NAME: ________________________________________________ PER



Student Name: __________________________________________________

Unit 4-C: Age of Revolutions (French Rev.)

Introduction

What is a revolution?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

What is a war of independence?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

What is a revolt/rebellion?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

There are 2 kinds of revolutions.

(1) _______________________

(2) _______________________

Political targets ____________________________.

Social targets ____________________________.

Some revolutions are both.

Not all revolutions work.

Example of Political Revolutions

English Revolution (1640-60)

Glorious Revolution (1688-89)

American Revolution (1775-83)

French Revolution (1789-99)

Revolutions of 1848 (1848)

Irish Revolution (1916-23)

Russian Revolution (1917)

Example of Social Revolutions

Neolithic Revolution (8000s BC)

Renaissance & Reformation (1300-1600)

Industrial Revolution (1760-1914)

Russian Revolution (1917)

Sexual Revolution (1960s)

Negro Revolution (1955-Now)

Digital Revolution (1950-Now)

Revolutions to Be Studied

American Revolution (1775-83)

French Revolution (1789-99)

Latin American Revolutions (1807-24)

Revolutions of 1848 (1848)

Russian Revolution (1917)

All 5 revolutions share similarities and differences.

What causes a revolution?

High taxes (____________________________!)…

Cruel / dumb __________…

__________vs. Have __________…

_____________________…

Lack of __________ / liberties…

_________________ in war…

A desire for _________________…

The French Revolution

Lasted from 1789-1799.

It saw a major _________________ & _________________ change in France (a true rev).

France went from a __________________________…

to a ________________________…

to a ________________________ under Napoleon Bonaparte.

Background Information

There were 5 major causes…

(1) __________________________________________________________

Professional intellectuals called philosophes argued that all people had natural rights and that governments existed

to guarantee these rights (____________________________).

(2) __________________________________________________________

Monarchy spent more $ than it made from taxes; debt grew

from foreign wars; many kings dropped big $ on palace

at Versailles; high cost of ______________.

(3) __________________________________________________________

Made the existing system of government seem illegitimate; rich were still favored over poor every time in court cases.

(4) __________________________________________________________

He was inept and not bright; listened to others too often; attacked his allies because he was told to; attacked his wife’s home country; later beheaded.

(5) __________________________________________________________

Middle class (majority of society) was mad since it didn’t have as much power/privilege as nobility and clergy. This kept them from moving up socially/politically.

Welcome back to the big show!

If you thought the American Revolution was entertaining, just you wait!

The French Revolution is up next – now THAT’S

a revolution…

x ________________________________________

Stuff gets outta hand something fierce at the Bastille.

x ________________________________________

France hauls off and beheads their king and queen.

x ________________________________________

France becomes ridunkculously paranoid – starts offin’ all y’all… before my man Napoleon takes over.

x ____________________________________________

Louis XVI took over in 1774.

He found France deep in debt, heavily taxed, and with high bread costs.

So, Louis assembles the Estates General in 1789.

The Estates General was like Parliament/ Congress and had reps from 3 social classes.

The 3 class (estates) were:

1st Estate: __________________________

2nd Estate: __________________________

3rd Estate: __________________________

The Estates General last met in 1614… 175 years ago; it’s not a permanent body.

Needless to say, new reps had to be chosen!

Both sides spend much of their time bickering over voting rights in the EG.

A month later, the 3 estates decide to form a single-chambered legislature and to write a new constitution.

On June 17, 1789, they declare themselves the

_______________________________________.

When Louis finds out, he overreacts and locks the doors to the meeting places of the new Assembly.

No biggie - they meet at an indoor tennis court and swear not to disband until France had a constitution.

This becomes known as the

“____________________________________”.

Like that girlfriend you dump in college that turns into a psycho-stalker “why don’t you call me anymore?” chick, Louis flips out and surrounds different halls with troops – to prevent future meetings.

