Name: ___________________________ Date ...



Name: __________________________ Date: _______________ Per: ________

Chapter 2 Outline Packet: “Foundations of Government”

Lesson 1 -“Why Americans Have Government”

I. Types of Government

a. Every country in the world has their own type of government; however, each government is unique and varies widely across the globe.

b. Each country’s government has been shaped by ______________ belief of its people and by their history.

c. Governments fall into two different types: __________________ and _____________________ governments.

i. Forms of Nondemocratic Governments

1. A monarchy is a type of government where a ________ or a ________, called a monarch, reigns over a kingdom or empire.

2. An autocracy is a type of government where a person rules with ________________ and ________________ power.

a. An ______________________________ is a type of autocracy where a person assumes complete control by being born into the family of rulers.

b. A _____________________________ is a type of autocracy where a military leader takes power often by force.

c. An _______________________ is a kind of dictatorship in which all of the power is concentrated within a small group of people.

3. A _______________________ is a type of government controlled by one of more religious leaders who claim rules on behalf of God or the gods worshipped in their country.

4. ____________________ is the absence of any type of government.

ii. Systems of Nondemocratic Governments

1. ___________________ is an economic system where a country has power over all goods that are produced.

2. __________________ is a form of government where a single ruling party owns all means of production and no private ownership is allowed.

iii. Forms of Democratic Governments

1. In a democracy, the ___________ of a nation either rule directly or _________ officials who act on their behalf.

2. The word “democracy” come the ancient Greek terms meaning “__________________________________________”.

3. There are two forms of democracy:

a. __________________________________ - all voters in a community meet in one place to make the laws and decide what actions to take.

b. _____________________________________________ - the people elect representatives to carry on the work of government for them. When the people give _______________, or give permission, to be ruled by their elected officials this is a system of government known as a ___________________.

II. Purpose of Government

a. There are three main purposes of government.

i. Helping People Cooperate – it is necessary and useful to have rules, laws and for people to work together when they live in a community.

ii. Providing Services – each level of government (____________, ________________ & ______________) has the responsibility of providing services to their people. One example of a service that is provided is _______________________. By establishing our school systems, the government ensures that all children can receive a good education. Other services include: our highway systems, our monetary systems, trash collection, and health services.

iii. Providing Laws

iv. Planning for the Future

Lesson 2 - “Our English Heritage”

I. Influences from England’s Early Government

a. The English brought with them a history of _____________________________________ government; England was ruled by a __________________, a king or queen, but the nobles held most of the power.

b. Magna Carta-Latin for “________________________”

i. Signed by: _______________________; It was a contract that limited the power of the monarch by guaranteeing that no one is above the law (even the king or queen) – _______________

ii. This document upheld the rights of landowners

1. protecting the _________________ rights

2. limiting the power of the __________ – thus leads to a LIMITED MONARCHY

c. Parliament

i. King _________________ developed this law making body; also called a ______________________. For the next few centuries, the English monarchs cooperated with the Parliament, as his advisors.

ii. In 1688, Parliament removed King James II from the throne and invited ___________________________, his daughter and son-in-law, to rule instead. This peaceful transition in the monarchy is called ___________________________________. This demonstrated that Parliament was stronger than the monarch and no ruler would have more power than the legislature.

iii. To clarify this new relationship between the Parliament and the monarchs, Parliament drew up the _______________________________________ in 1689. It required the monarch to get Parliament’s consent on and guaranteed the following:

1. King could not ________________ without Parliament’s approval.

2. King could not create ________________

3. King could not ______________________

4. King could not _______________ without consent of Parliament

5. Parliament would now be _________________ (by the people)

6. All citizens have the right to _________________

7. Bans _______________________

iv. This establishes limited government - Documents like the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights created a tradition of _______________________ in England – the colonists would be influenced by these documents and the idea of limited government later on….

v. Even today, Great Britain continues to have a __________________ government run by a Parliament (Legislative) and a Prime Minister (Executive). They have a ________________ (uni – means “1”) system of government which means that ultimate powers lies with one central body (national government has all power and can decide if they wish to share or delegate any of their powers).

d. Common Law

i. In the earliest days, England had no written laws. People had developed rules to live by and these customs had the force of laws. In addition, the court system developed and the court’s decisions were the basis of law. When the judges were asked to decide on a case, they looked for ____________________, or ruling in an earlier case that was similar. This helps to keep court rulings consistent and fair.

ii. Common law has remained in place to this day – this is a system of law based on ________________ and _________________! Our laws about property, contacts and personal injury are based on English common law.

