THE EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION AND APARTHEID ON THE DEVELOPMENT ...

THE EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION AND APARTHEID ON THE DEVELOPMENT

OF SOUTH AFRICA: NAMIBIAN INFLUENCE, IMPACTS ON EDUCATION, AND

STATE CAPTURE

by

Austin Michael Hutchinson

A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the

degree of Master of Arts in Government

Baltimore, Maryland

May 2021

? 2021 Austin Hutchinson

All Rights Reserved

Abstract

When discussing South Africa, apartheid is the most common topic that people

remember. The legacies and institutional framework that apartheid established are still prevalent

in the current state of development in South Africa. This work examines three prominent issues

hindering the development of the South African nation. Understanding the narrative history of

colonization and apartheid allows for a more comprehensive view on the current development of

South Africa. Using colonial records, court rulings, journals, news articles among various other

sources across the topics mentioned, a narrative is created that explains the current problems

facing South Africa and Namibia. Namibia endured colonial rule from three different oppressors

but was initially claimed by Germany and named German South West Africa. Although Namibia

and South Africa were merged under one rule for nearly a century beginning in 1915, each

nation had divergent paths to independence. Namibia eventually gained its independence in

1990, a few years prior to South Africa, which gained its own independence from apartheid rule

in 1994. As a result of colonization and apartheid in South Africa, certain ideals which hindered

the progression of the South African people remained, including inequities in the education

system. Furthermore, some of the pervasive systems established under the apartheid regime led

to failures in the accountability mechanisms which resulted in institutional weakness and state

capture in South Africa. By analyzing the history and legacies of colonization of both Namibia

and South Africa, the education system of South Africa, and institutional weakness in South

Africa that led to state capture all paint a picture of the current state of development.

Primary Advisor: Dr. Benjamin Ginsberg

Primary Reader/Reviewer: Dr. Sarah O'Byrne

Secondary Reader/Reviewer: Dr. Elly Rostoum

ii

Acknowledgments

A special thanks to Dr. Benjamin Ginsberg and Dr. Jacob Straus for their assistance in

guiding me throughout the research thesis courses and aiding me with revising this thesis.

iii

Prefacing Quote

¡°Many people in this country have paid the price before me and

many will pay the price after me.¡±- Nelson Mandela, speech in Pretoria, South Africa, November

1962

iv

Contents

Abstract

ii

Acknowledgements

iii

Prefacing Quote

iv

1

Introduction

1

2

The Developmental Impact of Colonization and Independence Movements

in the Contemporary Era of Sub-Saharan Africa:

The Case of Namibia

9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

2.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

2.18

3

Introduction¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­9

Colonization: Indirect Rule¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...11

Colonization: Direct Rule¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.11

Colonization: Rule by Trade¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.12

Germany Begins Colonial Expansion¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...12

The Beginning of Pan-Africanism¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­13

Land Inequity¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­15

Racism as a Tool¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...19

Self-Interest¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...20

Methodology and Data¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..22

The Case of Namibia¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.23

Pre-Colonial History¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..23

Rinderpest and the German Solution¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.25

Herero and Nama Genocide¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...26

Under New Management: South African Rule¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..31

The Apartheid Regime¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...32

Independence and International Attention¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.34

Conclusion¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.37

The Current State of Education in South Africa and

the Legacy of Apartheid

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

41

Introduction¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.41

Literature Review¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­44

Legacies of Apartheid and Colonialization¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.46

Namibia on Education¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.50

Lack of Developing Skilled Labor and Its Consequences¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...........51

Lack of Funding for Education in South Africa¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..53

Cash Transfer Programs¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..57

Teacher Compensation Incentives¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­...60

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