The commoners grow suspicious and begin roaming Paris looking for weapons to fend off this royal attack.

And where do they look?

The Bastille.

It was a large fortress turned military

______________… and _________________.

That’s right. They kept their weapons in the same place as their prisoners.

Weapons + prisoners = ?

On ____________________________________, the crowds attack the Bastille.

Their plan was simple…

…free the _________________________ of prisoners, bust out the guns, and take Paris.

So they bust the gates…

Kick down the doors..

And free…

__________ prisoners.

Yep. There weren’t thousands of prisoners in the Bastille.

There were 7.

SEVEN!!!

So what would you do to make this look better?

Behead the governor of Paris?

BINGO.

The crowd takes the Bastille and beheads the governor.

You can only imagine their conversations the next day…

When word gets to Louis, he asks an aid, “Is this a revolt?”

The answer is quick:

“No, sire. It is a ______________________________.”

The French Revolution continued…

The National Assembly jumped on the Bastille incident and took

the chance to change the ______________________ nature of France.

They did this by adopting the _______________________________

_______________________________ on August 26, 1789.

This was inspired by the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the Age of Enlightenment.

The document listed a number of rights with which “all men” were endowed and that were described as

_______________________.

It nullified the idea of “Divine Right” of kings to rule and included the following rights:

(1) Participation in the making of laws through

_______________________________________.

(2) Equality of all people (except _____________________) before the law.

(3) _______________________________________.

(4) Protection against the loss of property (like our 5th

Amendment’s ________________________________).

(5) Freedom of ___________________, __________________, and

the _________________ (huge deal).

(6) Protection against random arrests and punishment

(___________________________).

The Assembly also changed the _________________ nature of France by:

(1) Eliminating the ________________ as a legally defined class.

(2) Granting the same __________________________ to all citizens.

(3) Eliminating guilds (________________).

(4) Extending more rights to _______________ in France and

______________________ in France’s Caribbean colonies

(but didn’t abolish slavery).

(5) Giving civil rights to religious minorities (___________________

& _____________).

(6) Incorporating Catholic Church _________ state; took away its property and special rights. Priests had to swear loyalty to the state… or be dismissed.

The Assembly forced Louis and his family (in Versailles) to return to

________________ and share the same palace as them.

A new _______________________________________________, was written; set up limited monarchy with new Legislative Assembly to make laws.

H-BOMB – Topic: Americans are the only perverts out there.

FALSE!

We owe our perverted nature to none other than the FRENCH!

While pornography and depictions of sex date back to the Ancient Chinese, the French found a way to use sexually explicit images to take their revolution to the common man.

The Declaration freed the presses in 1789, and politically motivated pornography took off. The prime targets were the aristocracy, the clergy, and Queen Marie Antoinette.

Pamphlets questioning the paternity of her children, her wild orgies, and her presumed lesbian activities circulated among the bourgeoisie and lower classes.

The purpose for these attacks was to undermine royal authority and centered on the underlying anxiety about the role of women and the issue of clear gender boundaries.

Degrading the queen had a kind of leveling, democratizing effect, particularly when she was depicted having sex with members of the lower classes.

Her body, especially when portrayed as a prostitute, made her seem “available” to every man. These attacks continued until she was beheaded in 1793.

After the Revolution, pornography lost its political overtones and was replaced by material that pushed the “norms” of society.

The French Revolution continued…

The Legislative Assembly had been divided from the start.

There was conservative ___________ (limited change) and

radical ___________ (major social/political reforms).

The Assembly, therefore, lacked a ___________________________.

In June 1791, Louis and his family fled Paris in _________________.

They were captured when Louis used coins at a store… that

had __________ picture on them.

They were captured and returned under heavy guard.

As a result of this fiasco, there was open talk about replacing

the monarchy with a __________________.

Alarmed by the radical direction of the revolution, the nobles

began to leave (called ______________________) to

conspire abroad.

