Social Psych Review - Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools ...



AP Psychology ExamDate: Monday, May 2, 2016 noonThe AP Psychology exam is a two-part test, which lasts a total of 2 hours. 100 Multiple Choice = 70 minutes to complete, counts 2/3 of overall test score. 2 free response = 50 minutes to complete (@25 minutes per essay, but you manage your own time). Counts 1/3 of overall test score. There is no choice associated with the free response; you must answer both questions. The essays are content based. (use psych vocab, define, explain, apply – pack in the content)Exams are scored on a scale of 1-5, with a score of 5 being the highest grade. A score of 3 and higher is considered passing.Multiple Choice questions are graded by computer and students are not penalized for answering questions incorrectly. (i.e. you should guess, even if you do not know the answer).The free response questions are scored at the AP reading in June by a group of faculty consultants, college professors, and AP teachers. Graders follow a strict rubric and essays are back read to ensure reliability and consistency. The score from the multiple-choice section is combined with the scores from your free response questions and the total raw score is converted to the AP 5-point scale:5 = extremely qualified4 = well qualified3 = qualified2 = possibly qualified1 = no recommendationMost colleges and universities will accept a score of 4 or 5 for credit and placement and many schools will accept a 3. No credit is given for a 1 or 2.Unit 1 Review Methods, Research, Stats Psych – science of behaviors and mental processes (blend of philosophy and biology/physiology)Wilhelm WundtWilliam JamesFunctionalism V. Structuralism7 Psych Perspectives – Humanism, Psychoanalytic, Biopsychology, Evolutionary, Behavioral, Cognitive, SocioculturalHindsight Bias, overconfidenceLongitudinal versus cross sectional researchDescriptive Research – case study, survey, naturalistic observation (know what it is, pros, cons)Correlation Research – scatter plot, line of best fit, correlation coefficient, +/-, no relationship, correlation DOES NOT equal causation, show relationships, makes predictionsExperiments – IV, DV, operational def, population, random sample, random assignment, experimental group, control group, experimenter bias, participant bias, blind, double blind, placebo, Hawthorne Effect, confounding variables, generalize, statistical significance, p-valueMeasures of central tendency – mean, median, modeMeasures of variability – range, standard deviationNormal DistributionsSkewed distributions: + and -, outliers, what happens to measures of central tendency?Inferential statistics - MANOVAs, ANOVAs, t-tests – statistical significanceValidityReliabilityAPA Ethical Guidelines for animals and humans – informed consent, debrief, anonymityUnit 2 Neurobiology Neurons – parts, process of firing, electrochemical process – axon, dendrite, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, cell body/soma, synapse, action potential, all or none, reuptake, refractory period, resting state, electrical chargesNeurotransmitters – dopamine, serotonin, AcH, endorphinsAfferent v. Efferent NeuronsAutonomic NSSomatic NSSympathetic V. Parasympathetic NSReflexesBrain Imaging – legions, EEG, CAT, MRI, PET, functional MRI – which study structure, function or both?Hindbrain – medulla, pons, cerebellumMidbrain – reticular formationForebrain – thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampusCerebral Cortex – Left hemisphere – language, logicRight hemisphere – spatial, creative, emotionally intuitiveCorpus Callosum – split brainFrontal Lobe – Brocas Area, Motor Cortex, judgment/reasoning center (Phineus Gage)Parietal Lobe – Sensory CortexOccipital Lobe – visionTemporal Lobe – hearing, Wernicke’s AreaAphasia – broca’s and wernicke’sBrain PlasticityEndocrine System – hormones, glands – pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, testes, ovaries, pancreasGenetics – DNA, dominant/recessive, phenotype/genotype, homozygous/heterozygousTwin studies – identical V. fraternalGenetic Abnormalities – Down’s Syndrome, Turner’s, KlinefeltersUnit 3 Developmental PsychologyThree major issues: nature v. nurture, continuity v. stages, stability v. changeCross sectional & longitudinal