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Psychology Midterm study guideLearning ObjectivesDescribe the growth of scientific psychology from its early pioneers to contemporary concernsDescribe psychology’s current perspectives, and identify key subfieldsIdentify four big ideas that run throughout psychologyExplain how hindsight bias and overconfidence can make research finding seem like common senseExplain how the elements of the scientific attitude make scientific inquiry so useful.Describe how psychological theories guide scientific researchCompare and contrast case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. Explain the importance of random sampling.Describe positive and negative correlations. Explain how correlation measures can aid the process of prediction but not provide evidence of cause-effect relationshipsExplain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect, focusing on the characteristics of experimentation that make this possible.Explain why psychologists study animals, and discuss the ethics of experimentations with both animals and humans.Describe how personal values can influence psychologists’ research and its application, and discuss psychology’s potentials to manipulate people.Explain why psychologists concerned with human biologyDescribe the parts of the neuronsExplain how nerve cells communicateDescribe how neurotransmitters influence mood and behavior, and explain how drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmitters.Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system, describe their basic functionsDescribe the techniques for studying the brain.Describe the functions other the parts of the brainIdentify the four lobes of the brainDescribe the functions of the motor cortex, the sensory cortex, and the association area.Define consciousness and discuss how our perceptions are directed by selective attention.Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm and the stages of sleep.Describe the theories of why we need sleepIdentify the major sleep disordersDescribe the most common content of dreams, and compare the five major perspectives on why we dream. Identify the areas of change that developmental psychologist studyIdentify the three major issues in developmental psychologyDescribe conception, and define chromosomes, DNA, gene, genome, nothing how they relate.Describe the abilities and traits of a newbornExplain how twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture.Describe developmental changes in brain and motor abilities during infancy and childhoodOutline Piagets four stages of cognitive developmentExplain how the bonds of attachment form between parents and infantsIndentify the primary parenting styles and assess their impact on development.Describe adolescents’ reasoning abilities and moral development.Identify Eriksson stages of psychosocial development.Discuss gender similarities and differences in psychological traitsExplain how biological sex is determined and describe the role of sex hormones in biological development and gender differencesDiscuss the importance of gender rolesSummarize the current views on sexualityDiscuss how evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain human sexuality and behavior ................
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