Pressured by these émigrés, the Austrian Emperor and Prussian

King issued a declaration that they would intervene

__________________ on behalf of King Louis… which

quickly provoked fears of an invasion.

Radicals like _________________________________________________ (who wanted Louis to be removed) exaggerated the threat of an Austrian invasion.

Poor Louis was confused. Why would he want to attack the very country that pledged military aid to save him?

Louis listens and declares war on Austria and Prussia.

Austria was also where his wife _______________________________ was from!

This starts the ________________________________________________ (1792-1797).

SHOCKINGLY… France has _______ successes on the battlefield.

Soon, a mob angry over the war stormed Louis’ palace in

Paris… and hacked to death some _______ Swiss guards.

The radicals’ plan to undermine Louis worked… the king is

suspended from his duties and ________________________.

The Legislative Assembly meets to write a _____________________ constitution… and decide Louis’ fate.

And this is where le French poo-poo hits le fan…

As support of the revolution grows, the more radical

_______________________________ usurps power and decides to “run” the revolution.

This is _________ for Louis.

The Paris Commune was dominated by the

____________________________________________ (French for “without breeches”) to show they were ordinary patriots without fine clothes.

They make our Sons of Liberty look lame.

_____________________________________________ (who organized massacre of 600 Swiss guards), becomes “Sam Adams on Steroids”.

Danton encouraged fears that counter-revolutionary forces loyal to Louis were undermining the revolution.

Journalist ________________________________________ convinced sans-culotte mobs that counter-revolutionary prisoners were going to break out and attack.

To prevent this, these mobs ransacked jails in Paris; killed ______ inmates.

National Convention meets on September 20, 1792 to decide

Louis’ fate and establish _________ French Republic.

Another radical group, the ______________________, soon dominates Convention and join forces with the sans culottes.

Jacobins were led by Georges Danton and __________________

_________________________________.

They wanted Louis _____________.

Convention voted republic.

Also voted to _____________________ Louis.

Louis was beheaded on January 21, 1793.

The ______________________________ was used.

The Guillotine

The Guillotine was named after a French physician Joseph

Ignace Guillotin who ______________________ its use (but

didn’t invent it).

Guillotin only advocated the use of the machine as a way to swiftly end someone’s life.

The guillotine consisted of two 12-foot tall upright posts grooved

with _____________ (to prevent warping) on the inside

and connected by a cross-beam.

It sported a sharp, __________________ (angled) blade, placed 7’4” above the victim.

A 22-lb. blade (88-lbs. if you count the mouton that held it in

place) traveled 21-feet per second… it took ________ of

a second for the mouton/blade to slice through your

neck.

Power at impact was ________-lb. per square inch.

Guillotine Fun Facts!

Fun Fact #1: Contrary to popular belief, Dr. Guillotin was not guillotined himself. He died of an infection from a carbuncle (a multiple-headed boil) on his left shoulder in 1814.

Fun Fact #2: The association with the “machine of death” so embarrassed Dr. Guillotin’s family that they begged the French Government to rename it. When the government refused, the Guillotins changed their family name.

Fun Fact #3: Anywhere from 13,800-17,000 people were guillotined during the Reign of Terror… including Maximilien Robespierre (who started the Reign).

Fun Fact #4: Once severed from the body, it takes a human head between 15-20 seconds before it loses conciseness. In this time, the eyes can blink, the mouth can open and shut, and facial expressions can be discerned.

Fun Fact #5: A scientist condemned to die during the French Revolution told his assistant to watch his eyes after his death because he would attempt to blink as many times as he could. The assistant counted 15-20 blinks after the head was severed… the blinks coming at intervals of about 1 second.

Fun Fact #6: After Charlotte Corday d'Armont was guillotined in 1793 for murdering Jean-Paul Marat, the executioner slapped her cheek while holding up her severed head. The cheeks reddened and the face grew angry. (And the executioner was sentenced to 3 months in prison for violating “scaffold etiquette”.)