researchPrenatal – conception, zygote, embryo, fetusTeratogens, Fetal Alcohol SyndromeReflexes: rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, babinskiNewborn’s senses: sight, hearing, taste, smellMotor Dev.: roll, crawl, stand, walk, run (sequence is constant)Tabula rasaPiaget (father of childhood cognitive dev.), schemas, assimilation, accommodation, KNOW his four stages well, the title, ages, benchmarks, etc.Criticisms of Piaget: underestimated ability, dev. More gradual and continuousAttachment & stranger anxietyHarry HarlowKonrad Lorenz – critical period, imprintingMary Ainsworth (strange situation and attachment), secure, avoidant, anxious ambivalent (and results)Baumrind’s Parenting styles: permissive, authoritarian, authoritativeMoral Dev. Lawrence Kohlberg: preconventional, conventional, postconventionalCarol Gilligan & criticisms of KohlbergGender Differences (Girls: more interested in making connections, more social, interdependent, more relationships w/ deeper levels of intimacy) (Boys = more independent, competitive, self-reliant, independent), androgynyFreud: oral, anal, phallic, and genital stagesErikson: know all eight stages, time periods, conflict within, etc. Alzheimer’s (dementia) – know causes, stages, etc.AutismDeath & dying: Elizabeth Kubler Ross’ 5 stagesSensation and PerceptionSensation/Perception – transductionBottom up/top down processingAbsolute threshold – subliminal messagesSignal Detection theory – false positive, false negative, response criteriaDifference thresholds (JND) and Weber’s LawSensory AdaptationVision – energy sense, waves amplitude and brightness, wavelength and color, process of vision (cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, rods/cones, bipolar, ganglion cells, optic nerve, blind spot, occipital lobe), foveal vision, theories of color vision (Trichromatic/Young Helmholtz and Opponent process), color blindness, after images, Hubel and Wiesel – feature detectorsHearing – energy sense, amplitude/loudness/decibels, wavelength/pitch/megahertz, process of hearing (outer ear, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve, temporal lobes), pitch theories (place and frequency), deafness (conduction and sensorineural), selective attentionTouch: pressure, temperature, pain, concentration of nerve endings, Gate Control TheoryTaste: chemical, taste buds, papillae, sweet, salty, bitter, sour, how smell accentuates tasteSmell: receptor cells and olfactory bulb, connection to limbic system/hippocampus, animals olfactory receptorsBody Senses: kinesthetic and vestibularFigure Ground RelationshipPhi phenomenon – blinking lights giving the appearance of movementGestalt Psychologists – the whole is different from the sum of the parts, we perceive things in groups, proximity, similarity, closure, continuityConstancy: of size, shape, and brightnessMonocular Depth Cues: linear perspective, relative size cue, interposition, texture gradient, shadowingBinocular Depth Cues: retinal disparity, convergenceEffects of culture on perceptionStates of Consciousness ReviewPsych’s history of CLevels of C (C, NonC, PreC, SubC, UnC…mere exposure effect and priming)Dualism v. MonismCircadian RhythmSleep stages: know cycle and characteristics of each – EEGs, alpha waves, delta waves, sleep spindlesProblems of sleep deprivationMelatoninSleep disorders: know characteristics and treatments – insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apneaNight terrorsDreams – manifest & latent content (Freud), info processing theory, dream’s physiological functionHypnosis – role, state, and dissociation theories (hypnotic suggestibility, posthypnotic amnesia, posthypnotic suggestion)Ernest Hilgard and the ice bucket experiment with the hidden observerPsychoactive Drugs – agonists, antagonists, tolerance, withdrawal, physical and psychological dependence, know the 4 categories with their characteristics and examples (stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opiates)Learning ReviewWhat is learning?Classical Conditioning: Pavlov, US, UR, CS, CR, delayed conditioning, trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, backward conditioning, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, John Watson, baby Albert, aversive conditioning, second or higher order conditioningBiology and CC: