Chapters 1-4



Terms Specific to Units 1-4

Define Psychology

What were the major theories of the following thinkers

Socrates Plato Aristotle Locke

Descartes Bacon James Titchener

Wundt

Define the following terms

Introspection Tabula Rasa Empiricism

Functionalism Nature vs. Nurture Introspection

Describe each of the following approaches to explaining human behavior:

Biological Behavioral Cognitive

Humanistic Psychoanalytical Socio-Cultural

Explain the roles of each of the following fields of psychological study:

Therapy School Experimental

Developmental Social Clinical

Industrial Forensic Sports

Psychiatry

Explain each of the following research methods:

Applied vs. Basic Research

Naturalistic Observation

Observation Bias

Case Study

Survey

How to Create an Effective Survey

False Consensus Effect

Experiments

Hypothesis and the Scientific Method

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Independent and Dependent Variables

Extraneous and Confounding Variables

Population

Test Sample Design

Samples – Random, Stratified, Systematic, Cluster, Convenience

Experimental and Control Groups, Group Matching

Placebo Effect

Single-Blind and Double-Blind Design

Hindsight Bias

Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Scatterplot, Standard Deviation,

Normal Distribution

Positive and Negative Correlations

Cells and Cell Functions

Dendrites Soma Nucleus Axon Myelin

Terminals Nodes Synapse Re-Uptake

Process of Neural Transmissions – Resting Potential to Action Potential

Efferents and Afferents

Inhibitors/Stimulants

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Autonomic, Somatic Systems

Reflexes

Neurotransmitters – Acetycholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinepherine, GABA,

Glutamate, Endorphins

Measuring brain activity – EEG, MRI, CAT, PET

Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the brain:

Right vs. Left Hemisphere Brainstem Reticular Formation Hippocampus Amygdala Glial Cells

Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus

Cerebral Cortex Limbic System Midbrain

Hindbrain Medulla Pons

Cerebellum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Corpus Callosum

Cortexes

Brain Plasticity

Wernike’s and Broca’s Areas

Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the endocrine system:

Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland Thymus Gland Adrenal Glands

Pancreas Gonads

The order of the vertebrae along the human spinal cord is?

Explain the functions and related behaviors of the following sensory and perception areas of the human body:

Define Sensation

Define Perception

Receptor Cells

Absolute Threshold

Detection Threshold

Signal Detection Theory

Difference Threshold – Just Noticeable Difference

Weber’s Law

Subliminal Perception

Extrasensory Perception

Receptor Cells and Receptor Field

Transduction

Contralateral Shift

The Human Eyeball, its parts, and their functions

The Human Ear, its parts, and their functions

The Human Tongue……

The Human Skin…..

The Human Nose…..

Trichromatic Theory

Color

Trichromatic Theory

Kinesthetic Sense

Vestibular Sense

Bottom Up Processing

Top Down Processing

Sensory Adaption

Selective Attention

Figure Ground Dynamic

Camouflage

Proximity

Similarity

Closure

Continuity

Relative Size

Texture Gradient

Interposition

Shading and Elevation

Linear and Aerial Perspective

Motion Parallax

Monocular and Binocular Clues

Amplitude and Loudness

Frequency and Pitch

Timbre

Touch

Gate-Control Theory (Pain)

Taste Buds

Olfaction

Kinesthetic Sense

Vestibular Sense

Extrasensory Perception

Parapsychology

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

The ability to distinguish different objects from one another

When objects are close together we tend to perceive them as together rather than separate

The tendency to group “like” objects

To perceive lines and motion in fluid forms rather than jagged motions

Near objects partially obscure objects further away

Objects on top of our horizon are smaller and further away, objects below are closer and larger

Moisture and dust and other debris obscure more distant objects and make them seem further away

Controls homeostasis – the bodies ability to remain at a status quo level

Controls thirst by controlling the amount of water in the body’s cells

Regulates the body’s Immune System – protecting the body against infection

Controls the chemical “Insulin”

Genetics and physical causes of behavior

What is important is the thought processes, purposes, motivations, emotions, and goals related to a behavior

Studies the interaction between the conscious and unconscious causes of behavior

Mental and physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders

Conduct research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc

Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc

Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce

Is the study of mental disorders

Study behavior in natural context. Spontaneous behavior in a subject’s natural environment. No interaction with the subject

Distortion/influence on the interpretation of behaviors. Looking for the familiar and trying to fit it into a pre-set mindset of behaviors

Questionnaires/interviews. Getting a large amount of information from a large group of people

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

The manipulated variable

Allows that every member of an overall population has an equal chance to be in the sample

Divide your population into multiple subgroups, randomly choose a subgroup to test, and then test the entire population of that subgroup

The group that does not receive the independent variable

Neither the subjects nor the researcher know who is in the two groups

The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known of course, that you would have foreseen it…that

Also called the auricle. The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal

A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.

Three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.

Carries electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain

The intensity/energy of a sound wave, measured in decibels.

Created by an infinite combination of high and low frequencies (pitch), and high and low amplitudes (loudness).

Relays the messages coming from the sense receptors to the rest of the brain

Arousal and Fear Responses

Involuntary behaviors including Breathing and Heart Rate

Controls Reflexes and Balance

Receives and processes information from the skin, muscles, joints

Lobe behaviors include anxiety, stress, pleasure, anger

The process of taking in information from the environment

Incremental changes in sound, taste, etc. are made to test for reactions in people. Tone tests (hearing) are an example.

The smallest change in stimulation that you can detect

The greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to be notice ed

Changing sensory input into an electrochemical message, from the sense receptors to the brain, and the brain to the correct area for action.

The colored part of the eye – dilates or contracts the pupil to allow more or less light to enter

On the retina, directly behind the lens. The area of sharpest picture

Rods and cones are pre-set to be sensitive to red, green, blue. All of the colors that we see are combinations of those three colors.

The different colors that we see and the name given to a color

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download