LAB PRACTICAL REVIEW GUIDE
Lab Practical Review Guide
Stains and Indicators
How, when and why were each of these used?
• Lugol’s (Iodine)
• Methylene blue
• Blue litmus
• Red litmus
• Bromothymol blue
• Phenolphthalein
• Indophenol
• Lime water
• Seltzer water
• Benedict’s
• Urease
• Silver nitrate
Safety & Lab equipment
Know basic lab safety rules and precautions
Know basic lab equipment: names and uses
Measuring with ruler, graduated cylinder, etc.
(What is a meniscus?)
Powers of Observation
How do qualitative vs. quantitative observations differ?
Microscopes
Why would you use compound vs. stereomicroscope?
How is an image of the letter “e” affected by each?
How do you use a compound microscope to measure a specimen?
Which organelles can be seen with compound microscope?
Which organelles cannot be seen?
Cell types we looked at
Plant vs. animal-- differences?
Onion, cheek, elodea, blood cells (red & white), paramecium
Bottle biology
What is needed to make a sustainable ecosystem?
What is the ultimate source of energy?
What is the role of decomposers?
Define biotic vs. abiotic factors.
Diffusion and Osmosis
Hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions
How are cells (animal, plant) affected by each?
Regents Lab: Diffusion across a membrane
Why was a dialysis membrane used?
What indicators were used and why?
Why was a purple onion cell used?
Catalase Lab
Define catalyst.
What was the organic catalyst?
What was the inorganic catalyst?
What was the substrate? What were the products?
How was catalyst activity affected by pH? By temperature? Why?
Define enzyme.
Why was a glowing splint used?
Isolation of DNA from Onion
What specific part of the onion did we use and why?
Describe procedure including purpose of blender, SDS, meat tenderizer, alcohol, glass rod, methylene blue.
Fat hydrolysis
How did we test for fat hydrolysis?
What was the purpose of each of the following: cream, pancreatin (lipase), bile, blue litmus.
Describe roles of bile and lipase in digestion including where in the body they are made, where they function, and how they act on fat molecules.
Circulation in the goldfish tail
Describe circulation of blood from the heart to/from the tail (include terms arteriole, venule, capillary in your description).
How does viewing blood flow through the compound microscope affect the image?
Heart dissection
Identify and describe the 4 chambers, as well as the valves and blood vessels associated with each chamber.
Describe the direction of blood flow from lungs to heart to body and back to heart including names of all chambers, valves and blood vessels.
CO2 in breathing
What indicators were used in this lab?
How was the fish used?
What is a respirometer?
Why did you breath into a paper bag?
How does CO2 compare in inhaled vs. exhaled air?
How does exercise affect this?
How is this related to pulse rate? Breathing rate?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) lab
What materials were used in this lab?
How did we semi-quantitatively test for Vitamin C levels?
How does boiling affect Vitamin C and why?
How are serial dilutions made?
How do scientists use a standard curve?
Define redox reaction.
Chlorophyll and photosynthesis and light
How did we make a chlorophyll extract?
How was the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll determined?
What wavelength of light was most efficiently absorbed?
Describe the equation for photosynthesis.
How and why did we use the Elodea plant?
How do variegated leaves stain with Lugol’s and why?
Chromatography of plant pigments
Describe the basis for separation of molecules from a mixture in paper chromatography?
How are Rf values determined and how can they be used?
What organelle in the plant contains the pigments?
What is the role of the solvent? Of the paper?
Plant structure
Know the structure and function of stomata, guard cells, epidermis, xylem, phloem, mesophyll (pallisades and spongy layers)
Know images: leaf cross-section, stem cross section (monocot, dicot), root
Urinalysis
What tests were performed on the urine?
How were these tests performed?
How is a serial dilution made?
Why did we make a standard curve?
Why do doctors perform such tests on patients?
Frog dissection
Dorsal vs. ventral surface
Be able to identify and describe major organs and organ systems.
Animal behavior
What is taxis? Positive vs negative taxis?
Describe different types of taxis.
What is kinesis?
Describe different types of symmetry. Give an example of each.
How has the animal nervous system evolved over time?
Animals: hydra, planaria, fruit fly, fish, pill bug, millipede
Gel electrophoresis
Describe basis for separation of molecules from a mix using this method.
Describe purpose of the agarose gel.
Why did dyes move in different directions?
Describe applications of this method in analysis of DNA samples.
Mitosis in onion root tip
Be able to describe, recognize & name phases of mitotic cell cycle.
Interphase, Mitosis (Prepare, Middle, Apart, Two), Cytokinesis
How is mitosis different in animal vs. plant cells?
Why is interphase not a resting phase?
Asexual reproduction
Describe different types of asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, sporulation, regeneration, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, runners, grafting, cuttings, etc.
How do offspring compare to each other and to parents and why?
Flowers and seeds
Describe male and female parts of flower.
Where does meiosis occur in the flower?
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
Where does fertilization occur?
Why is it double fertilization?
Define & locate cotyledon, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, funiculus, placenta
Describe purpose of cotyledon.
From what does a fruit develop? A seed?
Making Connections Lab
How does exercise affect pulse rate? Muscle fatigue?
How are these related?
Relationships and Biodiversity Lab
Describe types of evidence used to identify a plant closely related to Botanis curaris.
Which is a better indicator of relatedness, structural or molecular evidence? Why?
Beaks of Finches Lab
What types of natural variation existed in this lab?
Why did some survive while others did not?
How did competition affect survival?
LAB PRACTICAL IS WORTH 5% OF FINAL GRADE!!!
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