Fun Fact #7: According to another tale, when the heads of 2 rivals in the National Assembly were placed in a bag following their execution, one bit the other so hard that the 2 heads couldn’t be separated.

Fun Fact #8: In 1880, a doctor pumped blood from a living dog into the head of the murderer Louis Menesclou 3 hours after his execution. The lips trembled, the eyelids twitched, and it tried to speak, although no words emerged.

Fun Fact #9: In 1905, another doctor claimed that when he called the name of the murderer Henri Languille just after decapitation, the head opened its eyes and focused on him. The doctor wrote:

“I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. The face relaxed, the lids half closed on the eyeballs… It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: ‘Languille!’ I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, such as happens in everyday life when people are awakened or torn from their thoughts. Next Languille’s eyes fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with a vague dull look without any expression, I was dealing with undeniably living eyes that were looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again, slowly and evenly, and the head took on the same appearance as it had had before I called out. It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted the effect of a third call, but the eyes took on the glazed look that they have in the dead. The whole thing had lasted 25 to 30 seconds.”

Fun Fact #10: In 1989, a taxi carrying a U.S. soldier and his friend collided with a truck in Korea. The soldier’s friend was decapitated. He wrote: “My friend’s head came to rest face up, and (from my angle) upside-down. As I watched, his mouth opened and closed no less than two times. The facial expressions he displayed were first of shock or confusion, followed by terror or grief. I cannot exaggerate and say that he was looking all around, but he did display ocular movement in that his eyes moved from me, to his body, and back to me. He had direct eye contact with me when his eyes took on a hazy, absent expression . . . and he was dead.”

Fun Fact #11: On April 25, 1792 Nicolas-Jacques Pelletier received the honors of being the first “live” victim to be guillotined. (Sheep and cadavers were used to “test” the machine.) The last official use of the guillotine in France took place on September 10, 1977 when Hamida Djandoubi was executed.

The French Revolution continued…

With Louis dead, the revolution’s leaders begin to turn on each other.

In Robespierre’s view, before the newly established republic could work, the enemies of the Revolution had to be dealt with.

He says, “Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.”

Jacobins formed ____________________________________________

(headed by Robespierre) and launched

“__________________________”.

They feared invasion, so they built up the French Army… and

France started ________________ battles.

During 1 year Reign of Terror, 250,000 people were arrested…

______________ are executed.

13,800-17,000 were guillotined.

12,000 more were executed w/o trial; thousands died in jail.

The Reign executed Queen Marie-Antoinette… and even revolutionary leader Danton.

Committee soon goes too far.

A policy of ___________________________________________ France targeted Catholics. The word “saint” was taken from all street names.

Churches were pillaged and renamed “______________________

_________________”.

Up next… the ____________________.

On October 24, 1793, the National Convention adopted a new calendar for France.

__________________ and church holidays were eliminated.

Years were no longer numbered from birth of ________________.

They pre-dated calendar and began it with September 22, 1792 (day when French Republic had been declared).

So, ___________ was changed to ___________ in the French Revolutionary Calendar, also known as the Republican Calendar.

The new calendar was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, leaving 5 days over at the end of the last month.

If it was a “good year”, they’d add on the days. If not, nope.

There were no ____________… instead each month was divided

into 3 _______________ of 10 days, of which the final day was a “day of rest” (like a Sunday).

This was an unpopular move because there were _____ workdays between each day of rest.

But, to get commoners to go along with new calendar, they

published the calendars using _________________ women.

Initially, days and months were numbered, which led to

“the 7th day of the 1st month of the 5th year of the republic.”

Days were named after ______________, ______________________,

________________; months took on more “natural” names.

Months were grouped into 4 sets of 3… by seasons.

Calendar began with __________________ (because this is when it was adopted in 1793).

