
HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.
HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.
HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.
HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for navigation.
HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with liquids.
HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.
HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in soil.
HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.
HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.
LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.
LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.
JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.
LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.
MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.
METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.
METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.
METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.
METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.
MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa.
MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology.
MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.
MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.
NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.
NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.
NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine the influence on one's future life.
NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.
ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.
ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.
OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.
ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.
ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.
ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of musculoskeletal systems.
OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.
OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.
OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.
PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.
PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.
PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.
PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.
PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.
PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.
PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.
PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.
PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.
PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.
PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.
PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.
PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.
PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.
PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.
PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.
PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.
POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.
PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.
RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.
RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms.
RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.
RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.
SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.
SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.
SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.
SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.
SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.
TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.
TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.
THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.
TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region
TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.
VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.
ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.
IMPORTANTS OF LAWS AND PRINCIPALS
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:
When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
AVOGADRO's LAW:
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
BLACK BODY RADIATION:
A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.
BOILING POINT:
It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY:
A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body.
COULOMB'S LAW:
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.
LENZ'S LAW:
When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.
MASS - ENERGY EQUATION:
E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.
NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:
The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.
NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].
The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
OHM'S LAW:
The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.
RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.
SOLAR SYSTEM
|Pluto |Diameter |3,040 Kilometer |
| |Moons |1 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |5,865.5 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |248 Years |
| |Facts |This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the |
| | |strangest. |
| | |It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. |
| | |Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. |
| | |NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen |
| | |nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air. |
|Neptune |Diameter |49,000 Kilometer |
| |Moons |8 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |4,497 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |165 Years |
| |Facts |It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. |
| | |Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above |
| | |an apparent surface. |
| | |Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. |
| | |It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora |
| | |phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II. |
|Uranus |Diameter |52,096 Kilometer |
| |Moons |17 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |2,852.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |84 Years |
| |Facts |Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. |
| | |One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. |
| | |Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic|
| | |field that stretches millions of kilometers. |
|Mars |Diameter |6,755.2 Kilometer |
| |Moons |2 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |225.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |687 Days |
| |Facts |The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. |
| | |Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. |
| | |Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where|
| | |water once freely flowed. |
|Venus |Diameter |12,032 Kilometer |
| |Moons |None |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |107.52 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |225 Days |
| |Facts |Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective|
| | |sulfuric-acid clouds. |
| | |Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal |
| | |flat, rocky plains & signs of volcanic activity. |
|Mercury |Diameter |4,849.6 Kilometer |
| |Moons |None |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |57.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |88 Days |
| |Facts |Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. |
| | |Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour. |
| | |A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. |
| | |The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid. |
|Earth |Diameter |12,732.2 Kilometer |
| |Moons |1 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |148.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |365 Days |
| |Facts |Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the|
| | |only planet in the solar system to support life. |
|Jupiter |Diameter |1,41,968 Kilometer |
| |Moons |16 |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |772.8 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |11.9 Years |
| |Facts |Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest |
| | |planet. |
| | |Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth |
| | |the only planet in the solar system to support life. |
| | |They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon. |
|Saturn |Diameter |1,19,296 Kilometer |
| |Moons |20 or more |
| |Avg.Distance to Sun |1,417.6 million KM |
| |Time to Orbit the Sun |29.5 Years |
| |Facts |Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of |
| | |thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. |
| | |The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons. |
|Sun |Diameter |13,84,000 Kilometer |
| |Statellites |9 Planets |
| |Age |4.5 billion years |
| |Facts |A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon |
| | |degrees Celsius at its core. |
| | |Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent |
| | |sunspots and flares. |
| | |On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazing sky streamers called Northern|
| | |Lights will appear. |
COMMON BODY DISORDERS
ALLERGY: A special reaction to a certain substance such as pollen or certain foods (causing sneeze, skin rashes etc). Allergy can be from any materials, even by colours etc.
ARTHRITIS: Inflammation of joints.
ASTHMA: A respiratory disorder caused by narrowing of bronchial tubes. It can be caused by infection or due to allergy.
BRONCHITIS: Inflammation of bronchial tubes caused by bacteria or virus.
CANCER: An abnormal growth of body cells, often resulting in a malignant tumour.
DIABETES MELLITUS: Excess sugar in the body, when the body is not able to control the level of blood sugar due to malfunctioning of pancreas when it produces inadequate insulin.
EPILEPSY: Unwarned and periodic loss of consciousness along with convulsions, due to nervous disorders.
MUMPS: An acute infection particularly in children and young adults in which there is swelling of neck and high fever.
HEPATITIS: An infectious or inflammatory disease of the liver commonly identified by its primary symptoms of jaundice.
HERNIA: A weakness of the muscle surrounding an organ allowing it to bulge through, often found in the groin.
JAUNDICE: Excessive bilirubin (present in bile juice secreted by liver) in the blood, causes yellowing of eyes, skin and even urine.
LEUKEMIA: Blood cancer
MEASLES: A contagious disease caused by virus, red rashes appear on the body along with fever.
MIGRAINE: A type of a headache followed by disturbed vision and no speech accompanied by nausea.
PELLAGRA: A disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B5. Its symptoms are 3D's: Diarrhoea, Dermatosis, Dementila.
OSTEOMALACIA: A disease caused by shortage of VItamin D (calciferol) which results in softening of bones, frequent fractures and bending of the backbone.
PLEURISY: Inflammation of the membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity.
RABIES: A viral disease transmitted by the saliva of infected animals. Symptoms include convulsions and repulsion to water (hydrophobia).
RINGWORM: A skin diseases causing circular swellings on the skin. Transmitted through air-borne pores and contact with infected person.
SLIPPED DISC: A painful condition in which a cartilage disc in the spine is displaced putting pressure on the nearest nerve.
SMALL POX: A contagious viral disease, common among children, Symptoms are rashes on skin.
THROMBOSIS: Formation of blood clot in a blood vessel or in the heart causing death.
ULCER: An inflamed open sore on the skin, or on the membrane of a body cavity. Peptic ulcer is a condition in which ulcer is there in the food pipe causing burning sensations.
COMMON DRUGS
ANAESTHETICS: Drugs that block sensory nerves and make the patient fully unconscious to prevent him from feeling pain. In case of local anaesthesia a particular area is made senseless temporarily.
ANALGESICS: Drugs used to prevent or relieve pain like aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid).
ANTIBIOTICS: Drugs used to prevent growth of body germs and to destroy them as soon as possible. Most common drugs under this category are penicillin, tetramycelin etc.
ANTIHISTAMINES: These drugs are used to relieve symptoms of asthma, hay fever and other allergies.
ANTIPYRETICS: Drugs used to lower body temperature.
HORMONES: Drugs used to combat hormones deficiency that causes diseases. Drugs like insulin or adrenaline come under this category.
NARCOTICS: Drugs that deaden the nervous system and prevent a person from feeling pain, e.g. Opium and the derivatives such as codeline, heroin, morphine etc.
SEDATIVES: Drugs used to induce sleep.
TRANQUILLIZERS: Drugs that calm nervous system and prevent worry, tension, etc.
VACCINES: Drugs that are injected to help the body to develop resistance to diseases or immunisation of the body.
COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART
|DISEASE |AFFECTED PART |DISEASE |AFFECTED PART |
|AIDS |Immune system of the body joints |Malaria |Spleen |
|Arthritis |Joints |Meningitis |Brain |
|Asthma |Bronchial muscles |Ottis |Ear |
|Cataract |Eyes |Paralysis |Nerves and limbs |
|Conjunctivitis |Eyes |Polio |Legs |
|Glaucoma |Eyes |Pyarrhoea |Teeth |
|Diabetes |Pancreas and blood |Pleurisy |Lungs |
|Dermatitis |Skin |Rheumatism |Joints |
|Diphtheria |Throat |Pneumonia |Lungs |
|Dementila |Brain |Sinusitis |Facial bones |
|Eczema |Skin |Typhoid |Intestine |
|Goitre |Thyroid |Tuberculosis |Lungs |
|Hepatitis |Liver |Tonsillitis |Tonsils gland in throat |
|Jaundice |Liver | | |
COMMON DISEASES
DISEASE:
It is a condition of the body or a part of it in which functions are distrubed or deranged.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES:
Infectious as spread from infected person to health one.
They are of further two types:
Contagious:
Spread through direct contact. Examples: Chickenpox, mumps, syphilis, measles, dermatitis, eczema etc.
Non-contagious:
Spread through without incoming in direct contact.
Examples:Influenza, tetanus, malaria, tuberculosis etc.
NON-COMMUNICABLE:Not spreadable or non-infectious
• Deficiency diseases (hormonal and vitamin deficiency)
• Degenerative diseases (diseases due to inactively working of body organs)
• Allergic diseases (diseases due to colour, dust etc.)
• Addiction
GENETIC DISORDERS: Haemophilia, colourblindness, sickle-cell anaemia, syndromes etc.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD): Gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis etc.
VIRAL DISEASES: Chicken pox, measles, polio, rabies, mumps, influenza, hepatitis, herpes, AIDS.
BACTERIAL DISEASES: Cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, leprosy, tetanus, typhoid, plague, whooping cough, sore throat, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, botulism.
FUNGAL DISEASES: Ringworm, athlete's foot, dhobie itch.
PROTOZOANS DISEASES: Amoebiasis, malaria, sleeping sickness, kalaazar, diarrhoea.
