LAB PRACTICAL REVIEW GUIDE



Lab Practical Review Guide

Stains and Indicators

How, when and why were each of these used?

• Lugol’s (Iodine)

• Methylene blue

• Blue litmus

• Red litmus

• Bromothymol blue

• Phenolphthalein

• Indophenol

• Lime water

• Seltzer water

• Benedict’s

• Urease

• Silver nitrate

Safety & Lab equipment

Know basic lab safety rules and precautions

Know basic lab equipment: names and uses

Measuring with ruler, graduated cylinder, etc.

(What is a meniscus?)

Powers of Observation

How do qualitative vs. quantitative observations differ?

Microscopes

Why would you use compound vs. stereomicroscope?

How is an image of the letter “e” affected by each?

How do you use a compound microscope to measure a specimen?

Which organelles can be seen with compound microscope?

Which organelles cannot be seen?

Cell types we looked at

Plant vs. animal-- differences?

Onion, cheek, elodea, blood cells (red & white), paramecium

Bottle biology

What is needed to make a sustainable ecosystem?

What is the ultimate source of energy?

What is the role of decomposers?

Define biotic vs. abiotic factors.

Diffusion and Osmosis

Hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions

How are cells (animal, plant) affected by each?

Regents Lab: Diffusion across a membrane

Why was a dialysis membrane used?

What indicators were used and why?

Why was a purple onion cell used?

Catalase Lab

Define catalyst.

What was the organic catalyst?

What was the inorganic catalyst?

What was the substrate? What were the products?

How was catalyst activity affected by pH? By temperature? Why?

Define enzyme.

Why was a glowing splint used?

Isolation of DNA from Onion

What specific part of the onion did we use and why?

Describe procedure including purpose of blender, SDS, meat tenderizer, alcohol, glass rod, methylene blue.

Fat hydrolysis

How did we test for fat hydrolysis?

What was the purpose of each of the following: cream, pancreatin (lipase), bile, blue litmus.

Describe roles of bile and lipase in digestion including where in the body they are made, where they function, and how they act on fat molecules.

Circulation in the goldfish tail

Describe circulation of blood from the heart to/from the tail (include terms arteriole, venule, capillary in your description).

How does viewing blood flow through the compound microscope affect the image?

Heart dissection

Identify and describe the 4 chambers, as well as the valves and blood vessels associated with each chamber.

Describe the direction of blood flow from lungs to heart to body and back to heart including names of all chambers, valves and blood vessels.

CO2 in breathing

What indicators were used in this lab?

How was the fish used?

What is a respirometer?

Why did you breath into a paper bag?

How does CO2 compare in inhaled vs. exhaled air?

How does exercise affect this?

How is this related to pulse rate? Breathing rate?

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) lab

What materials were used in this lab?

How did we semi-quantitatively test for Vitamin C levels?

How does boiling affect Vitamin C and why?

How are serial dilutions made?

How do scientists use a standard curve?

Define redox reaction.

Chlorophyll and photosynthesis and light

How did we make a chlorophyll extract?

How was the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll determined?

What wavelength of light was most efficiently absorbed?

Describe the equation for photosynthesis.

How and why did we use the Elodea plant?

How do variegated leaves stain with Lugol’s and why?

Chromatography of plant pigments

Describe the basis for separation of molecules from a mixture in paper chromatography?

How are Rf values determined and how can they be used?

What organelle in the plant contains the pigments?

What is the role of the solvent? Of the paper?

Plant structure

Know the structure and function of stomata, guard cells, epidermis, xylem, phloem, mesophyll (pallisades and spongy layers)

Know images: leaf cross-section, stem cross section (monocot, dicot), root

Urinalysis

What tests were performed on the urine?

How were these tests performed?

How is a serial dilution made?

Why did we make a standard curve?

Why do doctors perform such tests on patients?

Frog dissection

Dorsal vs. ventral surface

Be able to identify and describe major organs and organ systems.

Animal behavior

What is taxis? Positive vs negative taxis?

Describe different types of taxis.

What is kinesis?

Describe different types of symmetry. Give an example of each.

How has the animal nervous system evolved over time?

Animals: hydra, planaria, fruit fly, fish, pill bug, millipede

Gel electrophoresis

Describe basis for separation of molecules from a mix using this method.

Describe purpose of the agarose gel.

Why did dyes move in different directions?

Describe applications of this method in analysis of DNA samples.

Mitosis in onion root tip

Be able to describe, recognize & name phases of mitotic cell cycle.

Interphase, Mitosis (Prepare, Middle, Apart, Two), Cytokinesis

How is mitosis different in animal vs. plant cells?

Why is interphase not a resting phase?

Asexual reproduction

Describe different types of asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, sporulation, regeneration, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, runners, grafting, cuttings, etc.

How do offspring compare to each other and to parents and why?

Flowers and seeds

Describe male and female parts of flower.

Where does meiosis occur in the flower?

Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

Where does fertilization occur?

Why is it double fertilization?

Define & locate cotyledon, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, funiculus, placenta

Describe purpose of cotyledon.

From what does a fruit develop? A seed?

Making Connections Lab

How does exercise affect pulse rate? Muscle fatigue?

How are these related?

Relationships and Biodiversity Lab

Describe types of evidence used to identify a plant closely related to Botanis curaris.

Which is a better indicator of relatedness, structural or molecular evidence? Why?

Beaks of Finches Lab

What types of natural variation existed in this lab?

Why did some survive while others did not?

How did competition affect survival?

LAB PRACTICAL IS WORTH 5% OF FINAL GRADE!!!

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