II. Bringing English Heritage to America

a. A _____________________ is a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere. Although the early colonists made their lives far from home, they remained loyal to England.

b. “____________________” is the first English settlement in America.

c. They were issued a “_____________” I - a written document granting land and authority to set up a colonial government.

d. The Mayflower Compact

i. 1620-A new group of colonists came to settle in America; the __________________ settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

ii. These colonists drew up the _______________________________ before setting foot on land that served as a written plan for their new government. 41 Men signed this compact. A “______________” is an agreement or contract among a group of people.

iii. The Mayflower Compact created the tradition of ________________________ and is the first example of ________________________ in the colonies.

III. Early Colonial Governments

a. The success of the _________________ and ______________ colonies led to the formation of other settlements in America. By 1733, there were ____ English colonies that stretched from Massachusetts down to Georgia.

i. Each colony had a governor that was either elected or appointed by the people.

ii. Each colony had a legislature that was modeled after Parliament.

iii. The colonial governments took on more power over time, as the king and Parliament were preoccupied at home.

Lesson 3 - “The Birth of a Democratic Nation”

I. Colonial Resistance and Rebellion

a. The British government began to tighten its grip on the American colonies. King George III adopted a policy called “__________________” which is an economic theory that states a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys.

b. King George saw the colonies as a source of cheap, ________________ and a source of __________ (through taxes).

c. The British had fought a long, costly war against France called the ________________________________. Parliament demanded that the colonies help pay for the war and __________________________ in America to raise revenue.

d. The first significant tax was collected through the __________________________(1765) which required colonists to attach an expensive stamp to all newspapers and legal documents.

e. Since they had ________________ the ____________________, they felt they should not have to raise revenue for the King (by paying taxes)

f. This act infuriated the colonists and they created a slogan that embodied their feeling “___________________________________________________________________!”

g. In protest, many Americans began to “boycott” or ____________________ British goods. As a result pressure from British Merchants in the colonies, the British government “repealed” or ________________ the act.

h. The new “________________________” of 1767 replaced other British taxes.

i. This act allowed taxes to be levied on _____________________________________ (glass, tea, paper, etc.) Once again the colonists would boycott.

i. The “______________________” followed, allowing the British East India Company to bypass colonial government tax requirements. It ___________________________ --which made merchants have to buy British tea over other tea. American merchants were outraged and decided to act…. (Boston Tea Party)

j. To respond to the “_____________________”, the British Parliament created the “_____________”. Called the “__________________” by America, _____________________________________!

II. Movement toward Independence

a. Colonies sent representatives called ____________ to meet in Philadelphia. This meeting is known as the ____________________________________________. This meeting lasted seven weeks and the delegates drafted a document called the ______________________ of which they sent to King George.

b. King George was not happy and responded with force. In April 1775, two battles occurred that sparked the Revolutionary War at ____________________ and _________________. The Revolutionary War sparked the idea of independence in the minds of the colonists and they wanted freedom from outside control.

c. During a second meeting called the ___________________________________________, the delegates were split! Some wanted ____________________ and others wanted to remain _________ to Great Britain. Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet that swayed public opinion toward independence. In his pamphlet, Paine argued in 1776 that it was only “______________________” for America to break ties with Great Britain. He stated that there was a “_________” between the people and the government” and that the government had broken the contract. He said that King George was a “royal brute” and America had every right to sever ties.

III. The Declaration of Independence

a. This document was mostly written by __________________________________ and explained why the United States should be a free nation. The list of explanation and complaints about the crown are called ____________________. This document argued that the British government did not look after the interests of the colonists.

b. __________________ was also influenced by the ideas of __________________________

i. Locke believed in natural law & social contract.