INSECT CARRYING DISEASES:
|Mosquito (Anopheles female) |- Malaria |
|Aedes |Dengu fever |
|Rat flea |Plague |
|Sand fly |Kalaazar |
|Tse-tse fly |Sleeping sickness |
|House fly |Cholera |
Moon Important Facts
|Average distance from Earth |
|3,84,365 km |
| |
|Diameter |
|3,476 km |
| |
|Ratio of diameter of moon to that of earth |
|1 : 3.7 |
| |
|Rotation speed |
|27 days, 2hrs, 43 min & 11.47Sec. |
| |
|Revolution Speed |
|27 days, 7hrs, 43 min & 11.47 Sec. |
| |
|Time taken by moonlight to reach earth |
|1.3 Sec |
| |
|Percent of surface visible from earth |
|59% |
| |
|First man to reach moon |
|Neil Armstrong and Edvin Aldrin on Apollo XI (1969) |
| |
Earth Some Important Facts
|Age |
|4,550 million years |
| |
|Mass |
|5.976 x 10kg |
| |
|Volume |
|1.083 x 10 litres |
| |
|Mean Density |
|5.518 kg/lt |
| |
|Total Surface Area |
|510 million sq.km |
| |
|Land Area |
|29.2% of the total surface area |
| |
|Water Area |
|70.8% of the total surface area |
| |
|Equatorial Diameter |
|12,755 km |
| |
|Polar Diameter |
|12,712 km |
| |
|Escape Velocity |
|11.2 km/sec |
| |
|Highest Land Point |
|Mount Everest (8,852 m) |
| |
|Lowest Land Point |
|Dead Sea (396 m) |
| |
|Greatest Ocean Depth |
|Mariana Trench (11,033 m) |
| |
|Equatorial Circumference |
|40,076 km |
| |
|Polar Circumference |
|40,024 km |
| |
|Mean Surface Temperature |
|14C |
| |
|Maximum distance from sun (Aphelion) |
|About 152 million km |
| |
|Minimum distance from sun (Perihelion) |
|About 147 million km |
| |
|Rotation Speed |
|23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec |
| |
|Revolution Speed |
|365 days, 5hrs & 45.51 sec |
| |
|Dates when days & nights are equal |
|Mar,21 (Vernal Equinox); Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox) |
| |
|Dates of longest days and shortest nights |
|June 21 (Summer Solstice); Dec, 22 (Winter Solstice) |
| |
Nuclear Power Stations
|1 |
|Tarapur |
|In Maharashtra - India's oldest and biggest |
| |
|2 |
|Kalpakkam |
|In Tamil Nadu, called Indira Gandhi Nuclear Power Station |
| |
|3 |
|Rawatbhata |
|In Kota, Rajasthan |
| |
|4 |
|Narora |
|In Uttar Pradesh |
| |
|5 |
|Kaiga |
|In Karnataka |
| |
|6 |
|Kakrapara |
|In Gujarat |
| |
|7 |
|Kudankulam |
|In Tamil Nadu, under construction with the assistance of Russia |
| |
Hydrosphere
|Hydrosphere |[pic][pic] |
|Hydrosphere is the name given to all the water of the Earth in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. | |
|It thus includes the water of the atmosphere, water on the Earth’s surface (e.g. oceans, rivers, | |
|ice-sheets and ground water). Oceans, which are interconnected, cover about 70.8 percent of the | |
|surface of the Earth. Pacific Ocean, which is the largest among the oceans, sprawls over an area | |
|of about 16,57,60,000 sq km, an area which is more than the total combined area of all the | |
|continents. | |
|The oceans have an average depth of 3.5 km but their depth varies from place to place. The | |
|deepest known point is the Challenger Deep, a part of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, | |
|which is 11.776 km deep. | |
|The water in the oceans totals over 1,300 million cubic km, which is more than 97 percent of | |
|world`s total water. The balance of water resources are contributed by glaciers, ice and snow, | |
|fresh water lakes, rivers and the underground water. | |
|The ocean floor consists of three main zones, viz., the continental shelf, the continental slope | |
|and the abyss. The continental shelves are, in fact, the submerged parts of the continents that | |
|gentally slope into the oceans bordering these continents. | |
|The true edge of the continents is, however, the continental slope which begins from the point | |
|where the continental shelf ends. | |
|The abyss contains large sediment covered plains below the oceans. These plains are often | |
|interspersed by lofty volcanic mountains some of which surface as islands and long broad ridges | |
|which are in some places 2 to 4 kilometres high and up to 4,000 kilometres wide. The abyss also | |
|contains yawning chasms called deep sea trenches. | |
|Continental Shelf (Littoral)) is the sea bed bordering the continents, which is covered by | |
|shallow water up to about 100 fathoms (600 feet) beyond which is the continental slope. | |
|Continental Slope is the region of the sea extending next to the continental shelf and having a | |
|depth up to 2,000 fathoms. | |
|Continental Drift is a theory or hypothesis that continents have moved relative to each other | |
|across the surface of the earth. The idea was originally put forth by Antonio Snider-Pellegrini | |
|in 1858 and developed by the German geologist Alfred Wegner from 1910. He started that there was | |
|just one supercontinent, Pangaea which began to break up about 200 million years ago, since then | |
|the continents have drifted to their present positions. | |
|Isohaline is the line which joins, on a map points of the sea / oceans having equal salinity. | |
|Ocean Current is the movement of a sizeable body of water as a current for fairly long distances | |
|along a specific path. It is known as ‘drift current’ when caused by the winds and as ‘convection| |
|current’ when brought about by variations in temperature. A ‘warm current’ is the one which flows| |
|from a warm to a cold region. The current flowing from a cold to a warm region is called a ‘cold | |
|current’. | |
|Stream refers to any body of running water that flows on or under the surface of the water. | |
|Swamp is a portion of wet, waterlogged or flooded land. | |
|Gulf Stream refers to the warm ocean current which starts from the Gulf of Mexico and flows along| |
|the eastern coast of North America. Influenced by the westerly winds, it crosses the Atlantic, | |
|moves along the north-west coast of Europe and helps to keep the British and Norwegian coastal | |
|waters warm and navigable during the winter months. | |
|Kuro Siwo (Black Current or Japanese Current) is the warm ocean current which flows up the Asian | |
|east coast and is driven by westerly winds towards North America. | |
|Tide is the periodic rise and fall of sea water. Rise and fall occur alternately twice a day. The| |
|rising of water is called the Flood Tide and the falling of water is termed as the Ebb Tide. | |
|Spring Tides are caused as a result of the Moon and the Sun pulling the Earth gravitationally in | |
|the same direction. They occur twice a month around full moon and new moon. | |
|Neap Tides are caused when the Moon and the Sun pull the Earth gravitationally in opposite | |
|directions. They occur twice a month during first and last quarters of the moon, when Sun, Earth | |
|and Moon are at right angles. | |
|Lagoon is a shallow stretch of Water which is partly or completely separated from sea by a narrow| |
|strip of land. | |
|Reef is a ridge of submerged rock or other hard substance in sea water. It becomes visible at low| |
|rides. | |
|Coral Reef is a ridge of coral and other organic material consolidated into lime stone lying near| |
|the sea level. | |
|Bay is a wide curving indentation in a coastline lying between two head lands. | |
|Atoll is a circular or horse shoe shaped coral enclosing within it a lagoon. | |
|Fjord is a shallow stretch of river that may be crossed on foot or in a vehicle, commonly found | |
|in Norway or Sweden. | |
|Strait is a narrow sea passage that links two large areas of sea, for example the Strait of | |
|Gibraltar. | |
|Isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two large areas of land (e.g., Isthmus of Panama | |
|joining the North and South American continents). | |
|Hinterland is the land which lies behind a seaport or seaboard and supplies the bulk of the | |
|exports and in which are distributed the bulk of the imports of that seaport or seaboard. | |
Common and Chemical Names of Some Compounds
|Common Name |[pic][pic] |
|Chemical Name | |
|Chemical Formulae | |
| | |
|Dry Ice | |
|Solid Carbondioxide | |
|CO2 | |
| | |
|slaked Lime | |
|Calcium Hydroxide | |
|Ca (OH)2 | |
| | |
|Bleaching Powder | |
|Calcium Oxychloride | |
|CaOCl2 | |
| | |
|Nausadar | |
|Ammonium Chloride | |
|NH4Cl | |
| | |
|Caustic Soda | |
|Sodium Hydroxide | |
|NaOH | |
| | |
|Rock Salt | |
|Sodium Chloride | |
|NaCl | |
| | |
|Caustic Potash | |
|Potassium Hydroxide | |
|KOH | |
| | |
|Potash Alum | |
|Potassium Aluminium Sulphate | |
|K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O | |
| | |
|Epsom | |
|Magnesium Sulphate | |
|MgSO4.7H2O | |
| | |
|Quick Lime | |
|Calcium Oxide | |
|CaO | |
| | |
|Plaster of Paris | |
|Calcium Sulphate | |
|(CaSO4) ½ H2O | |
| | |
|Gypsum | |
|Calcium Sulphate | |
|(CaSO4) .2H2O | |
| | |
|Green Vitriol | |
|Ferrous Sulphate | |
|FeSO4.7H2O | |
| | |
|Mohr's Salt | |
|Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate | |
|FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O | |
| | |
|Blue Vitriol | |
|Copper Sulphate | |
|CuSO4.5H2O | |
| | |
|White Vitriol | |
|Zinc Sulphate | |
|ZnSO4.7H2O | |
| | |
|Marsh Gas | |
|Methane | |
|CH4 | |
| | |
|Vinegar | |
|Acetic Acid | |
|CH3COOH | |
| | |
|Potash Ash | |
|Potassium Carbonate | |
|K2CO3 | |
| | |
|Hypo | |
|Sodium Thiosulphate | |
|Na2S2O3.5H2O | |
| | |
|Baking Powder | |
|Sodium Bicarbonate | |
|NaHCO3 | |
| | |
|Washing Soda | |
|Sodium Carbonate | |
|Na2CO3.10H2O | |
| | |
|Magnesia | |
|Magnesium Oxide | |
|MgO | |
| | |
|Chalk (Marble) | |
|Calcium Carbonate | |
|CaCO3 | |
| | |
|Lunar Caustic | |
|Silver Nitrate | |
|AgNO3 | |
| | |
|Laughing Gas | |
|Nitrous Oxide | |
|N2O | |
| | |
|Chloroform | |
|Tricholoro Methane | |
|CHCl3 | |
| | |
|Vermelium | |
|Mercuric Sulphide | |
|HgS | |
| | |
|Borax | |
|Borax | |
|Na2B4O7.10H2O | |
| | |
|Alcohol | |
|Ethyl Alcohol | |
|C2H5OH | |
| | |
|Sugar | |
|Sucrose | |
|C12H22O11 | |
| | |
|Heavy Water | |
|Duterium Oxide | |
|D2O | |
| | |
|Globar's Salt | |
|Sodium Sulphate | |
|Na2SO4.10H2O | |
| | |
|T.N.T | |
|Tri Nitrotoluene | |
|C6H2CH3 (NO2)3 | |
| | |
|Calomel | |
|Mercurous Chloride | |
|HgCl | |
| | |
|Sand | |
|Silicon Oxide | |
|SiO2 | |
| | |
Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers
|Name |
|Symbol |
|Atomic Number |
| |
|Hydrogen |
|H |
|1 |
| |
|Helium |
|He |
|2 |
| |
|Lithium |
|Li |
|3 |
| |
|Beryllium |
|Be |
|4 |
| |
|Boron |
|B |
|5 |
| |
|Carbon |
|C |
|6 |
| |
|Nitrogen |
|N |
|7 |
| |
|Oxygen |
|O |
|8 |
| |
|Flourine |
|F |
|9 |
| |
|Neon |
|Ne |
|10 |
| |
|Sodium (Natrium) |
|Na |
|11 |
| |
|Magnesium |
|Mg |
|12 |
| |
|Aluminium |
|Al |
|13 |
| |
|Silicon |
|Si |
|14 |
| |
|Phosphorous |
|P |
|15 |
| |
|Sulphur |
|S |
|16 |
| |
|Chlorine |
|Cl |
|17 |
| |
|Argon |
|Ar |
|18 |
| |
|Potassium (Kalium) |
|K |
|19 |
| |
|Calcium |
|Ca |
|20 |
| |
|Titanium |
|Ti |
|22 |
| |
|Vanadium |
|V |
|23 |
| |
|Chromium |
|Cr |
|24 |
| |
|Manganese |
|Mn |
|25 |
| |
|Iron (Ferum) |
|Fe |
|26 |
| |
|Cobalt |
|Co |
|27 |
| |
|Nickel |
|Ni |
|28 |
| |
|Copper (Cuprum) |
|Cu |
|29 |
| |
|Zinc |
|Zn |
|30 |
| |
|Germenium |
|Ge |
|32 |
| |
|Bromine |
|Br |
|35 |
| |
|Krypton |
|Kr |
|36 |
| |
|Zirconium |
|Zr |
|40 |
| |
|Silver |
|Ag |
|47 |
| |
|Tin (Stannum) |
|Sn |
|50 |
| |
|Antimony (Stabnium) |
|Sb |
|51 |
| |
|Iodine |
|I |
|53 |
| |
|Barium |
|Ba |
|56 |
| |
|Gold (Aurum) |
|Au |
|79 |
| |
|Mercury (Hydragerm) |
|Hg |
|80 |
| |
|Lead (Plumbum) |
|Pb |
|82 |
| |
|Bismuth |
|Bi |
|83 |
| |
|Radium |
|Ra |
|88 |
| |
|Thorium |
|U |
|90 |
| |
|Uranium |
|U |
|92 |
| |
|Plutonium |
|Pu |
|94 |
| |
|Curium |
|Cm |
|96 |
| |
Different Branches of Science
|Branch |
|Concerning Field |
| |
|Aeronautics |
|Science of flight of airplanes |
| |
|Astronomy |
|Study of heavenly bodies |
| |
|Agronomy |
|Science dealing with crop plants |
| |
|angiology |
|Deals with the study of blood vascular system |
| |
|Anthology |
|Study of flowers |
| |
|Anthropology |
|Study of apes and man |
| |
|Apiculture |
|Honey industry (Bee Keeping) |
| |
|Araneology |
|Study of spiders |
| |
|Batracology |
|Study of frogs |
| |
|Biochemistry |
|Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities |
| |
|Biotechnology |
|Deals with the use of micro-organism in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs, vaccines, hormones, etc, on a|
