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Logical Analysis ToolboxLogical structure of arguments Assessing the way their arguments are assembled1. Claim (a debatable assertion)2. Grounds (Evidence or support that can be accepted as true) Types of evidence include expert testimony, statistics, historical facts, research studies, and other examples.3. Warrant (reasoning that links evidence to claim)Types of ReasoningHow do they connect their claims to one another, and to support?Analogy Reasoning – Using comparisons or parallel casesInductive Reasoning – Using a specific example to draw a broad claimDeductive Reasoning -- Applying a general principle to a specific exampleSign Reasoning – Says that one thing indicates another thing is trueCausal Reasoning -- Says that one thing causes another to happenSyllogistic Reasoning – Reasoning that connects more than two causes and effectsLogical FallaciesDo they use faulty reasoning?1. Bandwagon / Ad Populum – Everyone’s doing it, so it must be good2. Slippery Slope – If we take one step, we’ll roll down the hill!3. False Dilemma / Either-or – Showing two choices when there are more.4. Ad Hominem – Personal attack on one’s character5. Appeal to Authority – Using credentials instead of good evidence6. Hasty Generalization – Leaping to a conclusion with limited evidence7. Red Herring / Non-Sequitur – Distracting with an off-topic claim8. Straw Man – Giving a weakened version of someone’s argument9. Appeal to Ignorance – Using lack of information to reach a conclusion10. False Cause – Falsely claiming that one thing causes another thing11. Single Cause – Focusing on one cause when there are more 12. Appeal to tradition – Saying this is the way things have always been ................
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