It lasted until January 1, 1806 when Napoleon repealed it.

The French Revolutionary Calendar

(1793-1806)

AUTOMNE (Autumn)

#1 Vendémiaire (October) = Vintage/Grapes Month

#2 Brumaire (November) = Mist/Fog Month

#3 Frimaire (December) = Frost/Cold/Sleet Month

HIVER (Winter)

#4 Nivôse (January) = Snow Month

#5 Pluviôse (February) = Rain/Wet Season Month

#6 Ventôse (March) = Wind Month

PRINTEMPS (Spring)

#7 Germinal (April) = Seed Month

#8 Floréal (May) = Blossom/Flowering Month

#9 Prairial (June) = Meadows/Pasture Month

ETÉ (Summer)

#10 Messidor (July) = Harvest Month

#11 Thermidor (August) = Heat Month

#12 Fructidor (September) = Fruit Month

In Britain, these “new” months quickly gained nicknames, like:

“Autumn” (Slippy, Nippy, Drippy);

“Winter” (Freezy, Wheezy, Sneezy);

“Spring” (Showery, Flowery, Bowery);

“Summer” (Wheaty, Heaty, Sweety).

The French also established a new _______________… where 1 day was divided into 10 hours of 100 minutes of 100 seconds.

Exactly _______________ seconds / day.

What’s wrong with this?

A “normal” day has _______________ seconds / day.

France’s new clock had _______________ seconds / day.

Surplus +_______________ seconds / day

That adds ________ hours to the day.

That means if the 1st day of using the new clock was a Monday, then Monday ran into Tuesday; because Tuesday started 3.7 hours later than it should have, it now cut into Wednesday, which actually put Wednesday 7.4 hours off when it should start; so by the time it was Sunday in the French calendar, everyone else in the world was on Monday.

So... if France was behind 1 day every week, after 1 month they were behind 4 days; after 1 year they were behind 48 days, which means when the rest of the world was celebrating Christmas, it was November 7th in France; and after 7 years of using this clock, France would officially be behind ONE entire year.

This, too, was repealed in 1806.

In the end, the Reign of Terror destroyed itself within a year.

On July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor, Year II in the new calendar), Robespierre and 82 of his followers were arrested and guillotined.

Military defeats and political problems paved the way for an

ambitious __________________ to rise up.

His coup d’état ended the French Revolution in ________ and created a dictatorship.

Game. Set. Match. France.

The Rise & Fall of Napoleon

__________________________________________ was the Emperor of France and ended the French Revolution when he took over in 1799 and ruled on-and-off until 1815.

He is considered one of the greatest military commanders of all

time… all ______ of him.

H-BOMB – Topic: Napoleon was short.

FALSE!

After Napoleon died in 1821, his body was autopsied in France, and his height was noted as 5 foot 2 inches. This measurement was in French feet (pieds de roi) and was never correctly converted to the standard English measure.

In English feet, Napoleon stood 5 foot 6½ inches tall.

Essentially, he was shorted (no pun intended) a full 4½ inches in height. In his day, 5’6½” was a perfectly respectable, “nothing-to-be-ashamed-of” height for a man. In fact, Napoleon was actually slightly taller than the average Frenchman of 1800.

So, the diminutive size of Napoleon was, in fact, a mere miscalculation. As one observer pointed out, “It is also probable that the men of his Imperial Guard, with whom he ‘hung out’, were very tall, creating the illusion that Napoleon was short.”

Perhaps Napoleon himself said it best: “History is a set of lies that people have agreed upon.”

Other short world leaders:

Adolf Hitler ( 5’9”

Joseph Stalin ( 5’4”

Nikita Khrushchev ( 5’3”

But don’t forget…

Abraham Lincoln ( 6’4”

U.S.A.! U.S.A.! U.S.A.!

Introduction:

In 1799, Napoleon overthrew the ________________________ and

established a new regime called the __________________.