A. _________________ means that you are born with certain rights not granted by the government.

B. “______________________” that because we are human we are guarantee by the Heavens (God)…_____________________ – Jefferson would change this slightly

C. “____________________” – that people have a contract with their government and the gov’t should protect it’s people. (“Locked into a contract”)

ii. Montesquieu (“3 Names, 3 Words, 3 Branches”)

A. Separation of Powers – _________________________________.

c. What are two of the purposes of the Declaration?

i. Break away from Britain

ii. Protect the rights of the people

d. There are four parts to the Declaration of Independence:

i. Part I – “Causes”, Jefferson wrote that “a decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation”.

ii. Part II – “Rights”; The document clearly expresses that purpose of government is to protect _________________________, which are the basic rights that are entitled to all human beings.

iii. Part III – “Grievances”; Jefferson listed the many “complaints” that the colonists had against the King and Parliament

iv. Part IV – “Declaration of a New Nation”; officially breaking away from any allegiance to Great Britain.

e. The Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on ____________________________. However, true freedom came only when Britain officially recognized the United States at the end of the Revolutionary War.

Lesson 4 - The Declaration of Independence

• Who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence? _____________________________________

• During the rewrite of the Declaration, it was cut and cut and ended up with only ____________ words - but these were powerful and strong words.

• What was the committee that decided that a Declaration of Independence was needed?

• By signing the DOI, these 56 men were committing ______________ against the King. What could happen to them if they were caught?

• Why were the 56 signers willing to risk their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor by signing the Declaration?

• What day did the Second Continental Congress finally approved the Declaration of Independence? ______________________

• The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America – why was there a little “u”?

4 Parts of the Declaration of Independence (IRCD=annoyed)

A. Introduction (Causes)

B. Natural Rights of the People (Rights)– unalienable (inalienable) rights are the rights that cannot be taken away from people. Social contract = natural rights + the role of the government) According to this, what is the relationship between natural rights and the role of the government?

C. Complaints against the King (Grievances)

• He refused ________________ (laws written by the Colonies)

• He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without Consent of our legislature (_____________________)

• He…has ___________________________.

• He has taken away our _______________________________.

• He has limited our _____________________________.

• He has _____________________________.

Overall the colonists were oppressed (unjust treatment) by the tyranny of the King.

What is the connection between these grievances and natural rights?

D. Declaration of a New Nation

Lesson 5 - “The Nation’s First Government”

I. Early State Constitutions

a. __________________________ was the first colony to organize as a state and draft a written plan of government called a _____________________.

b. Most state constitutions include:

i. A bill of rights

ii. Legal protection

iii. Guarantees basic freedoms

c. The new state governments allowed for a bicameral government, meaning it was ____________________________________.

d. The Massachusetts Constitution

i. Different from other state constitutions

ii. Distributed power more evenly among the _________________, the _________________ and the ___________________. This allowed the power of each body of government to check the power of the others. This constitution would later become the model for the US constitution.

II. The Articles of Confederation

a. 1777, the Second Continental Congress drafted this document, which is the first constitution in America. _________________________________________________________________

b. A confederation is __________________________________________________________.

c. The AofC established a system for cooperation among independent states.

d. The AofC set up a unicameral legislature; the Confederation Congress was the only government body that had power over the army and the authority to deal with foreign matters.

e. By 1781 all 13 states _________________, or approved, the AofC. But it was clear that there were some problems.

f. Strict voting requirements to pass laws or ___________, meaning change, the Articles required all 13 states approval.

g. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

i. ________________________________

ii. _______________________________

iii. __________________________________

iv. ____________________________________

v. _______________________________________

vi. ______________________________________

h. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Great Britain and the newly formed United States of America signed a treaty called the _____________________.

i. Congress had some problems; the war needed to be paid for but they couldn’t tax the people!

i. Daniel Shays-

ii. Led Rebellion called _________________________. Shays was protesting the seizure of his farm by the government.

iii. Needed to do something about the AofC in order to create a stronger national government.

j. Under the AofC, the United States had a ___________ system of government (where there was no strong, central power or protection overseeing the country). This was a major flaw and thus led to our current __________ system of government (where power is shared between the national government and state governments).

i. Under the A of C we had a “_________________________” system of government where ALL the power belonged to the states…there was no central power.

ii. Under the US Constitution we had a “______________________” system of government where power is shared between the national government and the states.

iii. A ______________________ system of government is where ALL power belongs to a strong national government - (i.e., France, North Korea, etc.)

k. After the rebellion, 12 states agreed to return to Philadelphia to revise/fix the “Articles of Confederation”. It became obvious early at the meeting to fix the Articles that they were not fixable. Instead, this turned into the ____________________________________ where the delegates would write a whole new plan of government called the U.S. Constitution. Their goal was to create a stronger central government.

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