White Plains Middle School



The Largest, Costliest, and Deadliest Conflict

WHAP/Napp

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|Cues: |Notes: |

| |World War II (September 1939 – September 1945) |

| |Largest, costliest, and deadliest armed conflict in human history |

| |The Axis Powers – Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and _________ |

| |The Allied Powers were Great Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, and the United States |

| |Between 55 million and 60 million people were killed during war |

| |World War II involved yet another ugly trend of 20th century, _________ |

| |Twelve million victims – 6 million Jewish, 6 million non-Jewish – perished in the German campaign of racial extermination known |

| |as the Holocaust |

| |When war was over, only two nations, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. became known as superpowers( Cold War ___________ |

| |And from 1940s through 1970s, a massive wave of _____________ |

| |World War II resulted from straightforward pattern of aggression on part of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and militaristic Japan |

| |Hamstrung by Great Depression, anxious to avoid another global conflict, or simply hoping that each aggressive move would be |

| |last, countries such as France, Britain, and U.S. did little to stop the ____________ |

| |Policy of letting aggressors have what they wanted, in the hope that they would demand no more, became known as appeasement |

| |League of Nations proved almost _________ when it came to dealing with foreign-policy crises |

| |And by 1933, Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations |

| |In 1935, Hitler openly rebuilt German army and navy, violating disarmament clauses of the Treaty of ____________ |

| |In 1936, Hitler sent German troops into Rhineland, which was supposed to remain a ______________ zone |

| |In 1937, Hitler signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Italy and Japan |

| |Hitler made public desire for Lebensraum or “living space” for Germany |

| |In 1938, Germany annexed _________ in the Anschluss (“union”) |

| |Hitler also announced plans to take over Sudetenland which had formerly been German territory and given to Czechoslovakia after |

| |World War I |

| |In 1939, Germany took the rest of Czechoslovakia, demonstrating the foolishness of _____________ |

| |On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began |

| |Meanwhile, by 1936, Italy had completed its ___________ of Ethiopia |

| |Spain experienced civil war (1936-1939)(Franco came to power until 1975 |

| |Japan invaded China(Rape of Nanking |

| |In 1939, Hitler and Stalin(Nazi-Soviet Pact, keeping the USSR neutral |

| |Summaries: |

|Cues: |A Different Kind of War |

| |Germany’s innovative method of warfare, Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”), used tanks and airplanes to penetrate deeply and ________ |

| |into enemy territory |

| |Britain and France waited for Germany to attack them, relying on an outdated World War I mentality that viewed war as primarily |

| |defensive |

| |Historians refer to winter of 1939 and 1940 as the Sliztkrieg, or “phony war” due to British and French strategy of __________ |

| |Germans attacked France on May 10(By June 22, the largest and most powerful democracy on the European continent had surrendered |

| |French had been confident that chain of ________ fortifications, Maginot Line, would protect them but German Blitzkrieg |

| |sidestepped it |

| |But Hitler’s attempt to knock Britain out of war failed(Royal Navy protected British isles from invasion |

| |And Royal Air Force defended England’s skies against Hitler’s bombers |

| |On June 22, 1941, Germany ________ the Soviet Union, starting the largest ground war in history(Operation Barbarossa |

| |German forces surrounded Leningrad, USSR’s second largest city, placing it under worst siege in modern times |

| |III. The Changing Tide of War |

| |Japan’s goal was to establish its Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere |

| |U.S.A.’s response to Japanese aggression(imposing economic sanctions |

| |Japanese viewed this embargo as an act of war(December 7, 1941(Pearl Harbor(brought U.S. into ________ |

| |The second half of the war, 1942 through 1945, had a much different character than the first |

| |Battle of Midway (June 1942), Battle of El Alamein (fall 1942), Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942-February 1943), Allies |

| |experienced ___________ |

| |June 1944, in the famous D-Day invasion, British, Canadian, and American troops crossed the English Channel and landed on the |

| |coast of France |

| |In 1945, the Axis surrendered |

| |On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an ________ bomb on Hiroshima(three days later(Nagasaki(unconditional |

| |surrender |

| |IV. Crimes Against Humanity |

| |Even before war, Nazis operated apparatus of terror, formation of a secret police (the Gestapo), concentration camps (such as |

| |Dachau) |

| |Nazis passed a number of anti-Semitic policies that grew worse over time |

| |Nuremberg Laws of 1935, deprived all German Jews of their ______ rights |

| |November 1938, Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”), Jewish shops, synagogues, and homes throughout Germany and Austria were |

| |attacked |

| |Sometime in 1941 that order for genocide came down from above |

| |Final Solution resulted in 12 million deaths(Of Europe’s 11 million Jews, approximately 6 million were killed( and 6 million |

| |non-Jewish victims |

| |Nuremberg Trials (1946), to try remaining Nazi ____________ |

| |U.N. General Assembly(Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) |

| |Second World War brought fundamental shifts in thinking |

| | |

| | |

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| |Summaries: |

Questions:

• Describe Hitler’s acts of aggression which led to the Second World War.

• Explain the policy of appeasement and its failure.

• Discuss the changing relationship between the Nazis and the Soviets.

• Discuss the changing nature of the war.

• Discuss the crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War.

|Which of the following had NOT experienced fascist aggression or |Which member of the victorious Allies emerged most dissatisfied from |

|takeover prior to World War II? |the Versailles settlement? |

|Ethiopia |Germany |

|Czechoslovakia |France |

|Great Britain |United States |

|Spain |Japan |

|China |Great Britain |

| | |

|The invasion of which country led to the slowing and eventual reversal|Which belligerent power of the First World War carried out an early |

|of the German blitzkrieg? |exit from the hostilities and negotiated a separate peace treaty? |

|France |France |

|Belgium |The United States |

|The USSR |Russia |

|Great Britain |Austria-Hungary |

|Spain |Germany |

| | |

|Which is NOT true of the Nazi death camps? |Which of the following periods have been grouped together by world |

|Most were located in Poland. |historians into a time called an “Age of Catastrophe” lasting from |

|Escape was impossible. |1914 to 1945? |

|A variety of methods were employed in carrying out executions. |World War I, Great Depression, Cold War |

|They were staffed by German and non-German guards. |Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II |

|They were carefully planned and constructed. |World War I, Great Depression, World War II |

| |World War II, Cold War, post-Cold War era |

| |Great Depression, World War II, Cold War |

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Excerpt from

In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the so-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit.

Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities.

In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called “death marches,” in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, 1945.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe entirely.

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Germany 1914 – 1945 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Objective: To identify and explain significant causes and effects of the Second World War

Do Now: Define fascism and explain how fascist powers in the Second World War sought to remake the world.

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