equipotentiality, how does biology affect CCBehaviorism: main arguments, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, BanduraOperant Conditioning: Thorndike the law of effect and instrumental learning, BF Skinner, the Skinner box, + and – reinforcement, punishment and omission training, escape learning, avoidance learning, shaping, chaining, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, generalization, primary reinforces v. secondary reinforcers, token economy and generalized reinforcers, Premack principleReinforcement Schedules: continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, ratio v. interval schedules, fixed v. variable schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI), instinctive driftObservational Learning (social learning theory): observation modeling and imitation has cognitive component, Albert Bandura –Bobo doll, antisocial behavior, prosocial behaviorEdward Tolman & latent learning (rats and maze)Abstract Learning Insight Learning (Wolfgang Kohler and chimpanzees)Memory Review SheetMemoryInformation Processing Model (3 box) – know wellLevels of Processing Model Encoding: automatic processing, effortful processing, Ebinghaus curveRetrievalSensory Mem: split sec holding tank, selective attention, cocktail party effect, George Sperling, iconic mem., echoic mem.Short-term/working Mem: 7 + or – 2, 10-30 sec. with no further encoding, chunking, mnemonic devices, rehearsalLong-term Mem.: permanent storage, unlimited capacityEpisodic, semantic, and procedural memoriesExplicit/declarative memories versus. Implicit/nondeclarative memoriesEidetic/photographic memoriesSerial positioning effect (primacy/recency)Context: semantic network theory, flashbulb mem., mood congruent mem., state dependent mem.Constructive Mem.: false memories, Elizabeth LoftusForgetting: decay, interference (proactive and retroactive), repression/FreudHippocampus, anaxcholine/Alzheimer’sAmnesia (anterograde)Long term potentiationSpacing effectThinking and LanguageCognitionTypes of thoughts…concepts, imagesAlgorithmsHeuristics: availability H, representative HMeans end techniqueObstacles to problem solving: overconfidence, belief perseverance, rigidity, functional fixedness, confirmation bias, framingCreativity: originality, appropriateness, convergent and divergent thinkingMetacognitionConceptual Categories – superordinate, basic, subordinateRelationship of lang and thoughtElements of lang: phoneme, morpheme, grammar, semantics, syntaxStages of Lang Dev.: babbling, one word stage, telegraphic speech, acquisition of grammar/syntax, overgeneralization of languageDebate @ lang acquisition: Behaviorists V. Cognitive Psych. Noam Chomsky and Nativist Theory of Lang Dev: LAD, critical period, GenieBenjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir - the Linguistic Relativity HypothesisIntelligence ReviewStanford – Binet: Alfred Binet, history of testing, mental age, Louis TermanIQ: what is it what’s the formula?David Wechsler – Wechsler ScaleControversies surrounding intel: nature V. nurture, stability V. change, G-factor V. multiple intel., how valuable is it?, etc.Charles Spearman (G-factor) Howard Gardner (multiple intelligences, savant syndrome) – factor analysisDaniel Goleman and emotional intelRobert Sternberg’s triarchic theory – analytical, practical, creativeIs intel neurologically measurable? Know evidenceStandardization & normsReliability & ways to measure (split-half, equivalent form, test-retest)Validity: face, content, concurrent, predictive, constructFlynn Effect & possible explanationsAptitude tests V. Achievement TestsSpeed tests V. power testsGroup tests V. Individual TestsExtremes of intel: mental retardation (70), (Down’s Syndrome, Autism, Fetal Alcohol)Know normal distribution and how intel scores are distributedHeritability (scale 0 – 1.0) – IQ = about .75 (relatively high)Fluid Intelligence – crystallized intelligenceBias in testing? Motivation and Emotion ReviewMotivationInstinct TheoryDrive Reduction Theory: needs, drives, homeostasis (primary drives = hunger, thirst, need to sleep)Arousal TheoryIncentive TheoryMaslow’s hierarchy of needsHunger Motivation: hypothalamus (lateral & ventromedial), set point theory, glucose, insulin, external and internal eaters, Garcia effect, Bulimia, Anorexia, obesitySexual