Chapters 1-4
Units 1-4 Review Sheet
Define Psychology
What were the major theories of the following thinkers:
Socrates Plato Aristotle Locke
Descartes Bacon James Titchener
Wundt
Define the following terms:
Introspection Tabula Rasa Empiricism
Functionalism Nature vs. Nurture Introspection
Describe each of the following approaches to explaining human behavior:
Biological Behavioral Cognitive
Humanistic Psychoanalytical Socio-Cultural
Explain the roles of each of the following fields of psychological study:
Therapy School Experimental
Developmental Social Clinical
Industrial Forensic Sports
Psychiatry
Explain each of the following research methods:
Applied vs. Basic Research
Naturalistic Observation
Observation Bias
Case Study
Survey
What are some common survey problems?
Experiments:
Theory
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Independent and Dependent Variables
Extraneous and Confounding Variables
Operational Definition
Population
Samples – Random, Stratified, Systematic, Cluster, Convenience
Experimental and Control Groups
Single-Blind and Double-Blind Design
Placebo Effect
False Consensus Effect
Hindsight Bias
Define the following terms as they relate to the statistical analysis of data:
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Scatterplot
Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution
Skewed Distribution
Positive and Negative Correlations
Define/Explain these terms that relate to the neuron and neural functioning:
Dendrites Soma Nucleus Axon Myelin
Terminals Nodes Synapse Re-Uptake
Process of Neural Transmissions – Resting Potential to Action Potential
Efferents and Afferents
Inhibitors/Stimulants
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Autonomic, Somatic Systems
Reflexes
Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinepherine, GABA,
Glutamate, Endorphins
Explain how we measure brain activity – EEG, MRI, CAT, PET
Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the brain:
Right vs. Left Hemisphere Brainstem Reticular Formation Hippocampus Amygdala Glial Cells
Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus
Cerebral Cortex Limbic System Midbrain
Hindbrain Medulla Pons
Cerebellum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Corpus Callosum
Cortexes Brain Plasticity Wernike’s and Broca’s Areas
Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the endocrine system:
Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland Thymus Gland Adrenal Glands
Pancreas Gonads
Explain the functions and related behaviors of the following sensory areas of the human body:
Define Sensation
Receptor Cells
Absolute Threshold
Signal Detection Theory
Difference Threshold - JND
Weber’s Law
Transduction
Receptor Cells
The Human Eyeball, its parts, and their functions
The Human Ear, its parts, and their functions
The Human Tongue/Taste
The Human Skin/Touch
The Human Nose/Smell
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
Bottom Up Processing
Top Down Processing
Sensory Adaption
Gate-Control Theory (Pain)
Kinesthetic Sense
Vestibular Sense
Explain the following terms relating to perception:
Define Perception
Texture Gradient
Interposition
Shading
Relative Height
Linear Perspective
Motion Parallax
Monocular and Binocular Clues
Amplitude and Loudness
Frequency and Pitch
Timbre
Selective Attention
Figure Ground Dynamic
Camouflage
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Continuity
Relative Size
Extrasensory Perception
Parapsychology
Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition
Perceptual Set
Subliminal Perception
For each definition given below, identify the proper term:
______________________________The ability to distinguish different objects from one another
______________________________When objects are close together we tend to perceive them as together rather than separate
______________________________The tendency to group “like” objects
______________________________To perceive lines and motion in fluid forms rather than jagged motions
______________________________Near objects partially obscure objects further away
______________________________Objects on top of our horizon are smaller and further away, objects below are closer and larger
______________________________Moisture and dust and other debris obscure more distant objects and make them seem further away
______________________________Controls homeostasis – the bodies ability to remain at a status quo level
______________________________Gland that regulates your bodies metabolism
______________________________Regulates the body’s Immune System – protecting the body against infection
______________________________Controls the chemical “Insulin”
______________________________Genetics and physical causes of behavior
______________________________What is important is the thought processes, purposes, motivations, emotions, and goals related to a behavior
______________________________Studies the interaction between the conscious and unconscious causes of behavior
______________________________Mental and physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders
______________________________Conduct research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc
______________________________Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc
______________________________Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce
______________________________Is the study of mental disorders
______________________________Study behavior in natural context. Spontaneous behavior in a subject’s natural environment. No interaction with the subject
______________________________Distortion/influence on perception. Looking for the familiar and trying to fit it into a pre-set mindset based on past experience and memory
______________________________Questionnaires/interviews. Getting a large amount of information from a large group of people
______________________________Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
______________________________The manipulated variable
______________________________Allows that every member of an overall population has an equal chance to be in the sample
______________________________Divide your population into multiple subgroups, randomly choose a subgroup to test, and then test the entire population of that subgroup
______________________________The group that does not receive the independent variable
______________________________Neither the subjects nor the researcher know who is in the two groups
______________________________The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known ,of course, that you would have foreseen it…I knew it all along…
______________________________Also called the auricle. The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
______________________________A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
______________________________Three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
______________________________Carries electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain
______________________________The intensity/energy of a sound wave, measured in decibels.
______________________________Created by an infinite combination of high and low frequencies (pitch), and high and low amplitudes (loudness).
______________________________Relays the messages coming from the sense receptors to the rest of the brain
______________________________Arousal and Fear Responses
______________________________Involuntary behaviors including Breathing and Heart Rate
______________________________Brain area that controls balance and coordination
______________________________Receives and processes information from the skin, muscles, joints
______________________________Cumulative brain area that includes your centers of memory and emotion
______________________________The process of taking in information from the environment
______________________________Incremental changes in sound, taste, etc. are made to test for reactions in people. Tone tests (hearing) are an example.
______________________________The smallest change in stimulation that you can detect
______________________________The greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to be noticed
______________________________Changing sensory input into an electrochemical message, from the sense receptors to the brain, and the brain to the correct area for action.
______________________________The colored part of the eye – dilates or contracts the pupil to allow more or less light to enter
______________________________On the retina, directly behind the lens. The area of sharpest picture
______________________________Rods and cones are pre-set to be sensitive to red, green, blue. All of the colors that we see are combinations of those three colors.
______________________________ The relationship between two variables. The relation DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION
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