|large scale |
| |
|Cardiology |
|Study of heart |
| |
|Craniology |
|Study of skulls |
| |
|Cryptography |
|Study of secret writing |
| |
|Cryogenics |
|Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature |
| |
|Cytology |
|Study of cells |
| |
|Dermatology |
|Study of skin |
| |
|Ecology |
|The study of relationship between organisms and environment |
| |
|Entomology |
|Study of insects |
| |
|Etiology |
|Study of cause of disease |
| |
|Eugenics |
|Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations |
| |
|Evolution |
|Deals with the study of origin of new from old |
| |
|Exbiology |
|Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth |
| |
|Floriculture |
|Study of flower yielding plants |
| |
|Geology |
|Study of condition and structure of the earth |
| |
|Genetics |
|Study of heredity and variations |
| |
|Gerontology |
|Study of growing old |
| |
|Gynaecology |
|Study of female reproductive organ |
| |
|Horticulture |
|Study of garden cultivation |
| |
|Haematology |
|Study of blood |
| |
|Hepatology |
|Study of liver |
| |
|. Iconography |
|Teaching by pictures and models |
| |
|Immunology |
|Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection |
| |
|Jurisprudence |
|Science of law |
| |
|Kalology |
|Study of human beauty |
| |
|Lexicography |
|Compiling of dictionary |
| |
|Mycology |
|Study of fungi |
| |
|Myology |
|Study of muscles |
| |
|Nephrology |
|Study of kidneys |
| |
|Neurology |
|Study of nervous system |
| |
|Numismatics |
|Study of coins and medals |
| |
|Obstetrics |
|Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy |
| |
|Oneirology |
|Study of dreams |
| |
|Ophthalmology |
|Study of eyes |
| |
|Ornithology |
|Study of birds |
| |
|Osteology |
|Study of bones |
| |
|Palaeontology |
|Study of fossils |
| |
|Philately |
|Stamp collecting |
| |
|Philology |
|Study of language |
| |
|Phonetics |
|Concerning the sound of a spoken language |
| |
|Physiography |
|Natural phenomenon |
| |
|Pedology |
|Study of soils |
| |
|Pathology |
|Study of disease causing organisms |
| |
|Phycology |
|Study of algae |
| |
|Physiology |
|Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms |
| |
|Pisciculture |
|Study of fish |
| |
|Pomology |
|Study of fruits |
| |
|Seismology |
|Study of earthquakes |
| |
|Sericulture |
|Silk industry (culture of silk moth and pupa) |
| |
|Serpentology |
|Study of snakes |
| |
|Telepathy |
|Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions thoughts and feelings |
| |
|Taxonomy |
|Study of classification of organisms |
| |
|Virology |
|Study of virus |
| |
Human Endocrine System
|Gland |
|Hormone |
|Functions |
| |
|Hypothalamus |
|Releasing and inhibiting hormones and factors |
|Posterior pituitary hormones produced here |
|Control of another pituitary hormones |
| |
|Posterior pituitary gland |
|Receives hormones from hypothalamus no hormones synthesised here |
|stores and secretes the following: |
|Oxytocin |
|Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) |
|Ejection of milk from mammary gland, contraction of uterus during birth |
|Reduction of urine secretion by kidney |
| |
|Anterior pituitary gland |
|Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|Luteinising hormone (LH) |
|Prolactin |
|Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH or corticotrophin) |
|Growth hormone (GH) |
|In male, stimulate spermatogenesis |
|In female, growth of ovarian follicles |
|In male testosterone secretion |
|In female secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, ovulation and maintenance of corpus luteum |
|Stimulates milk production and secretion |
|Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones growth of thyroid glands. |
|Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones growth of gland |
|Protein synthesis, growth, especially of bone of limbs |
| |
|Parathyroid gland |
|Parathormone |
|Increases blood calcium level |
|Decreases blood phosphate level |
| |
|Thyroid gland |
|Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4) |
|Calcitonin |
|Regulation of basal metabolic rate, growth and development |
|Decreases blood calcium level |
| |
|Adrenal cortex |
|Glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
|Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
|Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen synthesis,adaptation to stress, anti-inflammatory/allergy effects |
|Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+ ratios in extracellular and intracellular fluids, raises blood pressure |
| |
|Adrenal medulla |
|Adrenaline (epinephrine) |
|Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) |
|Increase rate and force of heartbeat, constriction of skin and gut capillaries |
|Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal muscles, raising blood glucose level |
|General constriction of small arteries, raising of blood pressure |
| |
|Islets of Langerhans |
|Insulin (beta cells) |
|Glucagon (alpha cells) |
|Decreases blood glucose level, increases glucose and amino acid uptake and utilisation by cells |
|Increases blood glucose level, breakdown of glucogen to glucose in liver |
| |
|stomach |
|Duodenum |
|Gastrin |
|Secretin |
|Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin) |
|Secretion of gastric juices |
|Secretion of pancreatic juice |
|Inhibits gastric secretion |
|Emptying of gall bladder and release of pancreatic juice in to duodenum |
| |
|Kidney |
|Ovary |
|Renin |
|Oestrogens(17 Beta-oestradiol) |
|Progesterone |
|Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin |
|Female secondary sex characteristics, oestrous cycle |
|Gestation, inhibition of ovulation |
| |
|Corpus luteum |
|Progesterone and oestrogen |
|Progesterone ans oestrogen |
|Growth and development of uterus |
|Foetal development |
| |
|Placenta |
|Chorionic gonadotrophin |
|Human placental lactogen |
|Maintenance of corpus luteum |
|Stimulates mammary growth |
| |
|Testis |
|Testosterone |
|Male secondary sexual characteristics |
| |
| |
| |
Medical Inventions and Discoveries
|SNo |
|Name |
|Medical Inventions |
| |
|1 |
|Ronald Rose |
|Malaria Parasite |
| |
|2 |
|Salk, Jonas E. |
|Anti-polio Vaccine |
| |
|3 |
|Simpson and Harrison |
|Chloroform |
| |
|4 |
|Waksman |
|Streptomycin |
| |
|5 |
|Banting |
|Insulin ( as a palliative for diabetes) |
| |
|6 |
|Barnard, Christian |
|Replacing the human heart |
| |
|7 |
|Brahmachari, U.N. |
|Cure of Kala-a-zar fever |
| |
|8 |
|Davy |
|Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine |
| |
|9 |
|Domagk |
|Sulpha drugs as bactericides |
| |
|10 |
|Eijkman |
|Cause of Beri-Beri |
| |
|11 |
|Finsen |
|Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography |
| |
|12 |
|Fleming, Alexander |
|Penicillin (in 1929) |
| |
|13 |
|Harvey |
|Circulation of blood |
| |
|14 |
|Hahnemann |
|Homoeopathy (founder) |
| |
|15 |
|Hopkins, Frederick Gowland |
|Vitamin D |
| |
|16 |
|Jenner |
|Smallpox Vaccination |
| |
|17 |
|Koch |
|Tubercle Bacillus |
| |
|18 |
|Lainnec |
|Stethoscope |
| |
|19 |
|Lister, Lord |
|Antiseptic treatment |
| |
|20 |
|Pasteur, Louis |
|Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia |
| |
Milestones in Medicine
|SNo |[pic][pic][pic] |
|Discovery / Invention |[pic][pic] |
|Year | |
|Discoverer / Inventor | |
|Country | |
| | |
|1 | |
|Adrenaline | |
|1894 | |
|Schafer and Oliver | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|2 | |
|Anesthesia, Local | |
|1885 | |
|Koller | |
|Austria | |
| | |
|3 | |
|Anesthesia, Spinal | |
|1898 | |
|Bier | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|4 | |
|Anti-toxins (Science of Immunity) | |
|1890 | |
|Behring and Kitasato | |
|Germany, Japan | |
| | |
|5 | |
|Aspirin | |
|1889 | |
|Dreser | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|6 | |
|Ayurveda | |
|2000-1000 BC | |
| | |
|India | |
| | |
|7 | |
|Bacteria | |
|1683 | |
|Leeuwenhock | |
|Netherlands | |
| | |
|8 | |
|Bacteriology | |
|1872 | |
|Ferdinand Cohn | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|9 | |
|Biochemistry | |
|1648 | |
|Jan Baptista Van Helmont | |
|Belgium | |
| | |
|10 | |
|Blood Plasma storage (Blood bank) | |
|1940 | |
|Drew | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|11 | |
|Blood Transfusion | |
|1625 | |
|Jean-Baptiste Denys | |
|France | |
| | |
|12 | |
|Cardiac Pacemaker | |
|1932 | |
|A.S Hyman | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|13 | |
|CAT Scanner | |
|1968 | |
|Godfrey Hounsfield | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|14 | |
|Chemotherapy | |
|1493-1541 | |
|Paracelsus | |
|Switzerland | |
| | |
|15 | |
|Chloroform as anaesthetic | |
|1847 | |
|James Simpson | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|16 | |
|Chloromycetin | |
|1947 | |
|Burkholder | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|17 | |
|Cholera T.B germs | |
|1877 | |
|Robert Koch | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|18 | |
|Circulation of blood | |
|1628 | |
|William Harvey | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|19 | |
|Cryo-Surgery | |
|1953 | |
|Henry Swan | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|20 | |
|Diphtheria germs | |
|1883-84 | |
|Klebs and Loffler | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|21 | |
|Electro-Cardiograph | |
|1903 | |
|Willem Einthoven | |
|Netherlands | |
| | |
|22 | |
|Electro-encephalogram | |
|1929 | |
|Hand Berger | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|23 | |
|Embryology | |
|1792-1896 | |
|Kari Ernest Van Baer | |
|Estonia | |
| | |
|24 | |
|Endocrinology | |
|1902 | |
|Bayliss and Starling | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|25 | |
|First Test Tube Baby | |
|1978 | |
|Steptoe and Edwards | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|26 | |
|Gene Therapy on humans | |
|1980 | |
|Martin Clive | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|27 | |
|Genes associated with cancer | |
|1982 | |
|Robert Weinberg and others | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|28 | |
|Heart Transplant Surgery | |
|1967 | |
|Christian Barnard | |
|S. Africa | |
| | |
|29 | |
|Histology | |
|1771-1802 | |
|Marie Bichat | |
|France | |
| | |
|30 | |
|Hypodermic syringe | |
|1853 | |
|Alexander wood | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|31 | |
|Kidney Machine | |
|1944 | |
|Kolf | |
|Netherlands | |
| | |
|32 | |
|Leprosy Bacillus | |
|1873 | |
|Hansen | |
|Norway | |
| | |
|33 | |
|LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) | |
|1943 | |
|Hoffman | |
|Switzerland | |
| | |
|34 | |
|Malaria Germs | |
|1880 | |
|Laveran | |
|France | |
| | |
|35 | |
|Morphine | |
|1805 | |
|Friderich Sertumer | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|36 | |
|Neurology | |
|1758-1828 | |
|Franz Joseph Gall | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|37 | |
|Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | |
|1971 | |
|Raymond Damadian | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|38 | |
|Open Heart Surgery | |
|1953 | |
|Walton Lillehel | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|39 | |
|Oral Contraceptive Pills | |
|1955 | |
|Gregory Pincus, Rock | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|40 | |
|Penicillin | |
|1928 | |
|Alexander Fleming | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|41 | |
|Physiology | |
|1757-66 | |
|Albrecht Von Haller | |
|Switzerland | |
| | |
|42 | |
|Positron emission Tomography | |
|1978 | |
|Louis Sokoloff | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|43 | |
|Rabies Vaccine | |
|1860 | |
|Louis Pasteur | |
|France | |
| | |
|44 | |
|Recombinant-DNA technology | |
|1972-73 | |
|Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S Cohen | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|45 | |
|Reserpine | |
|1949 | |
|Jal Vakil | |
|India | |
| | |
|46 | |
|Rh-factor | |
|1940 | |
|Karl Landsteiner | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|47 | |
|Serology | |
|1884-1915 | |
|Paul Ehrlich | |
|Germany | |
| | |
|48 | |
|Sex hormones | |
|1910 | |
|Eugen Steinach | |
|Australia | |
| | |
|49 | |
|Small Pox eradicated | |
|1980 | |
|W.H.O Declaration | |
|UN | |
| | |
|50 | |
|Stethoscope | |
|1819 | |
