CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES AND IT …

[Pages:30]CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES AND

IT'S RELATIONSHIP WITH WORK STUDY

Sr.No

3.1

Introduction

Title

Page No. 69

3.2

Productivity and Productivity Improvement: Concept

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3.3 3.4

3.5

3.5.1 3.5.2

Importance of Higher or Improved Productivity

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Factors of Productivity Improvement

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Some Techniques for Measurement of Productivity 76

Improvement

Productivity Improvement Indices

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Japanese Productivity Improvement Techniques

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3.5.3 Work Study as a Productivity Improvement Technique

84

3.5.3.1 Techniques of Work Study

87

3.5.3.2 Basic Procedure of Work Study

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3.5.4 Work Measurement Techniques for Productivity Improvement 88

3.5.4.1 Meaning and objectives of Work Measurement

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3.5.4.2 Basic procedure of Work Measurement

90

3.5.4.3 Techniques of Work Measurement

90

Techniques of Work Study and their Relationship with

3.6

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Productivity Improvement

CHAPTER 3

PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP WITH WORK STUDY

3.1 Introduction:

Productivity improvement is to do the right things better and make it a part of continuous process. Therefore it is important to adopt efficient productivity improvement technique so as to ensure individuals and organizations growth in productivity. The aim of this chapter is to introduce and understand productivity improvement, various techniques of productivity improvement, work study and its relation with productivity improvement. To achieve this present chapter is arranged as follows:

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Productivity and Productivity Improvement: Concept 3.3 Importance of Higher or Improved Productivity 3.4 Factors of Productivity Improvement 3.5 Some Techniques for Measurement of Productivity Improvement 3.5.1 Factor Productivity Indices 3.5.2 Japanese Productivity Improvement Techniques 3.5.3 Work Study as a Productivity Improvement Technique 3.5.4 Work Measurement Techniques for Productivity Improvement 3.6 Techniques of Work Study and their Relationship with Productivity Improvement

3.2 Productivity and Productivity Improvement : Concept

Productivity is the ratio between output and input. It is quantitative relationship between what we produce and what we have spent to produce.

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Productivity is nothing but reduction in wastage of resources like men, material, machine, time, space, capital etc. It can be expressed as human efforts to produce more and more with less and less inputs of resources so that there will be maximum distribution of benefits among maximum number of people. Productivity denotes relationship between output and one or all associated inputs. European Productivity Council states that ,,Productivity is an attitude of mind. It is a mentality of progress of the constant improvement of that which exists. It is certainty of being able to do better than yesterday and continuously. It is constant adoption of economic and social life to changing conditions. It is continual effort to apply new techniques and methods. It is faith in human progress. In the words of Peter Drucker productivity means a balance between all factors of production that will give the maximum output with the smallest effort1. On the other hand, according to International Labour Organisation productivity is the ratio between the volume of output as measured by production indicates and the corresponding volume of labour input' as measured by production indices and the corresponding volume of labour input as measured by employment indices2. This definition applies to an enterprise, industry or an economy as a whole.

The productivity of a certain set of resources (input) is therefore the amount of goods or services (output) which is produced by them. Land and building materials, machines, manpower (labour), technology etc. are the resources at the disposal of a manufacturing company. Therefore higher (improved) productivity means that more is produced with the same expenditure of resource i.e. at the same cost in terms of land, materials, machine, time or labour, alternatively, it means same amount is produced at less cost in terms of land, materials, machine time or labour that is utilized.

In countries where capital and skill are short, while unskilled labour is plentiful and poorly paid, it is especially important that higher productivity (improved) should be looked for by increasing the output per machine or piece of plant or per skilled worker. Improving productivity means increasing or raising productivity with the help of using same amount of materials, machine time, land, labour or technology. The following examples of each type of productivity may make improved or higher productivity meaning clearer.

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1. Improved productivity of land:

If by using better seed, better methods of cultivation and more fertilizer, the yield of corn from a particular hectare of land can be increased from 4 quintals to 6 quintals, the productivity of that land, in the agricultural sense is increased (improved) by 50 percent. The productivity of land used for industrial purposes is said to have been increased if the output of goods or services within that area of land is increased by whatever means.

2. Improved productivity of materials:

A skilled tailor is able to cut 12 suits from a bale of cloth where an unskilled labour is able to cut only 10 suits from a bale of cloth, then the productivity of the bale used by skilled worker is 16.6 percent greater than unskilled labour.

3. Improved productivity of machines:

A machine tool is producing 90 pieces per working day (i.e. 8 hours). Considering that through the use of improved cutting tools, the output is increased to 120 pieces, then the productivity of that machine will be increased by 33.33 percent.

4. Improved productivity of Men (Labour):

The worker is producing 32 plates per hour. Considering that with the improved methods of work, he will be able to produce 42 plates per hour, then productivity of worker will be improved by 31.25 percent.

Thus it can be said that more output results into higher productivity or improvement from same amount of resources which means lower money costs and higher net money returns per unit of output.

Another productivity concept known as Japanese Holistic View of Productivity explains productivity as a comprehensive holistic phenomenon encompassing all elements required to improve products/ services (output). Productivity in the future must be concern itself with seeking affluence of a kind which will provide people with material wealth as well as spiritual satisfaction. Also

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the outputs particularly in the form of physical pollution must be controlled in the context of increasing concern of society for clean environment and sustainable development. To improve productivity products must be designed to satisfy customer need with optimum consumption of resources without generation of waste in the manufacturing process. The following Figure 3.1 represents clearly Japanese Holistic View of Productivity.

