Chapters 1-4
Terms Specific to Units 1-4
Define Psychology
What were the major theories of the following thinkers
Socrates Plato Aristotle Locke
Descartes Bacon James Titchener
Wundt
Define the following terms
Introspection Tabula Rasa Empiricism
Functionalism Nature vs. Nurture Introspection
Describe each of the following approaches to explaining human behavior:
Biological Behavioral Cognitive
Humanistic Psychoanalytical Socio-Cultural
Explain the roles of each of the following fields of psychological study:
Therapy School Experimental
Developmental Social Clinical
Industrial Forensic Sports
Psychiatry
Explain each of the following research methods:
Applied vs. Basic Research
Naturalistic Observation
Observation Bias
Case Study
Survey
How to Create an Effective Survey
False Consensus Effect
Experiments
Hypothesis and the Scientific Method
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Independent and Dependent Variables
Extraneous and Confounding Variables
Population
Test Sample Design
Samples – Random, Stratified, Systematic, Cluster, Convenience
Experimental and Control Groups, Group Matching
Placebo Effect
Single-Blind and Double-Blind Design
Hindsight Bias
Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Scatterplot, Standard Deviation,
Normal Distribution
Positive and Negative Correlations
Cells and Cell Functions
Dendrites Soma Nucleus Axon Myelin
Terminals Nodes Synapse Re-Uptake
Process of Neural Transmissions – Resting Potential to Action Potential
Efferents and Afferents
Inhibitors/Stimulants
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Autonomic, Somatic Systems
Reflexes
Neurotransmitters – Acetycholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinepherine, GABA,
Glutamate, Endorphins
Measuring brain activity – EEG, MRI, CAT, PET
Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the brain:
Right vs. Left Hemisphere Brainstem Reticular Formation Hippocampus Amygdala Glial Cells
Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus
Cerebral Cortex Limbic System Midbrain
Hindbrain Medulla Pons
Cerebellum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Corpus Callosum
Cortexes
Brain Plasticity
Wernike’s and Broca’s Areas
Describe the functions and related behaviors of the following parts of the endocrine system:
Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland Thymus Gland Adrenal Glands
Pancreas Gonads
The order of the vertebrae along the human spinal cord is?
Explain the functions and related behaviors of the following sensory and perception areas of the human body:
Define Sensation
Define Perception
Receptor Cells
Absolute Threshold
Detection Threshold
Signal Detection Theory
Difference Threshold – Just Noticeable Difference
Weber’s Law
Subliminal Perception
Extrasensory Perception
Receptor Cells and Receptor Field
Transduction
Contralateral Shift
The Human Eyeball, its parts, and their functions
The Human Ear, its parts, and their functions
The Human Tongue……
The Human Skin…..
The Human Nose…..
Trichromatic Theory
Color
Trichromatic Theory
Kinesthetic Sense
Vestibular Sense
Bottom Up Processing
Top Down Processing
Sensory Adaption
Selective Attention
Figure Ground Dynamic
Camouflage
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Continuity
Relative Size
Texture Gradient
Interposition
Shading and Elevation
Linear and Aerial Perspective
Motion Parallax
Monocular and Binocular Clues
Amplitude and Loudness
Frequency and Pitch
Timbre
Touch
Gate-Control Theory (Pain)
Taste Buds
Olfaction
Kinesthetic Sense
Vestibular Sense
Extrasensory Perception
Parapsychology
Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition
The ability to distinguish different objects from one another
When objects are close together we tend to perceive them as together rather than separate
The tendency to group “like” objects
To perceive lines and motion in fluid forms rather than jagged motions
Near objects partially obscure objects further away
Objects on top of our horizon are smaller and further away, objects below are closer and larger
Moisture and dust and other debris obscure more distant objects and make them seem further away
Controls homeostasis – the bodies ability to remain at a status quo level
Controls thirst by controlling the amount of water in the body’s cells
Regulates the body’s Immune System – protecting the body against infection
Controls the chemical “Insulin”
Genetics and physical causes of behavior
What is important is the thought processes, purposes, motivations, emotions, and goals related to a behavior
Studies the interaction between the conscious and unconscious causes of behavior
Mental and physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders
Conduct research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc
Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc
Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce
Is the study of mental disorders
Study behavior in natural context. Spontaneous behavior in a subject’s natural environment. No interaction with the subject
Distortion/influence on the interpretation of behaviors. Looking for the familiar and trying to fit it into a pre-set mindset of behaviors
Questionnaires/interviews. Getting a large amount of information from a large group of people
Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
The manipulated variable
Allows that every member of an overall population has an equal chance to be in the sample
Divide your population into multiple subgroups, randomly choose a subgroup to test, and then test the entire population of that subgroup
The group that does not receive the independent variable
Neither the subjects nor the researcher know who is in the two groups
The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known of course, that you would have foreseen it…that
Also called the auricle. The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Carries electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain
The intensity/energy of a sound wave, measured in decibels.
Created by an infinite combination of high and low frequencies (pitch), and high and low amplitudes (loudness).
Relays the messages coming from the sense receptors to the rest of the brain
Arousal and Fear Responses
Involuntary behaviors including Breathing and Heart Rate
Controls Reflexes and Balance
Receives and processes information from the skin, muscles, joints
Lobe behaviors include anxiety, stress, pleasure, anger
The process of taking in information from the environment
Incremental changes in sound, taste, etc. are made to test for reactions in people. Tone tests (hearing) are an example.
The smallest change in stimulation that you can detect
The greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to be notice ed
Changing sensory input into an electrochemical message, from the sense receptors to the brain, and the brain to the correct area for action.
The colored part of the eye – dilates or contracts the pupil to allow more or less light to enter
On the retina, directly behind the lens. The area of sharpest picture
Rods and cones are pre-set to be sensitive to red, green, blue. All of the colors that we see are combinations of those three colors.
The different colors that we see and the name given to a color
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