Under yet another constitution, Bonaparte was the First Consul.

The constitution was revised again in 1802 to make Napoleon

“_________________________________”.

In 1804, he dissolved the Consulate and had himself crowned

Emperor Napoleon I.

However, not everyone in Europe was excited to see Napoleon take control of France.

He posed a _________________ threat.

The Napoleonic Wars:

The Napoleonic Wars lasted from _________________.

They were a series of French wars fought against coalitions of

European countries.

They were a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1797).

Essentially, other _________________ around Europe were afraid that the ideas of the French Revolution that resulted in the beheading of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie

Antoinette would spread to all of _____________.

They wanted to prevent that.

When Napoleon took over in 1799, France was still at war with a

European coalition of ______________, ______________,

and ______________.

To demonstrate his power, he crushed the Austrians and then negotiated a general European peace.

The peace did not last long.

In 1803, Britain resumed war with France on the ____________.

As a result, Napoleon was forced to abandon his plan to establish a great French colonial empire in

______________________ in North America.

To get money to fund this new war, Napoleon sold Louisiana to

the ___________________________ in 1803 for $_____ million

($190 million today).

France continued to hold its own against a new coalition of Russia, Austria, and Britain.

After several defeats, Russia’s ____________________________ was forced into becoming Napoleon’s “friend”.

With much of Europe in his control, Napoleon established the

______________________________________, a blockade of Europe against British goods.

By 1808, Napoleon had control of all of ________________ except Russia and Britain.

Being the “nice” brother, Napoleon started putting his

_______________ in charge of the various countries he’d

defeated. This proved to be a ______________.

He put his older brother _____________ in charge of Italy.

He put his younger brother ______________ in charge of Holland.

He put the youngest brother _____________ in charge of Prussia.

But, when he put Joseph in charge of ______________, war broke out.

The _____________________________________ (1808-1814) in Spain marked the beginning of the end for Napoleon.

France lost this war and suffered over ______________ casualties.

Smelling blood, the ___________________________ formed against Napoleon in 1809.

But, Napoleon held off the Fifth Coalition.

He then divorced his first wife ____________________, and in 1810

married _________________________… the ________________ of the Austrian Emperor.

He did this to keep _________________ out of further coalitions against him.

Napoleon also hoped that by marrying a ___________________, the monarchs of Europe would more readily accept his

son, __________________________, who was born in 1811.

Despite these gains, it was becoming obvious that the Grand Empire had “peaked”.

The First Downfall of Napoleon:

Napoleon’s Grand Empire would collapse almost as quickly as it had been formed.

Two reasons for his defeat:

(1) _______________________________ in the countries conquered by Napoleon.

(2) ______________________.

And it all began in ____________________…

When his “friend”, Russia’s Czar Alexander, refused to enforce the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Russia.

In June 1812, the Grande Armée of ________________ set out for Russia. Hopes for victory depended on a quick defeat of the Russians.

However, the Russians refused to fight and kept retreating.

As they did, they enacted a “_______________________________” policy by burning their own villages.

Why would they do this?

…to keep the French from finding _________ and ____________.

When the Grande Armée reached _______________ in September, they found the city on fire.

Without supplies, and with the feared Russian ____________ looming on the horizon, Napoleon abandoned Moscow and began a retreat out of Russia.

The __________, ___________________, and Russian ______________ attacks took their toll on the 600,000 French.

Only ____________ (6.7%) survived.

Russia then joined the Fifth Coalition (made up of Austria, Prussia, and Britain) which invaded France in March 1814.

The coalition rejected his stepping down in favor of his son and

exiled him to __________, an island in the

_________________________________________.

Napoleon’s wife Marie and his son were put in the custody of her father, Austria’s emperor. Napoleon

_______________________________________________.

The Return of Napoleon:

After Napoleon was gone, the French ________________ was

restored.

For king, France selected the brother of King ______________.

His name was also Louis… and he became King ______________.