Figure 3.1

Japanese Holistic View of Productivity Concept

Physical

goods and services produced

Customer

Q

Satisfaction

U

A

L

Output

I

Resource

Processed

T

Pollutants

Impact on

Y

Generated

environment

of

Reflected By

Employee Satisfaction

L

Quality

I

of

F

Work Life

e

Source: Shivalingaiah B.K., `Labour Productivity through Method study', A project report, Industrial Engineering & Operations research, IIT Bombay, 1995.

On the basis of above discussion, productivity concept can be summarized as shown in Chart 3.1.

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Chart: 3.1

Summary of Productivity Concept

Sr.No Concept

Summary

- It can be measured, ideally against a universal standard.

Productivity as - Organizations can monitor productivity for strategic reasons

1 an objective

such as corporate planning, organization improvement, or

concept

comparison to competitors.

- Can be used for tactical reasons such as project control or

controlling performance to budget.

- Can be logically defined and empirically observed.

Productivity as a - It can also be measured in quantitative terms, which qualifies it as

2 scientific

a variable and therefore, it can be defined and measured in

concept

absolute or relative terms.

- It is much more useful as a concept dealing with relative

productivity or as a productivity factor.

- Useful as a relative measure of actual output of production compared to the actual input of resources, measured across time or against common entities.

3

Productivity as a - As output increases for a level of input, or as the amount of input measure concept decreases for a constant level of output, an increase in

productivity occurs.

- "productivity measure" describes how well the resources of an organization are being used to produce input.

- Productivity is often confused with efficiency. Efficiency is

generally seen as the ratio of the time needed to perform a task to

Productivity as some predetermined standard time. However, doing unnecessary

4 an efficiency

work efficiently is not exactly being productive.

concept

- It would be more correct to interpret productivity as a measure of

effectiveness (doing the right thing efficiently), which is

outcome-oriented rather than output-oriented.

5 Productivity as an Factor concept

- Considers a single input in the ratio.

5.1

partial Factor Productivity

- Partial-factor productivity would be - the ratio of total output to a single input.

5.2

Multi Factor Productivity

5.3

Total Factor productivity

- Output/labor, output/machine, output/capital, or output/energy. - Utilizes more than a single factor. - Multifactor productivity is the ratio of total output to a subset of

inputs: - A subset of inputs might consist of only labor and materials or it

could include capital - Measured by combining the effects of all the resources used in the

production of goods and services (labor, capital, raw material, energy, etc.) and dividing it into the output

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3.3 Importance of Higher Productivity:

Section 3.2 presents the conceptual framework of productivity and productivity improvement. This discussion shows that Productivity improvement can be achieved in a number of ways. If the level of output is increased faster than that of input, productivity will increase. Conversely, productivity will be increased if the level of input is decreased faster than that of output. Also, an organization may realize a productivity increase from producing more output with the same level of input. Finally, producing more output with a reduced level of input will result in increased productivity.

Any of these scenarios may be realized through improved methods, investment in machinery and technology, improved quality, and improvement techniques and philosophies such as just-in-time, total quality management, lean production, supply chain management principles, and theory of constraints.

A firm or department may undertake a number of key steps toward improving productivity. William J. Stevenson3 lists these steps to productivity improvement:

Develop productivity measures for all operations; measurement is the first step in managing and controlling an organization.

Look at the system as a whole in deciding which operations are most critical; it is over-all productivity that is important.

Develop methods for achieving productivity improvement, such as soliciting ideas from workers (perhaps organizing teams of workers, engineers, and managers), studying how other firms have increased productivity, and reexamining the way work is done.

Establish reasonable goals for improvement. Make it clear that management supports and encourages productivity

improvement. Consider incentives to reward workers for contributions. Measure improvements and publicize them.

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 Don't confuse productivity with efficiency. Efficiency is a narrower concept that pertains to getting the most out of a given set of resources; productivity is a broader concept that pertains to use of overall resources. For example, an efficiency perspective on mowing the lawn given a hand mower would focus on the best way to use the hand mower; a productivity perspective would include the possibility of using a power mower.

Therefore it is essential to know the importance of higher / improved productivity in manufacturing company/ organization. Thus importance of productivity can be summarized as follows:

i) Productivity is a key to prosperity. Rise in productivity results in higher production which has direct impact on standard of living. It reduces cost per unit and enables reduction in sale price. It increases wages for workers and increased profit for organisation. Higher demand creates more employment opportunities.

ii) Higher productivity leads to economic growth and social progress. Higher productivity helps to reduce cost per piece which make product available at cheaper rate. Thus it is beneficial for consumers. Low price increases demand of the product which in turn increases profit of the organisation. Higher profit enables organisation to offer higher dividend for shareholders. It increases export and increases foreign exchange reserves of a country.

iii) Higher productivity requires elimination of waste in all forms. It is necessary to eliminate wastage in raw material, wastage of time in case of men and machinery, wastage of space etc. to improve productivity. Several techniques like work study, statistical quality control, inventory control, operation research, value analysis etc. are used to minimise wastage of resources.

iv) Improvement in productivity is important for country like ours because it can minimise level of poverty and unemployment.

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