Motivation: 4 stages, hormones (estrogen & testosterone), psychological factors, sexual orientation and what causes it, wide variance of attitudes from person to person and culture to culture @ sexSocial Motivation: achievement mot., intrinsic and extrinsic rewards (overjustification effect), Management Theories X & YTheories of emotion: James-Lange V. Cannon- Bard, Stanley Schacter’s Two Factor Theory, Opponent Process Theory of EmotionStress: SRRS, life change units, stressors and stress reactions, catharsis, Type A versus Type B personalitiesTransient stressors versus chronic stressors (chronic worse)Hans Seyle – General Adaptation Syndrome – alarm, resistance, exhaustion Universal human emotions - Gestures unique to culturesPolygraphs (wrong 25% of time)Adaptation Level TheoryRelative Deprivation TheoryFeel good do good phenomenonPERSONALITY REVIEWdefine personalityPsychoanalytic Perspective: Freud, Psychosexual stage theory (know stages, ages, conflicts, etc.), Oedipus Complex, penis envy, Electra Crisis, castration anxiety, Fixation, importance of unconscious, iceberg analogy, Id, Ego, Superego, projective tests (TAT, Rorschach inkblot, dream analysis), hypnosis, Defense Mechanisms (repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation, criticisms of Freud, impact of Freud (neo-Freudians and psychodynamic perspective)Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung: personal unconscious and collective unconscious, Alfred Adler: inferiority & superiority, Karen Horney: social not sexual tension is important in childhood, Erik ErikssonTrait Perspective: describes not concerned w/ explaining, traits thought to be stable, nomothetic approach (Hans Eyesenck, Raymond Cattell, Big 5), factor analysis, Idiographic (unique traits), personality inventories….are traits stable and enduring or do they depend on who you’re with and where you are?Biological Theories: Hippocrates & 4 fluids, William Sheldon’s somatotype theoryHumanist Perspective: not deterministic (like psych analytic & behaviorist), emph free will, called the 3rd force, humans innately good, self-concept, self-esteem, Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs, self-actualize), Carl Rogers (self-theory, unconditionally positive regard, people should be genuine accepting and empathetic), individualism V. collectivism, Critics of humanism…its na?ve, vague, subjective, and self-centeredSocial Cognitive Perspective: combine environment and thought, Albert Bandura – triadic reciprocality model (reciprocal determinism), George Kelly – personal construct theory of personality), Julian Rotter – locus of controlBehaviorist: personality is all learning/all environment; you can only assess what you see/observeIn general…know how each perspective assesses personality and criticisms of each perspectiveAbnormal Psych ReviewWhat is abnormal?: MAIDInsane = legal termDSM-IV?: categorizes, diagnostic criteria – doesn’t talk @ cause or treatment, Axis I – VBe familiar with perspective and their take on abnormality in general & on specific DO: Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Sociocultural, BiomedicalRosenhan Study: power of labels, how do we treat the mentally ill?Anxiety DO: phobias, GAD, Panic DO, OCD, Posttraumatic Stress DO (know theories @ causes)Mood DO: Major Depression (debilitating, 2 weeks, no clear reason, women much more likely to suffer), SAD, Bipolar/Manic-Depression, Cognitive explanations: triad/Aaron Beck, internal V. external, global V. specific, stable V. unstable, Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness; Bio: serotoninSchizophrenia: cancer of psych, delusions, hallucinations, flat or inappropriate affect, word salad, clang associations, neologisms, know types: Disorganized, Paranoid, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, role of dopamine, genetic component, diff in brains, + and – symptomsPersonality DO: Anti-social (Conduct DO in minors), Dependent, Narcissistic, HistrionicSomatoform DO: Hypochondriasis, Conversion DODissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity DO (MPD), psychogenic amnesia, fugueSexual DO: paraphilia, pedophilia, zoophilia, fetishism, voyeur, masochist, sadistEating DO: anorexia & bulimiaSubstance abuseDevelopmental/Behavior DO: Asperger/Autism, ADHDTHERAPYHistory: attitudes towards mental illness have changed over timeearly society – mentally ill possessed by evil spirits. Used trephining – drill holes in headEnlightenment – call to treat the mentally ill. Turn of 19th C, Dorothea Dix in U.S. and Philippe Pinel in France = reformers for humane treatment of the mentally illPost 1950s – with advancement in medications, move for deinstitutionalization: release mentally ill & treat as outpatients. (problems?