|Rene Laennec | |
|France | |
| | |
|51 | |
|Streptomycin | |
|1944 | |
|Selman Waksmann | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|52 | |
|Synthetic Antigens | |
|1917 | |
|Landsteiner | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|53 | |
|Terramycin | |
|1950 | |
|Finlay and Others | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|54 | |
|Thyroxin | |
|1919 | |
|Edward Calvin-Kendall | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|55 | |
|Typhus Vaccine | |
|1909 | |
|J. Nicolle | |
|France | |
| | |
|56 | |
|Vaccination | |
|1796 | |
|Edward Jenner | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|57 | |
|Vaccine, Measles | |
|1963 | |
|Enders | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|58 | |
|Vaccine, Meningitis | |
|1987 | |
|Gardon, et al. Connaught Lab | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|59 | |
|Vaccine, Polio | |
|1954 | |
|Jonas Salk | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|60 | |
|Vaccine, Polio-orai | |
|1960 | |
|Albert Sabin | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|61 | |
|Vaccine, Rabies | |
|1885 | |
|Louis Pasteur | |
|France | |
| | |
|62 | |
|Vaccine, Smallpox | |
|1776 | |
|Jenner | |
|Britain | |
| | |
|63 | |
|Virology | |
|1892 | |
|Ivanovski and Bajernick | |
|USSR, Netherlands | |
| | |
|64 | |
|Vitamin A | |
|1913 | |
|Mc Collum and M. Davis | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|65 | |
|Vitamin B1 | |
|1936 | |
|Minot and Murphy | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|66 | |
|Vitamin C | |
|1919 | |
|Froelich Holst | |
|Norway | |
| | |
|67 | |
|Vitamin D | |
|1925 | |
|Mc Collum | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|68 | |
|Vitamin K | |
|1938 | |
|Doisy Dam | |
|U.S.A | |
| | |
|69 | |
|Western Scientific Therapy | |
|460-370 BC | |
|Hippocrates | |
|Greece | |
| | |
|70 | |
|Yoga | |
|200-100 BC | |
|Patanjali | |
|India | |
| | |
National Laboratories and Research Institutions
|SNo |
|Name |
|Place |
| |
|1 |
|Central Building Research Institute |
|Roorkee, Uttaranchal |
| |
|2 |
|Central Drug Research Institute |
|Lucknow, U.P |
| |
|3 |
|Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute |
|Karaikudi, T.N |
| |
|4 |
|Central Electronics Engineering research institute |
|Pilani, Rajasthan |
| |
|5 |
|Central Food Technological Research Institute |
|Mysore, Karnataka |
| |
|6 |
|Central Fuel Research Institute |
|Dhanbad, Jharkhand |
| |
|7 |
|Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute |
|Jadhavpur, W.B |
| |
|8 |
|Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants |
|Lucknow, U.P |
| |
|9 |
|Central Leather Research Institute |
|Chennai, T.N |
| |
|10 |
|Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute |
|Durgapur, W.B |
| |
|11 |
|Central Mining Research Station |
|Dhanbad, Jharkhand |
| |
|12 |
|Central Road Research Institute |
|New Delhi, Delhi |
| |
|13 |
|Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute |
|Bhavnagar, Gujarat |
| |
|14 |
|Central Scientific Instruments Organisation |
|Chandigarh, Chandigarh |
| |
|15 |
|Indian Institute of Chemical Biology |
|Kolkatta, W.B |
| |
|16 |
|Indian Institute of Petroleum |
|Dehradun, Uttaranchal |
| |
|17 |
|Industrial Texicology Central Centre |
|Lucknow, U.P |
| |
|18 |
|National Aeronautical Laboratory |
|Bangalore, Karnataka |
| |
|19 |
|National Botanical Research Institute |
|Lucknow, U.P |
| |
|20 |
|National Chemical Laboratory |
|Pune, Maharashtra |
| |
|21 |
|National Environment Engineering Institute |
|Napery, Maharashtra |
| |
|22 |
|National Geophysical Research Institute |
|Hyderabad, A.P |
| |
|23 |
|National Institute of Oceanography |
|Panjim, Goa |
| |
|24 |
|Bose Research Institute |
|Kolkata, W.B |
| |
|25 |
|National Metallurgical Laboratory |
|Jamshedpur, Jharkhand |
| |
|26 |
|National Physical Laboratory |
|New Delhi, Delhi |
| |
|27 |
|Regional Research Laboratories |
|Bhubaneshwer, Orissa; Jorhat, Assam; Jammu, J & K; Hyderabad, A.P |
| |
|28 |
|Structural Engineering Research Centre |
|Roorkee, Uttaranchal; Chennai; T.N; |
| |
|29 |
|Visvesvarayya Industrial and Technological Museum |
|Bangalore, Karnataka |
| |
|30 |
|High Altitude Research Laboratory |
|Gulmarg, J and K |
| |
|31 |
|Indian Cancer Research Centre |
|Mumbai, Maharashtra |
| |
|32 |
|Seismic Research Centre |
|Gaurividanur, Near Bangalore, Karnataka |
| |
|33 |
|Central Marine Research Station |
|Chennai, T.N |
| |
|34 |
|Central |
|research Laboratory |
|Chennai, T.N |
| |
|35 |
|Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology |
|Hyderabad, A.P |
| |
|36 |
|Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |
|New Delhi, Delhi |
| |
|37 |
|Forest Research Institute |
|Dehradun, Uttaranchal |
| |
|38 |
|Indian Institute of Science |
|Bangalore, Karnataka |
| |
|39 |
|Indian Institute of Sugar Technology |
|Kanpur, U.P |
| |
|40 |
|Indian Space Research Organisation |
|Bangalore, Karnataka |
| |
|41 |
|Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany |
|Lucknow, U.P |
| |
|42 |
|All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health |
|Kolkata, W.B |
| |
|43 |
|All India Institute of Medical Science |
|New Delhi, Delhi |
| |
|44 |
|All India Malaria Institute |
|Delhi |
| |
|45 |
|Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research |
|Jamnagar, Gujarat |
| |
|46 |
|National Institute of Communicable Diseases |
|New Delhi, Delhi |
| |
|47 |
|Central Research Institute |
|Kasauli, H.P |
| |
Some Important Alloys
|Name |
|Composition |
|Use |
| |
|Brass |
|Cu(60% to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%) |
|For making household utencils |
| |
|Bronze |
|Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%) |
|For making coins, idols, utencils |
| |
|German Silver |
|Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni (15%) |
|For making utencils |
| |
|Magnelium |
|Mg (5%), Al (95%) |
|For making aircraft frame |
| |
|Rolled Gold |
|Cu(90%), Ni (10%) |
|For making cheap ornaments |
| |
|Monel metal |
|Cu (70%), Ni (30%) |
|For making alkali resistant containers |
| |
|Bell metals |
|Cu (80%), Sn (20%) |
|For making bells |
| |
|Gun metal |
|Cu (85%), Zn (10%), Sn(5%) |
|Used for engineering purpose |
| |
|Solder |
|Sn(50-75%), Pb (50-25%) |
|Soldering of metals |
| |
|Duralium |
|Al (95%), Cu (4%), Mg (0.5%), Mn (0.5%) |
|In aircraft manufacturing |
| |
|Steel |
|Fe (98%), C (2%) |
|For making nails, screws, bridges |
| |
|Stainless Steel |
|Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%) |
|for making cooking utencils, knives |
| |
Some Important Facts of Human Body
|Length of alimentary canal |
|Approximately 8 meters |
| |
|BMR (Basal metabolic rate) |
|1600 K.cal/day |
| |
|Number calls in body |
|75 trillion |
| |
|Longest bone |
|Femur (thigh bone) |
| |
|Smallest bone |
|Ear ossicle, stapes |
| |
|Weight of brain |
|1400 gms |
| |
|Blood volume |
|6.8 litres (in 70 kg body) |
| |
|Normal B.P |
|120/80 mm Hg |
| |
|Number of R.B.C |
|(a) In male: 4.5-5.0 million/cubic mm |
|(b) In female: 4.0-4.5 million/cubic mm |
| |
|Life span of R.B.C |
|120 days |
| |
|Normal W.B.C count |
|5000-10000/cubic mm |
| |
|Life span of W.B.C |
|3-4 days |
| |
|D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count) |
|(a) Basophils-0.5-1% |
|(b) Eosinophils-1-3% |
|(c) Monocytes-3-8% |
|(d) Neutrophils-40-70% |
|(e) Lymphocytes-2-25% |
| |
|Blood platelets count |
|2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm |
| |
|Haemoglobin |
|(a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100 c.c of blood |
|(b) In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c of blood |
| |
|Hb content in body |
|500-700 gm |
| |
|Universal blood donor |
|O Rh-ve |
| |
|Universal blood recipient |
|AB |
| |
|Blood clotting time |
|2-5 minutes |
| |
|Average body weight |
|70 kg |
| |
|Normal body temperature |
|98.4.F or 37.C |
| |
|Breathing rate |
|16-20 minutes |
| |
|Dental formula |
|adult:2123/2123=32 |
|child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth |
| |
|Number of cranial nerves |
|12 pairs |
| |
|Number of spinal nerves |
|31 pairs |
| |
|Largest endocrine gland |
|Thyroid |
| |
|Gestation period |
|9 months (253-266 days) |
| |
|Normal heart beat |
|72-75/ minutes |
| |
|Largest gland |
|Liver |
| |
|Largest muscles in the body |
|Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle) |
| |
|Largest smooth muscle |
|Uterus of pregnant women |
| |
|Smallest muscles in the body |
|Stapedius |
| |
|Largest artery |
|Abdominal aorta |
| |
|Largest vein |
|Inferior venacava |
| |
|Largest W.B.C |
|Monocyte |
| |
|Smallest W.B.C |
|Lymphocyte |
| |
|Greatest regeneration power |
|In liver |
| |
|Longest nerve |
|Sciatic |
| |
|Longest cell |
|Neuron (nerve cell) |
| |
|Menstrual cycle |
|28 days |
| |
|Menopause age |
|45-50 years |
| |
|Minimum regeneration power |
|In brain cell |
| |
|Minimum distance for proper vision |
|25 cm |
| |
|Type of placenta |
|Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic) |
| |
|Pulse rate |
|72/minute |
| |
|Volume of semen |
|2-4 ml/ejaculation |
| |
|Normal sperm count |
|200-350 million/ejaculation |
| |
|ESR (normal Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
|4.10 min/hour |
| |
|Thinnest skin |
|Conjunctiva |
| |
|pH of gastric juice |
|1.4 |
| |
|pH of urine |
|6.0 |
| |
|pH of blood |
|7.35-7.45 |
| |
Units of Measurement
|Ampere |
|Electric current |
| |
|Angstrom |
|Wave-length and also lengths of atomic dimensions |
| |
|Bar |
|Atmospheric pressure |
| |
|Becquerel |
|Radioactivity |
| |
|Bel |
|Intensity of Sound |
| |
|Calorie |
|Quantity of Heat |
| |
|Candela |
|Luminous intensity |
| |
|Candle power |
|Illuminating power of source of light |
| |
|Celsius (Centigrade) |
|Temperature |
| |
|Coulomb |
|Electric Charge |
| |
|Decibel |
|Intensity of sound (1/10th of Bel) |
| |
|Dyne |
|Force |
| |
|Electron-volt |
|Energy |
| |
|Erg |
|Work or Energy |
| |
|Fahrenheit |
|Temperature |
| |
|Farad |
|Electric Capacitance |
| |
|Faraday |
|Electric Charge |
| |
|Fathom |
|Depth of water |
| |
|Foot Candle |
|Brightness |
| |
|Gauss |
|Magnetic Induction |
| |
|Henry |
|Inductance |
| |
|Hertz |
|Frequency |
| |
|Horse-power |
|Power |
| |
|Joule |
|Work or Energy |
| |
|Kelvin |
|Thermodynamic temperature |
| |
|Kilogram |
|Mass |
| |
|Knot |
|Speed of Ship and Aircraft |
| |
|Lambert |
|Brightness |
| |
|Light Year |
|Stellar Distance |
| |
|Lumen |
|Luminous flux |
| |
|Maxwell |
|Magnetic flux |
| |
|Metre |
|Length |
| |
|Mole |
|Amount of Substance |
| |
|Nautical Mile |
|Distance in Navigation |
| |
|Newton |
|Force (metric) |
| |
|Newton metre |
|Work |
| |
|Oersted |
|Magnetic Intensity |
| |
|Ohm |
|Electrical Resistance |
| |
|Pascal |
|Stress |
| |
|Poise |
|Viscosity |
| |
|Quintal |
|Weight (metric) |
| |
|Radian |
|Plane Angle |
| |
|Second |
|Time |
| |
|Tesla |
|Magnetic Flux Density |
| |
|Volt |
|Electric Potential |
| |
|Watt |
|Power |
| |
|Weber |
|Magnetic Flux |
| |
Well Known Indian Scientists
|Aryabhatta: He lived between 476 and 520 A.D. He was a great mathematician and an astronomer. His contributions include about the |
|movement of earth around the Sun, determination of various physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of Earth |
|and Moon. He laid foundations of algebra and pointed out the importance of zero. The first Indian satellite was named after him. |
|Bhagavantam: His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An associate of Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Bhagavantam was |
|scientific adviser in the Ministry of Defence and Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation. |
|Bhaskaracharya: Born in 1114 A.D., bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' |
|consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts of astronomy. He had a foresight on the modern theory of conventions. |
|S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the first Director General of Council of Scientific |
|and Industrial Research. Under his directorship, many research laboratories were established throughout India. |
|J.C.Bose: He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research Institute, Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived |
