Chapters 1-4



Units 1-4 Review Sheet

Define Psychology

What were the major theories of the following thinkers:

Socrates Plato Aristotle Locke

Descartes Bacon James Titchener

Wundt

Define the following terms:

Introspection Tabula Rasa Empiricism

Functionalism Nature vs. Nurture Introspection

Describe each of the following approaches to explaining human behavior:

Biological Behavioral Cognitive

Humanistic Psychoanalytical Socio-Cultural

Explain the roles of each of the following fields of psychological study:

Therapy School Experimental

Developmental Social Clinical

Industrial Forensic Sports

Psychiatry

Explain each of the following research methods:

Applied vs. Basic Research

Naturalistic Observation

Observation Bias

Case Study

Survey

What are some common survey problems?

Experiments:

Theory

Hypothesis

Scientific Method

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Independent and Dependent Variables

Extraneous and Confounding Variables

Operational Definition

Population

Samples – Random, Stratified, Systematic, Cluster, Convenience

Experimental and Control Groups

Single-Blind and Double-Blind Design

Placebo Effect

False Consensus Effect

Hindsight Bias

Define the following terms as they relate to the statistical analysis of data:

Mean

Median

Mode

Range

Scatterplot

Standard Deviation

Normal Distribution

Skewed Distribution

Positive and Negative Correlations

Define/Explain these terms that relate to the neuron and neural functioning:

Dendrites Soma Nucleus Axon Myelin

Terminals Nodes Synapse Re-Uptake

Process of Neural Transmissions – Resting Potential to Action Potential

Efferents and Afferents

Inhibitors/Stimulants

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Autonomic, Somatic Systems

Reflexes

Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinepherine, GABA,

Glutamate, Endorphins

Explain how we measure brain activity – EEG, MRI, CAT, PET

Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the brain:

Right vs. Left Hemisphere Brainstem Reticular Formation Hippocampus Amygdala Glial Cells

Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus

Cerebral Cortex Limbic System Midbrain

Hindbrain Medulla Pons

Cerebellum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Corpus Callosum

Cortexes Brain Plasticity Wernike’s and Broca’s Areas

Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the endocrine system:

Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland Thymus Gland Adrenal Glands

Pancreas Gonads

Explain the functions and related behaviors of the following sensory areas of the human body:

Define Sensation

Receptor Cells

Absolute Threshold

Signal Detection Theory

Difference Threshold - JND

Weber’s Law

Transduction

Receptor Cells

The Human Eyeball, its parts, and their functions

The Human Ear, its parts, and their functions

The Human Tongue/Taste

The Human Skin/Touch

The Human Nose/Smell

Trichromatic Theory

Opponent-Process Theory

Bottom Up Processing

Top Down Processing

Sensory Adaption

Gate-Control Theory (Pain)

Kinesthetic Sense

Vestibular Sense

Explain the following terms relating to perception:

Define Perception

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Shading

Relative Height

Linear Perspective

Motion Parallax

Monocular and Binocular Clues

Amplitude and Loudness

Frequency and Pitch

Timbre

Selective Attention

Figure Ground Dynamic

Camouflage

Proximity

Similarity

Closure

Continuity

Relative Size

Extrasensory Perception

Parapsychology

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

Perceptual Set

Subliminal Perception

For each definition given below, identify the proper term:

______________________________The ability to distinguish different objects from one another

______________________________When objects are close together we tend to perceive them as together rather than separate

______________________________The tendency to group “like” objects

______________________________To perceive lines and motion in fluid forms rather than jagged motions

______________________________Near objects partially obscure objects further away

______________________________Objects on top of our horizon are smaller and further away, objects below are closer and larger

______________________________Moisture and dust and other debris obscure more distant objects and make them seem further away

______________________________Controls homeostasis – the bodies ability to remain at a status quo level

______________________________Gland that regulates your bodies metabolism

______________________________Regulates the body’s Immune System – protecting the body against infection

______________________________Controls the chemical “Insulin”

______________________________Genetics and physical causes of behavior

______________________________What is important is the thought processes, purposes, motivations, emotions, and goals related to a behavior

______________________________Studies the interaction between the conscious and unconscious causes of behavior

______________________________Mental and physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders

______________________________Conduct research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc

______________________________Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc

______________________________Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce

______________________________Is the study of mental disorders

______________________________Study behavior in natural context. Spontaneous behavior in a subject’s natural environment. No interaction with the subject

______________________________Distortion/influence on perception. Looking for the familiar and trying to fit it into a pre-set mindset based on past experience and memory

______________________________Questionnaires/interviews. Getting a large amount of information from a large group of people

______________________________Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

______________________________The manipulated variable

______________________________Allows that every member of an overall population has an equal chance to be in the sample

______________________________Divide your population into multiple subgroups, randomly choose a subgroup to test, and then test the entire population of that subgroup

______________________________The group that does not receive the independent variable

______________________________Neither the subjects nor the researcher know who is in the two groups

______________________________The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known ,of course, that you would have foreseen it…I knew it all along…

______________________________Also called the auricle. The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal

______________________________A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.

______________________________Three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.

______________________________Carries electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain

______________________________The intensity/energy of a sound wave, measured in decibels.

______________________________Created by an infinite combination of high and low frequencies (pitch), and high and low amplitudes (loudness).

______________________________Relays the messages coming from the sense receptors to the rest of the brain

______________________________Arousal and Fear Responses

______________________________Involuntary behaviors including Breathing and Heart Rate

______________________________Brain area that controls balance and coordination

______________________________Receives and processes information from the skin, muscles, joints

______________________________Cumulative brain area that includes your centers of memory and emotion

______________________________The process of taking in information from the environment

______________________________Incremental changes in sound, taste, etc. are made to test for reactions in people. Tone tests (hearing) are an example.

______________________________The smallest change in stimulation that you can detect

______________________________The greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to be noticed

______________________________Changing sensory input into an electrochemical message, from the sense receptors to the brain, and the brain to the correct area for action.

______________________________The colored part of the eye – dilates or contracts the pupil to allow more or less light to enter

______________________________On the retina, directly behind the lens. The area of sharpest picture

______________________________Rods and cones are pre-set to be sensitive to red, green, blue. All of the colors that we see are combinations of those three colors.

______________________________ The relationship between two variables. The relation DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION

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