…many homeless)Recently – emphasis on preventative effortsPSYCHOANALYTIC = Sigmund FreudIssue: uncover patient’s repressed unCon issues & emotions. Person’s symptoms are outward manifestation of deeper problemsdefense mechanismsKey techniques:Free associationProjective tests (Rorschach ink blot, Thematic Apperception test, TAT)Dream interpretation (manifest & latent content)HypnosisTransference: patients transfer feelings to therapistHUMANISTIC = Carl Rogers & Abraham MaslowIssue: boosting the patient’s self-esteem and helping him realize his potential, possibilities for growth, and self-actualizationKey Techniques:Unconditional + regardClient centered therapyActive listening (parroting)Show empathy, concern, and genuine regard for patientImportant ideas:self-actualizationhierarchy of needspeople innately goodfree will…….not deterministicBEHAVIORAL = Pavlov, BF Skinner, John Watson, BanduraIssue: focus on correcting negative behavior by replacing it w/ positive incentives and rewards. ALL behavior is learned. Classical Cond.: extinguish the negative conditioned response & replace it w/ a pleasant one- Counter cond: replace anxiety w/ relaxationSystematic Desensitization: proceed up anxiety hierarchy by imagining (in vivo desensitization; experience anxiety hierarchy live)Implosive Therapy – imagine most frightening scenario (at top of hierarchy); flooding don’t imagine but experience itAversive cond.: pair a bad habit w/ an unpleasant stimulusOperant Cond: + and – reinforcement & punishment. Token economy, behavioral contractModeling/Social Learning – Bobo DollCOGNITIVE THERAPY = Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis Emphasis on showing the patient their thoughts are irrational & counterproductive.attributional style: internal V. external, global V. specific, stable V. unstableRational Emotive Therapy (RET) – Ellis; expose & confront dysfunctional thoughtsBeck’s cognitive triad: beliefs @ self, world, futureEstablish an internal locus of control to avoid learned helplessnessSOMATIC/DRUG THERAPIES (PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY) Emphasis on biomedical causes (chemical imbalances, structural abnormalities of the brain, genetic predisposition)The more severe a DO, more likely drugs will be usedAnti-Psychotic drugs (schizophrenia)Thorazine or Haldol – control hallucinations & delusionsBlock receptor sites for dopamineSide effect = tardive dyskinesia (Parkinson like muscle tremors)Anti-Depressants (mood DO)unipolar depression - Prozac & Zoloft to increase serotoninBi polar = lithiumAnti-Anxietybarbiturates – valium, anax: depress activity of Central Nervous SystemElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): electric shock (bilateral – both hemispheres; unilateral – one hemisphere). Negative side effects = may cause seizure or loss of memoryPsychosurgery: i.e. frontal lobotomySocial Psych ReviewAttitudes: mere exposure effect, rules of advertising, + or -, central and peripheral route to persuasionCognitive Dissonance TheoryCompliance Strategies: foot in the door, door in the face, norms of reciprocityAttribution Theory: dispositional/person V. Situation and Stable V. unstable; Harold Kelly’s consistency, distinctiveness, consensus; Fundamental Attribution ErrorSelf-fulfilling prophecyFalse consensus effectSelf –Serving BiasJust World beliefStereotypes, prejudices, discrimination; out group homogeneity; in group bias; contact theoryAggression: instrumental & hostile aggression, frustration-aggression hypothesisProsocial Behav: bystander intervention: diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignoranceAttraction: similarity, proximity, reciprocal likingSocial Facilitation & social impairmentConformity – Solomon AschStanley Milgram’s obedience studyGroup Behavior: norms, roles, social loafing, group polarization, group thinkAP Psych Confusing Pairs:Independent Variable (manipulated by experimenter) V. Dependent Variable (being measured)Experimental Group (gets IV, group tested) V. Control Group (comparison group, placebo)Left Brain (language, logic) V. right brain (spatial, creative)Corpus Callosum (fibers connecting L/R hemispheres) V. Cerebral Cortex (covers brain, ultimate processing center)Sympathetic NS (arouses the body) V. Parasympathetic (calms the body)Neurotransmitters (chemicals in the nervous system) V. Hormones (chemicals in the endocrine system)Lateral Hypothalamus (stimulates hunger) V. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (suppresses hunger)Broca’s Area (speech, left frontal) V. Wernicke’s Area (comprehension, left temporal)Identical twins (same fertilized egg divides) V. fraternal twins (two separate fertilized eggs)Afferent Neurons (sensory, body to brain) V. Efferent (motor, brain to body)Assimilation (it fits the schema) V. Accommodation (it doesn’t fit, I adjust the schema)Rods (night time, peripheral vision) V. cones (day time, color, center vision)Primacy effect (remember beginning) V. Recency (remember end)Proactive Interference (old info blocks the new) V. Retroactive Interference (new info blocks old)Recall (no cues) V. recognition (prompts, cues)Algorithm (step by step, fool proof) V. Heuristic (rule of thumb short cut)Representative Heuristic (stereotype) V. Availability Heuristic (info readily available)Phonemes (smallest unit no meaning) V. Morpheme (smallest unit with meaning)Fluid Intel (aptitude, ability) V. Crystallized Intel (achievement, content mastery)Validity (accuracy) V. reliability (consistency)Aptitude (ability) V. Achievement (what you’ve learned)Intrinsic Motivation (personal satisfaction) V. extrinsic motivation (for rewards)Theory X (assumes employees extrinsically motivated – controlling) V. Theory Y (assumes employees intrinsically motivated – hands off)Internal Locus of Control ( I am in control) V. External Locus of Control ( I am a victim of my circumstances)Type A (high stress) V. Type B (low stress)Serotonin (associated with depression – too little) V. Dopamine (associated with schizophrenia – too much)Blind (participants don’t know who got treatment) V. Double Blind (participants and experimenter don’t know who got treatment)Important PeopleAdler, Alfred – Neo-FreudianAinsworth, Mary – attachment, strange situationAsch, Solomon - conformityBandura, Albert – Bobo doll, triadic reciprocalityBeck, AaronBinet, Alfred – mental ageCannon/Bard Theory of Emotion – physical change/emotion simultaneousChomsky, Noam – language acquisition deviceEllis, Albert – rational emotive therapy (cognitive perspective)Erikson, Erik – psychosocial development stagesEyesenck, Hans – Personality – introvert/extrovert; stable/unstableFreud, Sigmund - PsychoanalysisGibson, Eleanor – visual cliff, depth perceptionGilligan, Carol – issue with Kohlberg, female moralityGoleman, Daniel - EQHarlow, Harry – attachment, monkeysHilgard, Ernest – hypnosis, hidden observer, dissociationHorney, Karen – neo-FreudianJames, William – 1st Psych text, Principles of PsychologyJames/Lange Theory of Emotion – physical change precedes emotionJung, Carl – Neo Freudian – collective unconKohlberg, Lawrence – moral developmentKohler, Wolfgang – insight learning, chimpanzeesLoftus, Elizabeth – false memories, eye witness testimonyLorentz, Konrad – imprinting, ducklingsLuria, Alexandra – eidetic memoryMaslow, Abraham – hierarchy of needsMilgram, Stanley – shock/obedience studiesPavlov, Ivan –classical conditioning; dogsPiaget, Jean – cognitive development, schemasRogers, Carl – Humanist, client centered therapy, unconditional + regardSchacter, Stanley – 2 factor theory of emotionSeligman, Martin – learned helplessness/depressionSelye, Hans – stress, general adaptation syndromeSkinner, BF – operant conditioningSpearman, Charles – G factorSperling, George – sensory memory – iconic and echoicSternberg, Robert – triarchic theory of intelTerman, Louis – Stanford Binet IQ testTolman, Edward – latent learningWatson, John – classical conditioning, baby AlbertWechsler, David – Wechsler IQ scaleWhorf, Benjamin – linguistic determinism/relativityWundt, Wilhelm – 1st Psych lab in Germany, late 1800s ................
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