|between 1858 and 1937. |
|S.N. Bose: He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory which deals with the detection of a group of nuclear |
|particles - named after him 'Boson'. His contribution to Planck's Law is laudable. He died in 1974. |
|Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983. He is an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar |
|Evolution - the birth and death of stars is 35 years old. His first discovery was laughed at. After three decades, it was recognised |
|and today he is a Nobel Laureate. According to his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of denser stars of |
|low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Limit. |
|Charaka: He lived between 80 and 180 A.D. He was a court physician of King Kanishka. His writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable |
|Dhanvantri: He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His period was between 375 and 413 A.D. |
|Hargobind Khorana: He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968. |
|Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear |
|reactors in India. He published important papers on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc. He was the first Chairman of |
|Atomic Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in 1966 over Alps. |
|Joshi: Prof. S.S.Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical discharge on active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen |
|peroxide are noteworthy |
|Nagarjuna: A great Buddhist Philosopher and Chemist. He mentioned about crecibles, sublimation, colouring process etc. His works are |
|still available in China and Tibet. His theory on extraction of copper and metallic oxides are mention-worthy. |
|Nag Chowdhury B.D: An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world. |
|Narlikar: J.V.Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous creation which supplies missing links in Einstein's |
|theory of Relativity. Hoyle and Narlikar have shown that the gravitation is always attractive and there is no gravitational |
|repulsions. |
|Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear explosion at Pokharan range in 1974. |
|Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his invention 'Raman Effect'. His study of |
|crystal structure is of unique importance. He founded Raman Research Institute at Bangalore. |
|Sir C.P.Roy: Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done |
|good work on nitrous acid and its salts. He lived between 1861- 1944 AD. |
|Prof. V.Ramachandra Rao: Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near Bangalore |
|Saha Dr.Maghnad: Late Palit Prof.of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology, Calcutta University well-known for his |
|researches in nuclear physics, cosmic rays, spectrum analysis and other branches of theoretical physics. He lived from 1893 to 1956. |
|Srinivas Ramanujam: A mathematical wizard, contributed much to number theory, theory of partitions and theory of continuous fractions.|
|He lived between 1887 to 1920 AD. His birth centenary was celebrated in 1987. |
|Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was instrumental to take India into space age by launching |
|Aryabhatta in 1975. |
|Susruta: A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an important book on medicine and on medical properties of |
|garlic. |
|Varahamihira: An Indian astronomer and astrologer of 6th Century A.D. He was a mathematician and philosopher. He was one of the nine |
|gems of Vikramaditya. |
Indias Dream Launch PSLV C7
|India’s Dream Launch of PSLV-C7 |
|The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) added yet another achievement to its list by the successful launch of the PSLV-C7 from |
|the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota on January 10, 2007. The four-stage, 44 metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle |
|(PSLV-C7) which weighs 295 tonnes took off on the dot at 9.23 a.m. from its beachside launch pad and injected four satellites into |
|precise orbit. This is the PSLV`s ninth consecutive successful launch. Of the four satellites two satellites belong to India and two |
|are from abroad. The satellites from abroad are LAPAN-TUBSAT, a joint venture of Indonesia and the Technical University of Berlin and |
|the PEHUENSAT-1 of Argentina. Dr. B.N.Suresh, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, which built PSLV-C7, |
|said, “Four satellites being injected into orbit with the same vehicle is a unique experience for us”. |
|This multi-mission launch is going to be a technological challenge for ISRO as it attempts to deorbit one of the satellites and bring |
|it back to earth on January 22, 2007. The satellite called the Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) will stay in orbit for 11 days |
|and thereafter fall into the Bay of Bengal from where it will be recovered. This challenging job will be headed by Project Director, |
|Mr. A.Subramoniam. “Right now, I feel that my job has just started. I am looking forward to January 22, 2007 morning when the SRE will |
|be recovered”, Mr. Subramoniam said. |
|ISRO`s Cartosat-2 is for mapping purposes and its SRE will be a forerunner to the ISRO mastering the re-entry, recoverable and |
|re-usable launch vehicle technologies. During its stay in orbit the two payloads on board the SRE will help conduct experiments in |
|micro-gravity. |
|The 555 kilogram SRE is coated with thermal tiles to prevent it from burning up when it re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. After it |
|re-enters the atmosphere, about 5 km above the Bay of Bengal, three parachutes in the SRE will open up one after another. First, the |
|pilot chute will pull out the drogue chute, which will deploy, and then the main chute will deploy. The main chute will slow down the |
|descent of the SRE and it will ultimately splash down into the Bay of Bengal, about 140 km east of Sriharikota island. A floatation |
|system will keep it afloat and dye markers will make it visible. The Coast Guard will recover it. |
|The entire process involves a lot of precision as the SRE should be de-orbited in the right direction and should be given the right |
|incremental velocity. It should re-enter the atmosphere without burning up. According to the ISRO Chairman, Mr. G. Madhavan Nair, |
|“There are a lot of technological challenges in bringing back an orbiting satellite because we are doing it for the first time”. |
|Besides the technology of bringing to the SRE back to earth in a sequential manner, the PSLV-C7 has also used Dual Launch Adopter |
|(DLA), a device to launch four satellites for the first time. It also used for the first time a video-imaging system on board to take |
|pictures of the separation of the first three satellites from the fourth stage of the rocket. |
|According to Mr. M. Krishnaswamy, Project Director, Cartosat-2, the satellite`s images could be used in town and rural planning as well|
|as in road and drainage alignment. It could also be used in studying the passage of communication lines. The PSLV-C7 has been built at |
|a cost of Rs.80 crore. The Cartosat-2 cost Rs.180 crore and the SRE Rs.30 crore. |
|After the setback in July 2006 when Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) failed, the success of PSLV is a great morale booster. |
|However, it goes without saying that India has a long way to go before it finds itself a place in the world space launch market. The |
|Missile Technology Control Regime embargo on India’s space and military rocket programmes debars an Indian rocket to launch any |
|American satellite, or one with US components. According to an official dealing with the issue a joint working group would hold a |
|meeting in Washington in February, 2007 to get this embargo lifted under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership negotiations. |
|Moreover, countries like Russia, the United States, the European Union or Japan are far more developed in space launch vehicle |
|technology. We compare well with the Chinese Long March CZ4B series when it comes to hoisting satellites to a Low Earth Orbit to about |
|2,000 kms. But so far as geosynchronous orbits of 36,000 kms used for communication satellites for beaming. |
|PSLV Chronology |
| |
|Launch Vehicle |
|Date of Launch |
| |
|PSLV-D1 |
|Sept. 20, 1993 |
| |
|PSLV-D2 |
|Oct. 15, 1994 |
| |
|PSLV-D3 |
|Mar. 21, 1996 |
| |
|PSLV-C1 |
|Sept. 29, 1997 |
| |
|PSLV-C2 |
|May 26, 1999 |
| |
|PSLV-C3 |
|Oct. 22, 2001 |
| |
|PSLV-C4 |
|Sept. 12, 2002 |
| |
|PSLV-C5 |
|Oct. 17, 2003 |
| |
|PSLV-C6 |
|May 5, 2005 |
| |
|PSLV-C7 |
|Jan. 10, 2007 |
| |
Sciences Top Ten
|Science’s Top Ten |
|Showing a clear departure from the year 2005, the world’s leading scientific research journal Science |
|has dubbed an outstanding work of mathematics as the most significant breakthrough of the year 2006. |
|It is worth mentioning that a work in the field of organic evolution had been accorded the same pride |
|of place in the year 2005 for which the journal had invited criticism from several corners. Taking |
|cognizance of that fact, the Editorial has aptly noted, “Our readers can relax this year; Religion and|
|politics are off the table, and n-dimensional geometry is on instead”. |
|Solution of A Century-old Mathematical Riddle |
|The work of Russia’s Publicity shy mathematician Grigori Perelman has topped the Science’s Top Ten |
|Breakthroughs of the Year 2006’. As the Editorial says, “To mathematicians, Grigori Perelman’s proof |
|of the Poincare Conjecture qualifies at least as the Breakthrough of the Decade. But it has taken them|
|a good part of that decade to convince themselves that it was for real”. |
|Poincare Conjecture, which deals with abstract shapes in three-dimensional space, has finally been |
|solved. The Poincare Conjecture is part of a branch of mathematics called topology, informally known |
|as ‘rubber sheet geometry’ because it involves surfaces that can undergo arbitrary amounts of |
|stretching. Proposed in 1904 by Henri Poincare, the conjecture describes a test for showing that a |
|space is equivalent to a ‘hypersphere’, the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. |
|In 2002, Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman, posted on the Interner the first of three papers that|
|outlined a proof of Poincare`s conjecture as part of an even more ambitious result. Though many |
|lacunae still existed, it appeared that Perelman had indeed solved one of the most difficult problems |
|in mathematics. The year 2006 saw three teams filling in the gaps of Perelman’s proof. |
|Tracking the Trail Of Neanderthal-Homo Sapien Divergence |
|The two groups that published their results in 2006 concluded that Neanderthals diverged from our own |
|ancestors at least 4,50,000 years ago- approximately the time suggested by fossil and mitochondrial |
|DNA studies. |
|While one group decoded 65,000 Neanderthal bases the other decoded a million bases. Together these two|
|groups showed that researchers could now find sequence changes between modern and ancient humans. The |
|works provide us a very rough draft of the complete Neanderthal genome sequence. This discovery |
|coincided with the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the Neanderthal type specimen celebrated in |
|2006. |
|Depletion of Great Ice Sheets |
|While climate change and its effects on ice sheets is now accepted, the observation by glaciologists |
|that the two great ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica are melting and losing ice to the |
|oceans proved beyond doubt the effect of climate change. The scientists also showed that the ice |
|sheets are being lost at an accelerating pace. |
|The observation has in turn brought out the effect of how the sensitive ice sheets react to ‘an as-yet|
|modest warming of air and ocean water”. Both Greenland and Antarctica have been losing ice over the |
|past 5 to 10 years with Greenland shedding at least 100 gigatons each year and Antarctica in the range|
|of tens of gigatons per year or more. |