What happened to Louis XVII?

After Louis XVI was guillotined, those loyal to the monarchy saw Louis’ 8-year-old son as king.

His name was also Louis… and he became King ______________.

He ruled for only 2 years, but he was jailed by the Jacobins…

and died of _________________________.

Louis XVIII had little support, and Napoleon escaped from Elba back into France.

When word got out that Napoleon had returned, French troops were sent to capture him.

Instead… they ___________________ over to his side.

With enough military support, Napoleon entered Paris in 1815.

Louis XVIII fled to __________________, which is where he had hid during the French Revolution.

Napoleon asked for peace from his enemies, but they

brandished him an “________________”.

When Napoleon discovered that there was a plan by the European Coalition to invade and remove him again, he

decided to ____________________.

But this would result in Napoleon’s __________________________… bigger than his Russian disaster.

The Final Downfall of Napoleon:

Napoleon’s return interrupted a meeting of the Fifth Coalition in Vienna (capital of Austria).

Called the ________________________________, it was to _________ the changes brought about by the French Revolution

and put Europe back to how it was __________ Napoleon.

(1) All displaced ____________________ were put back in power.

(2) Any ____________ taken was returned.

Having defeated Napoleon before, the Fifth Coalition pledged to do it again, sending 600,000 to Belgium to launch an invasion of France in July 1815.

Napoleon learned of the invasion plan and decided to attack the Allies before they were ready.

The site was __________________, Belgium.

On June 18, 1815, the French and the Fifth Coalition slugged it out.

So complete was Napoleon’s downfall that the name became

a ______________________ for a crushing defeat.

The final casualties were ___________ Frenchmen to ___________ Allies.

At one point, 45,000 men were dead or wounded within an area of 3 square miles.

Despite his defeat at Waterloo, crowds in Paris begged him to

fight on, but the ________________ withdrew their support.

Napoleon abdicated again… and King ________________ was restored to the throne, ending the so-called

“_____________________________”.

Napoleon was exiled to ____________________, a remote island in the South Atlantic Ocean.

He remained there until he died in 1821 from _________________

_______________.

To this day, he remains the most famous Frenchman in history.

H-BOMB – Topic: An American owns Napoleon’s penis.

TRUE!

The penis of Napoleon… or an object reputed to be his penis… has circulated among collectors for decades and is currently in the possession of an American urologist.

Napoleon’s autopsy was conducted by his personal doctor in the company of 17 witnesses, including 7 English doctors and 2 of Napoleon’s aides, a priest, and a manservant.

Napoleon’s heart was removed first. He had requested that it be sent to his estranged wife, the empress Marie Louise, though it was never delivered. Then his stomach was removed. The doctor did not remove the penis. Some speculate that it might’ve been lopped off accidentally during the proceedings.

Napoleon’s penis was described as “small” and no bigger than a grape… and some historians say it could have been taken. Still, given the number of witnesses, the brevity of the autopsy (less than two hours), and the fact that the guy was Napoleon, the loss of the penis would not easily have escaped notice.

In a rare memoir discovered and published in 1852, the manservant claimed that he and the priest had removed “bits” of Napoleon’s body during the autopsy. In 1828, the priest died. He passed the Napoleonic “souvenir” on to his sister, who at her death passed it on to her son. In 1916, their descendants sold the penis to a British book firm, which in 1924 sold it for $2,000 to a Philadelphia book collector.

Two decades later, the book collector sold it to Donald Hyde. After he died, Hyde’s wife sold it to John Fleming. The penis was then sold to Bruce Gimelson, an autograph dealer.

Eight years later, in 1977, the penis was put up for sale again at a Paris auction house. John K. Lattimer, professor at NY’s Columbia University, bought it for $3,800.

Dr. Lattimer keeps it in a jar in the room where he teaches.

U.S.A.! U.S.A.! U.S.A.!

THE END!

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