|Evolutionary Feat Of a Fossil Fuel Discovery |
|If glaciologists showed the effect of melting ice sheets on low lying coastal areas, paleontologists |
|dug out evidence of a fossil fish that long ago took a deep breath and made some tentative but |
|ultimately far-reaching steps onto land. “The 375-million-year-old specimen with its sturdy jointed |
|fins fills and evolutionary gap and provides a glimpse of the features that helped later creatures |
|conquer the continents”, Science reports. The fish have been named Tiktaalik roseae for ‘large |
|freshwater fish’ in the Inuktitut language and a donor who helped fund the expedition, respectively. |
|“All limbed vertebrates, known as tetrapods, evolved from lobe-finned fishes some 370 million to 360 |
|million years ago. The new species is the most tetrapod-like fish yet discovered”. |
|The First Rudimentary Invisibility Cloak |
|Physicists also share their own claim for fame in 2006 by cobbling together the first ‘rudimentary |
|invisibility cloak’ – Scientists developed this year the first rudimentary device for shielding |
|objects from view. The device guides incoming microwaves in such a way that they produce neither a |
|reflection nor a shadow. Although far from perfect – the ring shaped cloak is invisible only when |
|viewed in microwaves of a certain wavelength travelling parallel to the plane of the ring – the device|
|could usher in a potentially revolution approach to manipulating electromagnetic waves. |
|The First Ray Of Hope For AMD Patients |
|The battle against Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), which is one of the leading causes of |
|blindness in people, appears to be won. The results of two clinical trials showed that treatment with |
|the drug ranibizumab improves the vision of roughly one-third of patients with the more serious wet |
|form of AMD and stabilizes the condition of most of the others. Other approved treatments can only |
|slow the progression of AMD. |
|Vision loss in the wet form of AMD is caused by the growth and leakage of abnormal blood vessels in |
|the macula, the central region of the retina. The drug ranibizumab targets the protein that stimulates|
|the vessel growth. |
|Detecting Genetic Changes To Develop New Species |
|How does speciation start? Several genetic changes make a group of individuals become a separate |
|species by giving them the extra advantage to survive in a new environment. And understanding these |
|have come, thanks to genomics, in helping scientists understand one of the most fundamental questions |
|of biology on biodiversity. |
|From Florida beach mice to cactus finches, the effect of a single gene to help them become, a separate|
|species has been brought out. |
|Genes can help drive speciation in other ways as well. Researchers have long ago realized that as two |
|incipient species diverge, “the sequences of two or more interacting genes can evolve along different |
|paths until the proteins they encode no longer work together in any crossbred offspring”. Scientists |
|now have been able to pinpoint the first such pair of incompatible genes in Drosophila melanogaster |
|and a sister species, D. simulan. |
|“In June, evolutionary biologists detailed the most convincing case yet of a species that arose |
|through hybridization. They bred two species of passion vine butterflies and got the red and yellow |
|stripe pattern of a third species”. |
|New Insight into Cellular Structure |
|Biologists have for the first time managed to get a clearer view of the fine structure of cells and |
|proteins. This was possible as they used a microscopy technique that sidestepped a fundamental limit |
|of optics – inability to study features smaller than half the wavelength of the light used to |
|illuminate an object – about 200 nanometres for visible light. |
|Researchers in Germany using a technique known as Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and another |
|simpler technique known as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) have used fluorescent dye/tag|
|effectively with some light manipulations to study biological specimens that was not possible using |
|conventional optical techniques. |
|Verification of Brain’s Memory Retention Capability |
|How does the brain record new memories? A process called Long Term Potentiation (LTP) that strengthens|
|connections between neurons was long suspected by neurologists to be the answer but there was no way |
|of proving it. |
|Several findings reported in 2006 strongly bolstered the case. “LTP is based on the fact that synaptic|
|connections between neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region tied to memory, are bolstered under |
|certain conditions”. |
|Scientists discovered LTP is the early 1970s, when experiments with rabbits showed that a brief |
|barrage of electrical zaps could holster synaptic connections between neurons in the hippocampus, a |
|brain region tied to memory. |
|Observing LTP in the hippocampus when an animal learns something was essential to prove LTP. In |
|January, Spanish scientists reported such an observation in mice conditioned to blink upon hearing a |
|tone. In August, another research team described LTP in the hippocampus of rats that had learned to |
|avoid an area where they had previously received a shock. |
|Discovery of A New RNA Type |
|After DNA, it has been the turn of small RNA molecules to hog the limelight. The number of small RNA |
|being discovered seems unending with Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) joining the elite club. piRNAs |
|made their grand entrance last summer. |
|piRNAs are abundant in the rests of several animals, including humans and are distinctly different |
|from their small RNA cousins. They appear to regulate the development and maintenance of sperm cells |
|in many species. But much is unknown about them. |
|Milestones in Space Exploration |[pic][pic][pic] |
|1957 | |
|Sputnik-I and Sputnik-II of Russia, first two earth-orbiting satellites; USA's Vanguard TV3 fails. | |
| | |
|1959 | |
|Russia launches Luna-I, first lunar fly-by and Luna-II, first lunar impact. | |
| | |
|1961 | |
|Russia's first manned Earth orbiter Vostok-I carrying Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. | |
| | |
|1962 | |
|Mariner-II, first Venus fly-by of USA. | |
| | |
|1964 | |
|Mariner-IV, first Mars fly-by of USA. | |
| | |
|1965 | |
|Russia's Venera-III, first spacecraft to impact another planet. | |
| | |
|1966 | |
|Russia's Luna-IX, first spacecraft to land on the moon and Luna-X, first man-made satellite of the | |
|moon. | |
| | |
|1967 | |
|Russia's Venera-IV, first spacecraft to transmit data from Venus's atmosphere. | |
| | |
|1968 | |
|USA's Apollo-VIII, first manned lunar orbiter. | |
| | |
|1969 | |
|USA's Apollo-X, manned lunar orbiter and Apollo-XL first manned lunar landing; Neil .Armstrong and | |
|Edwin Aldrin become the first cosmonauts to land on moon. | |
| | |
|1970 | |
|USA's ApolIo-XIII, spacecraft returns after malfunctioning; Russia's Venera-Vll, first Venus lander | |
|and Luna- XVII (Lunokhod-I), first lunar rover. | |
| | |
|1971 | |
|Russia's Mars-II, first Mars orbiter and first mission to impact Mars;.Mars-III, first Mars lander. | |
| | |
|1972 | |
|USA's Pioneer -X first Jupiter fly-by | |
| | |
|1973 | |
|USA's Pioneer-XI, first Saturn fly-by; Mariner-X uses the gravitational pull of Venus to reach | |
|Mercury. | |
| | |
|1975 | |
|Russia's Venera-IX, first Venus orbiter and USA's Viking-I, Mars orbiter and lander. | |
| | |
|1976 | |
|USA's Helios-II reaches closest to Sun. | |
| | |
|1977 | |
|Voyager-II of USA flies by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 1981 ; USA's space shuttle STS-1,' | |
|first space shuttle flight. | |
| | |
|1985 | |
|Japan's Sakigakc, Comet Bailey fly-by. | |
| | |
|1989 | |
|USA's Galileo, first Jupiter orbiter and first atmospheric probe of the planet. | |
| | |
|1990 | |
|USA's Bubble Space Telescope Observatory in space 600 km above Earth's surface. | |
| | |
|1995 | |
|ESA's SOHO (Solar Heliospheric Observatory), Solar Obse | |
| | |
|1996 | |
|USA's NEAR, first near-Earth asteroid rendezvous mission; Mars Pathfinder, first Mars rover. | |
| | |
|2001 | |
|USA's Genesis, first mission to collect solar wind sample. | |
| | |
|2005 | |
|USA's MESSENGER, Mercury orbiter, expected to return in 2011. | |
| | |
|2006 | |
|USA's New Horizons and Pluto - Kupito Belt Probe; Stereo Solar orbiter. | |
| | |
|2007 | |
|USA's Phoenix, Mars polar lander; Japan's Selene, lunar orbiter and USAs Dawn, Asteroids orbiter | |
| | |
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)
Recent studies have shown that about 85 per cent of computer users suffer from computer vision syndrome
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a complex eye and vision-related problem associated with computer use. Recent studies have shown that about 85 per cent of computer users suffer from this problem, possibly making it the silent epidemic of the 21st century.
Hence it is important to know a few essential things about CVS.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms are eyestrain, blurred vision, dry and irritated eyes, tired eyes, and headaches. Neck and backaches can also be related to the way we use our eyes at the computer.
Causes
There are several reasons, but the most important reason is that the blink rate (16 / min) is reduced to about 1/3 the normal rate. This leads to irritation, dryness, excessive tearing, burning, itching and redness.
Contact lens wearers also often experience problems with their contact lenses. In response, reflex tearing sometimes occurs and floods the eyes with tears.
Precautions
Use artificial tears to rewet and lubricate your eyes. Lower the computer screen so that the centre of the screen is four to eight inches below your eyes. If seated in a draft or near an air vent, try to eliminate the flow of air past your eyes.
Low humidity or fumes aggravate a dry eye condition, so fix these if possible. Blink whenever you begin to sense eye discomfort; close eyelids and roll eyes frequently.
While working on computers, use glasses with anti-reflection coating. These are advised for those wearing lens as well. For those with presbyopia (glasses for reading after 40 years), the best solution is a lens that is specifically designed for this purpose.
Because the eyes lead the body, the body will assume whatever position is required to enable your eyes to see comfortably. The most optimum viewing distance is considered to be 20-28 inches.
Care for eyes
Care of a person with CVS often requires an expanded case history, testing of the eyes or vision, or treatment since it involves taking into consideration many aspects.
Perfect computer display
Flat panel (LCD) are better than cathode ray tube (CRT) displays since they do not flicker and the contrast is typically higher. Optimal contrast and visibility are attained with black characters on a white background.
The size of the text should be three times the size of the smallest text you can read. Adjust refresh rate (flicker) as high as possible, preferably 85 hertz or higher. For colour monitors, smaller dot pitches (less than 0.28 mm) are desirable.
Adjust the screen contrast so that the characters are clear. Reflections from your computer screen reduce the contrast and make it difficult to see your work. If possible, remove the offending source of light - turn off the source, draw blinds and :
Know the best lighting
Bright lights or other bright objects in your peripheral vision are uncomfortable and can contribute to eye and musculoskeletal symptoms.
• Try the following measures.
• Turn off the light that is bothering you.
• If window light is causing discomfort, draw blinds.
• Alter your workstation position so that bright overhead lights or bright windows are not in your field of vision. If a desk lamp is causing discomfort, try turning if off and determine whether you can still adequately see your work.
• Use a shield or partition to block bright lights.
Blurring of vision
Intermittent blurring is caused by an inability of the accommodative mechanism to maintain a steady focus on near objects.
This occurs when, after extended near work, the muscles remain fixed or somewhat locked in the near contracted position, effectively making the eye myopic, taking a few seconds to focus on objects. Sometimes this can last for several hours.
This can even affect driving and can be treated with spectacles and exercises. Eyelids flutter or twitch because the muscle surrounding the eye is fatigued. Take periodic breaks, eliminate glares and consider an eye examination.
There is no way that screen and the keyboard can be optimally located with laptops and notebooks and extended work is not recommended on these.
The author is cornea and refractive surgeon, Narayana Netralaya, Bangalore.
Worlds Prominent Scientists
|Ryle, Sir Martin: U.K. (1974) Nobal Prize winner in Physics for the development of |[pic][pic] |
|"aperture synthesis" technique designed to identify stellar objects through radio | |
|signals. | |
|Sarabhai, Dr. Vikram A: Former Chairman of India's Atomic Energy Commission and the | |
|Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) died on December 30, 1971. Dr. Sarabhai | |
|was an eminent physicist mainly interested in the astro-physical implications of | |
|Cosmic Ray Time Variations | |
|Sanger, Dr. Frederick (b.1918): First Scientist to receive two Nobel Prizes for | |
|Chemistry in 1958 (composition of the insulin molecule) and in 1980 (molecular | |
|structures for nucleic acids) | |
|Sen, P.K. (Dr.): is the Indian surgeon who performed Asia's first heart transplant | |
|operation in Mumbai. | |
|Simpson, Sir James Young (1811 - 1870): British physicist to introduce chloroform as| |
|an anaesthetic in 1847 | |
|Soddy, Frederick (1877 - 1956): British radio chemist pioneer to research in the | |
|atomic disintegration, discovered "isotopes"; for which he received the Nobel Prize | |
|for Chemistry in 1921. | |
|Solvay, Earnest (1838 - 1922): Belgian chemist devised a process for manufacture of | |
|sodium carbonate | |
|Sutherland, Dr. Earl W: Recipient of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1971, credited | |
|with the discovery, "that the hormones in the human body produce another substance | |
|known as cyclic A.M.P., can influence its disease-resisting capacity in the body". | |
|Teller, Edward (Dr.): U.S. nuclear scientist developed the hydrogen bomb. | |
|Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856 - 1940): British physicist discovered the electron which | |
|inaugurated the electrical theory of the atom. | |
|Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1940): Russian pioneer who developed the basic theory of | |
|rocketry. | |
|Verne, jules (1828 - 1905): French science-fiction writer; author of the book "From | |
|the Earth to the Moon". The book carried a more or less accurate prediction of the | |
|launching and flight of Apollo-8. | |
|Volta, A. (1745 - 1827): Italian physicist and pioneer of electrical science; | |
|invented voltaic cell, the electrophorus and electroscope. | |
|Voronoff, S: Russian scientist known for grafting healthy animal glands, into the | |
|human body. | |
|Watson and Crick:Known for DNA double helix. | |
|Watson-Watt, Sir Robert:British physicist. He developed radar. | |
|Watt, James (1736 - 1819):Scottish engineer who invented steam engine | |
|Yukawa, Dr. H: (born 1907) Predicted a new particle meson which holds the protons | |
|and neutrons of the atomic nucleus, first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize in Physics| |
|(1949). | |
|Alvares, Luis W: An American Won the Nobel Prize for elementary physics in 1960 when| |
|he discovered a new resonance particle - a discovery that shattered the then | |
|prevailing notions as to how matter was built. | |
|Anfinsen, Dr. Christian B: U.S.A. 's one of the three co-winners of the Nobel Prize | |
|in Chemistry, 1972. | |
|Archimedes: Greek mathematician who lived about 250 B.C. discovery of the | |
|Archimedes' principle Archimedean Screw, a cylindrical device for raising water | |
|Arrow, Kenneth, J: Harvard University, U.S.A. is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for | |
|Economics, 1972 with Sir John Richard Hicks of Oxford University. The two men are | |
|known for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium and welfare| |
|theories. | |
|Aryabhatta: (476 - 520 A.D.) after whom India's first scientific satellite has been | |
|named, was a great Indian astronomer and mathematician. Among his important | |
|contributions are the recognition of the importance of the movement of the earth | |
|round the Sun, determination of the physical parameters of various celestial bodies,| |
|such as diameter of the earth and the moon. He laid the foundations of algebra and | |
|was responsible for pointing out importance of "zero". | |
|Avogadro, Amedeo: Italian physicist; founder of Avogadro's hypothesis. He also | |
|defined a molecule. He lived between 1776 and 1856. | |
|Bardeen, Prof. John: U.S.A.'s co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, 1972 (with | |
|Prof. Leon N.Cooper and Prof. John Robert Schrieffer) for researches into the | |
|"theory of super-conductivity" called BCS theory. | |
|Barnard, Christian South African surgeon who did the first heart transplant | |
|operation on Louis Washkansky in 1967. | |
|Beadle, Dr. G: American scientist awarded Nobel Prize for medicine in 1958 for the | |
|actual basis of heredity. | |
|Becquerel, Henri: French physicist discovered in 1896 of Becquerel rays, the first | |
|indications of radio-activity; later named gamma rays. He shared Nobel Prize for | |
|Physics with the Curies in 1903. He lived between 1852 and 1908. | |
|Berzelius, J.J: Swedish Chemist, known for chemical shorthand symbols and atomic | |
|weights. He lived between 1779 and 1848 | |
|Bessemer, Sir Henry: English engineer invented the process for the manufacture of | |
|steel. He lived between 1813 and 1898. | |
|Bhabha, Dr. H.J: Indian scientist. He published important papers on Cosmic Rays and | |
|Quantum Theory. He was professor at the Indian Science Institute, Bangalore; | |
|Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission; Director, Tata Institute of Fundamental | |
|Research; President, Indian Science Congress in 1951 and presided at the Atoms for | |
|Peace Conference held at Geneva in 1956. He had many significant researches in | |
|structure of atom and contributed largely to the setting up of atomic reactors at | |
|Trombay (Mumbai). | |
|Bohr, Neils: (born 1885) Danish Physicist awarded Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. | |
|He extended the theory of atomic structure of devising an atomic model in 1913 | |
|Boyle, Robert: Irish natural philosopher; one of the founders of modern chemistry | |
|and Boyle's law. He lived between 1627 and 1691. | |
|Bragg. Sir William: British physicist researched on the behaviour of crystals with | |
|regard to X-rays incident upon them. He lived between 1862 and 1942. | |
|Cavendish, Henry: English physicist and chemist; discovered properties of hydrogen | |
|in 1766. He lived between 1731 and 1810 | |
|Chadwick, Sir James: British physicist discovered the particle in an atomic nucleus | |
|known as the neutron, because it has no electric charge. He lived between 1891 and | |
|1974. | |
|Charles, Jacques Alexander Cesar: A French scientist first to make a balloon | |
|ascension with hydrogen. He has worked on the effect of temperature on the volume of| |
|gases. He lived between 1746 and 1823. | |
|Clark Maxwell, James: British physicist worked wireless telegraphy and telephony. | |
|His principal works include : Perception of Colour, Colour Blindness, Theory of | |
|Heat, Electricity and Magnetism, Matter and Motion. He lived between 1831 and 1879. | |
|Claude, Albert: A Biologist shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Medicine. His field of | |
|research relates to causes and treatment of cancer. | |
|Columbus, Christopher: Italian navigator discovered West Indies Islands, Cuba, | |
|Bahamas, South America in 1498. He lived between 1446 to 1506. | |
|Cooper, Leon N: Of U.S.A. one of the three co-winners of the Nobel prize in Physics,| |
|1972 for theory of superconductivity | |
|Copernicus: Astronomer of Poland who discovered the "Solar System". He lived between| |
|1413 and 1543. | |
|Curie, Madame Marie: Polish physicist and chemist; discovered radium awarded Nobel | |
|Prize in chemistry in 1911 and Prize in physics in 1903, lived between 1867 and | |
|1934. | |
|Dalton, John: British scientist, founder of the Atomic Theory and law of Multiple | |
|Proportions. He lived between 1766 and 1844. | |
|Darwin, Charles: British scientist who discovered the principle of natural | |
|selection. He lived between 1809 and 1882. | |
|Davy, Sir Humphrey: British chemist. First to apply electric current for the | |
|isolation of metals. He lived between 1771 and 1829. | |
|Debreu, Gerard: 1983 Nobel memorial prize in economics, is known for his research on| |
|market equilibrium incorporated "new analytical methods into economic theory". | |
|Delbrueck, Dr. Max: American doctor, was one of the three American co-winners of the| |
|Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1969 for discoveries in molecular genetics | |
|Edelman, Dr. Gerald Maurice: Of U.S.A. is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine,| |
|1972 found out "the chemical structure of blood-proteins or antibodies which shield | |
|the human body against infection". | |
|Edison, Thomas Alva: American inventor of phonograph, the incandescent lamp, a new | |
|type of storage battery, an early form of cinematography etc. He lived between 1847 | |
|and 1931. | |
|Einstein, Prof. Albert: German-Swiss, famous scientist known for his theory of | |
|relativity. He lived between 1879 and 1955. | |
|Faraday, Michael: English scientist; prominent in the field of electro-magnetism; | |
|discovered the laws of electrolysis. He lived between 1791 and 1867 | |
|Fleming, Sir John Ambrose: British physicist and engineer pioneer in the development| |
|of the telephone, electric light and radio. He lived between 1849 and 1945. | |
|Fraunhofer: German physicist researched on 'Light' while performing | |
|spectrum-analysis of Sunlight; discovered 'Fraunhofer Lines'. | |
|Freud, Sigmund: Psycho-analysist. Works: The Interpretation of Dreams; The | |
|Psychopathology of Every-day Life; The Ego and the Id; Civilization and Its | |
|Discontents. He lived between 1856 and 1939 | |
|Gabor, Dr Dennis: 1971 Nobel Prize award for Physics for his "invention in | |
|development of the holographic method" - three dimensional photography. | |
|Galileo: Italian scientist viewed that all falling bodies, great or small, descend | |
|with equal velocity, invented telescope and became the first man to see the | |
|satellites of Jupiter. He lived between 1564 and 1642. | |
|Gell-Mann, Prof. Murray: Recipient of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics, for his | |
|"classification of elementary particles and their interactions". | |
|Goddard, Robert H: An American pioneer of space research who mentioned the | |
|possibility of shooting a rocket to the moon in a paper entitled "A Method of | |
|Reaching Extreme Altitudes" published by him in 1919. | |
|Graham, Thomas: Scottish chemist called the "father of colloidal chemistry". He | |
|worked on diffusion of substances in solution. He lived between 1805 and 1914. | |
|Hahn, Otto: German pioneer of nuclear research, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in| |
|1944, proved in 1938 that atomic fission can be achieved by bombarding uranium with | |
|neutrons. | |
|Hall, Charles Martin: American chemist discovered the modern method of extraction of| |
|aluminium by electrolysis of bauxite in 1886. He lived between 1863 and 1914. | |
|Harvey, William: English physician who discovered the circulation of blood. He lived| |
|between 1578 and 1675 | |
|Herzberg, Dr.Gebard: The 1971 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, for his researches in| |
|atomic and molecular structures, particularly free radicals. | |
|Holley, Robert: Nobel Prize winner for Medicine, 1968, the genetic code and its | |
|function in building protein led to the discovery of "the complete structure of a | |
|transfer of RNA molecule" | |
|Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland: English biochemist worked on proteins and vitamins. | |
|He received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1929 for the discovery of Vitamin D. | |
|Hoyle, Fred: A British scientist and science-fiction writer who won the £ 1,000 | |
|Kalinga Prize in 1968. | |
|Jenner, Edward: English physician discovered the vaccination system of alleviating | |
|small pox. He lived between 1749 and 1823. | |
|Josephson Dr. Brian: British scientist who co-shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for | |
|physics for his "theoretical predictions of the properties of a super-current | |
|through a tunnel barrier, known as Josephson effects". | |
|Joule, James Prescott: English physicist who first demonstrated the mechanical | |
|energy can be converted into heat. He lived between 1874 and 1937. | |
|Kepler, Johannes: German astronomer discovered 3 laws of planetary motion (1) The | |
|orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci; (2) the Radius | |
|vector of each planet describes equal areas in equal times; (3) The squares of the | |
|periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from | |
|the Sun. He lived between 1571 and 1630. | |
|Khorana, Hargobind: Who shared with two other the 1968 Nobel Prize for Medicine is | |
|an Indian by birth and an American by domicile. He deciphered the genetic code and | |
|later created an artificial gene. | |
|Krishnan, Dr. K.S: (born 1898) collaborated with Sir C.V.Raman in the discovery of | |
|"Raman Effect". President, Indian Science Congress, 1949, delegate to several | |
|international scientific conferences; Director, National Physical Laboratory, New | |
|Delhi. | |
|Lavoisier A.L: French chemist; established "law of Indestructibility of Matter, | |
|Composition of Water and Air". He lived between 1743 and 1794. | |
|Lister, Joseph: British surgeon who used antiseptic treatment for wounds; introduced| |
|antiseptic surgery. He lived between 1827 and 1912. | |
|Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph: British physicist, known for his researches on radiation, | |
|and the relation between matter and ether. He lived between 1851 and 1940. | |
|Lysenko: Soviet geneticist declared the "Mendelian theory obsolete and erroneous" in| |
|1948. | |
|Marconi: Italian scientist pioneer in wireless telegraphy and radio. He lived | |
|between 1873 and 1937. | |
|McClintock, Barbara: 1983 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine for her discovery of mobile| |
|genetic. | |
|Max Planck: German theoretical physicist who formulated the quantum theory. He was | |
|awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918. | |
|Mendel, Johann Gregory: Austrian monk and naturalist discovered certain principles | |
|of inheritance of heredity. He lived between 1822 and 1884. | |
|Mendeleef, D.I: Russian chemist, founder of periodic law and the development of | |
|petroleum and other industries in Russia. He lived between 1834 and 1901. | |
|Meyer, Victor: Discovered a method to determine the molecular weights of volatile | |
|substances. He lived between 1848 and 1897. | |
|Morley, Edward William: American chemist and physicist known for his work in | |
|determining the composition of water by weight. He lived in 1818 and 1923. | |
|Moseley, Henry G: British physicist worked on atomic structure, and in 1913, devised| |
|the series of atomic numbers. He lived between 1887 and 1915. | |
|Newton, Sir Isaac: British natural philosopher discovered "binomial theorem, the | |
|differential and integral calculus and the universal law of gravitation". He lived | |
|between 1642 and 1727. | |
|Nirenberg, Dr. Marshall: U.S. molecular biologist 1968 Nobel Prize winner for | |
|Medicine with Dr. Robert Holley and Dr. Hargobind Khorana. | |
|Ohm, George Simon: Physicist and mathematician; discovered the law known as Ohm's | |
|Law. He lived between 1787 and 1854. | |
|Onsager, Lars: U.S. Professor who became a Nobel laureate of 1968 for Chemistry the | |
|discovery of "the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for | |
|the thermo-dynamics of irreversible processes". | |
|Paraceisus: Swiss mystic and chemist, he was the first to employ laudanum and | |
|antimony in Pharmacy. He lived between 1493 and 1541. | |
|Pasteur, Louis: French chemist discovered the causes of fermentation in alcohol and | |
|milk and founded the Pasteur Institute in 1888. He lived between 1822 and 1895. | |
|Pauling, Linus: American bio-chemist applied the quantum theory to chemistry | |
|received Nobel Prize (1954) for his contribution to the electrochemical theory of | |
|valency. | |
|Porter, Dr. Rodney Robert: Biochemist known for his discoveries relating to the | |
|chemical structure of antibodies. | |
|Prelog, Vladimir: Yugoslavian stereo-chemistry-research of organic molecules and | |
|reactions. He received (1975) Nobel Prize in Chemistry. | |
|Priestley, Joseph: British Chemist; discovered oxygen and methods of collecting | |
|gases. He lived between 1733 and 1804. | |
|Rao, Prof. U.Ramachandra: Is the Director of Indian Scientific Satellite Project | |
|(ISSP) at Peenya near Bangalore. | |
|Rainwater, James: U.S.A. (1975) Nobel Prize winner in Physics for the development of| |
|the theory that atomic nucleus is not always spherical bet can also be egg-shaped | |
|which has no immediate practical meaning but is extremely essential to scientists | |
|Richards, T.W: He worked for the accurate determination of atomic weights and was | |
|awarded Nobel Prize in 1916. | |
|Roger Bacon: Inventor of Gun Powder and founder of experimental science. He lived | |
|between 1214 and 1294. | |
|Rontgen, W.Konrad: German physicist, discovered X-rays, or Rontgen rays for which he| |
|was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901. He lived between 1845 and | |
|1923. | |
|Ross, Ronald: British physician discovered the cause of Malaria; awarded Nobel Prize| |
|for medicine in 1902. He lived between 1857 and 1932. | |
|Rutherford, Daniel: Scottish scientist discovered nitrogen. He lived between 1749 | |
|and 1819. | |
|Rutherford, Lord: Won a Nobel Prize for his work on structure of atom and | |
|radio-activity. He lived between 1871 and 1937. | |
Subjects
|Acoustics |
|Science or study of sound |
| |
|Anatomy |
|Internal structure of living organism |
| |
|Anthropology |
|Mental and Physical states of mankind |
| |
|Archaeology |
|Prehistoric remains |
| |
|Astrology |
|Predicting future of human beings |
| |
|Astronautics |
|The science of space travel |
| |
|Astronomy |
|Study of heavenly bodies |
| |
|Astrophysics |
|A branch of astronomy dealing with physical nature of heavenly bodies |
| |
|Bacteriology |
|Dealing with bacteria |
| |
|Biology |
|Study of living bodies |
| |
|Bionics |
|Investigation of sensory perception of birds |
| |
|Botany |
|Plant life |
| |
|Ceramics |
|Pottery |
| |
|Chemistry |
|Properties and composition of various elements |
| |
|Chemotherapy |
|Treatment of a Disease by certain chemical compounds |
| |
|Chronology |
|Computing of period of time and assignment of dates with events |
| |
|Conchology |
|Study of shells |
| |
|Cosmology |
|The Science of universe as a whole |
| |
|Cryogenics |
|Production and application of very low temperature |
| |
|Cryptography |
|Study of Cell formation |
| |
|Ecology |
|Study of Relations of animals and plants to their environment |
| |
|Economics |
|Study of production, consumption and distribution of wealth |
| |
|Entomology |
|Study of Insects |
| |
|Epidemiology |
|Study of Epidemics |
| |
|Epigraphy |
|Study of Inscriptions |
| |
|Ethics |
|Psychological Study of moral conduct and duty |
| |
|Ethnology |
|Study of mental and physical differences of mankind |
| |
|Etymology |
|Study of the origin and history of words |
| |
|Exobiology |
|Science dealing with life existing beyond Earth |
| |
|Genetics |
|Science of Heredity |
| |
|Geology |
|Study of condition and structure of the Earth |
| |
|Gerentology |
|Science of old age |
| |
|Haematology |
|Science dealing with the formation, composition, functions and diseases of the blood |
| |
|Horticulture |
|Garden cultivation |
| |
|Hydrography |
|Treatment of diseases with water |
| |
|Hydrophonics |
|Culture of plants without soil, only in solutions |
| |
|Hydroponics |
|Culture of plants without soil |
| |
|Hydrostatics |
|The relation of pressure to equilibrium of fluids |
| |
|Hyetology |
|Study of rainfall |
| |
|Hygiene |
|Study of Health |
| |
|Jurisprudence |
|The Science of knowledge of law |
| |
|Iconography |
|Teaching by pictures and models |
| |
|Lexicography |
|Compiling of dictionary |
| |
|Mammography |
|A technique of quicker diagnosis of breast cancer among women |
| |
|Metallurgy |
|Study of Science and Technology of metals |
| |
|Meteorology |
|Atmospheric phenomena |
| |
|Morphology |
|Position, Structure and form of different plants and animals |
| |
|Morphotogeny |
|Origin and growth of any living organism |
| |
|Mycology |
|The study of fungi |
| |
|Numismatics |
|Study of coins |
| |
|Odontography |
|Study of teeth |
| |
|Optics |
|Nature and properties of light |
| |
|Ornithology |
|Study of birds |
| |
|Osteology |
|The study of bones |
| |
|Palaeontology |
|Study of fossils |
| |
|Pathology |
|Nature, causes and remedies of diseases |
| |
|Pedagogy |
|Education |
| |
|Phrenology |
|Skull and brain |
| |
|Philately |
|Stamp collection |
| |
|Philology |
|Language |
| |
|Phonetics |
|Study of the sounds of spoken language |
| |
|Physics |
|Material bodies |
| |
|Physiology |
|Structure and function of animal and plant life |
| |
|Physiograpy |
|Study of natural geography |
| |
|Pomology |
|Fruits |
| |
|Psychology |
|Study of mind |
| |
|Radiology |
|Radiant energy |
| |
|Seismology |
|Science of earthquakes |
| |
|Sericulture |
|Silkworm rearing |
| |
|Sociology |
|Social problems and human progress |
| |
|Telepathy |
|Communication of two minds at a distance with the help of thought, feelings and emotions |
| |
|Therapeutics |
|Healing of diseases and laws of health |
| |
|Tribology |
|The study of inter-acting surfaces in relatives motion |
| |
|Virology |
|Study of Viruses |
| |
|Zoology |
|Animal life |
| |
Food Facts
|Food Facts |[pic][pic] |
|Several studies have suggested that the best benefits of vitamins and minerals come when | |
|they’re taken from food rather than at a supplement. Here is how you can get your daily dose | |
|of vitamins and minerals: | |
|Vitamin | |
|Food Sources | |
| | |
|Vitamin A | |
|Meat, dairy products | |
| | |
|Beta Carotene | |
|Green leafy vegetables; yellow and orange | |
|fruit and vegetables (carrot, | |
|papaya, pumpkin) | |
| | |
|B1 | |
|Cereal Vegetables | |
| | |
|B2 | |
|Meat, beans, peanuts, leafy greens | |
| | |
|B3 | |
|Cereals | |
| | |
|B6 | |
|Meat, pulses, wheat | |
| | |
|B12 | |
|Liver, meat, eggs | |
| | |
|Folic Acid | |
|Fermented foods containing yeast | |
|(bread, idly, etc); fruit; leafy vegetables | |
| | |
|Pantothenic acid | |
|Liver, yeast, egg yolk, milk, soya | |
| | |
|Biotin | |
|Egg, peanuts, cheese, chicken | |
| | |
|Vitamin C | |
|Citrus fruit, potatoes, green vegetables | |
| | |
|Vitamin D | |
|Sunlight | |
| | |
|Vitamin E | |
|Almonds, vegetable oils, cereals, leafy greens | |
| | |
|Minerals | |
|Good Sources | |
| | |
|Calcium | |
|Dairy products, bony fish, leafy greens | |
| | |
|Phosphorus | |
|Supplied by normal eating | |
| | |
|Iodine | |
|Iodised salt | |
| | |
|Magnesium | |
|Fruits, vegetables, pulses and whole grains | |
| | |
|Zinc | |
|Seeds, e.g. til (sesame) | |
| | |
|Potassium | |
|Cereals, pulses and legumes, leafy greens | |
| | |
|Copper, Selenium | |
|and Chromium | |
|Most people get these enough from their diet | |
| | |
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.