The Philosophy



|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

| |Three major binding | | | | | | | |

|Constructivism |tenets: |James Henderson, |Reflection |To teach for |Broad concepts |Learners construct |4 Cs: |A Contemporary |

| | |author of | |understanding | |understanding. | |Connection |

| |1) Can students |Reflective Teaching |Caring | |Organized holistically| |Caring | |

| |demonstrate | | |Help learners | |Learners engage in | |Experience |

| |comprehension of |P. Berger & | |internalize and |Relevant |active inquiry. |Teaching is a Calling|-----------Define |

| |concepts, not |T. Luckman, | |reshape – even | | | | |

| |memorize information?|authors of | |transform – new |Meaningful |To understand |Creative | |

| | |The Social | |information | |something is to know | | |

| |2) Can students |Construction of | | | |about connectedness |Centered and | |

| |imaginatively solve |Reality | | | |and relationships. |Self-Aware | |

| |problems, not rotely | | | | | | | |

| |follow procedures? | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| |3) Can students | | | | | | | |

| |inquire into complex | | | | | | | |

| |issues, not parrot | | | | | | | |

| |rehashed beliefs? | | | | | | | |

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|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

|Essentialism |1) Focuses on |William C. Bagley |3 Rs |1) Teach basic |Basic history |Receptacles or |Teach and Assess |Political emphasis on |

| |teaching essentials: |* Renewed | |skills | |containers for | |standardized testing |

| |3 R’s: Reading, |3 Rs: Reading, |Back to Basics |- standardized |Computer Science |teachers to pour | | |

| |Writing, Arithmetic |Writing, Arithmetic | |testing to assess | |knowledge into. | | |

| | |* Conserve and |Virtues |students. |3 Rs | | | |

| |2) Strong reliance |transmit cultural | | | | | | |

| |on standardized |heritage |Standardized Tests |2) Prepare students |Modern literature | | | |

| |testing to measure | | |for “life after | | | | |

| |academic progress |William Bennett |Behaviorism |school”, basic, |Modern theory | | | |

| | |*Common culture of | |cultural heritage + | | | | |

| |3) Stresses teaching|U.S. | |virtue |Moral literature | | | |

| |virtues and morality |* moral literacy – | | | | | | |

| | |teaching of 10 | | | | | | |

| | |virtues | | | | | | |

| | |* puts parents in | | | | | | |

| | |charge | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| | |Chester Finn and | | | | | | |

| | |Diane Ravich | | | | | | |

| | |* set standards for | | | | | | |

| | |every grade level | | | | | | |

|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

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|Progressivism |1) Education must |John Dewey |The Whole Child |* To educate the |“Education based on |Student as active |Teachers as guide, |Teachers and students |

| |help people adapt. |(1859-1952) | |individual according |what works for the |participant in |adviser, and resource|are |

| | |Called for an |Experience |to his/her interests |present generation . .|education and in |person |co-learners. |

| |2) Education is not |education based on |and |and needs. |. “ |community. | | |

| |preparation for life.|what works for the |Interaction | | | | | |

| |It is life. |present generation, | |* Education is not |Connection of students| | | |

| | |an education students| |preparation for life |to reali life through | | | |

| |3) School as a |experience as they | |– it is life. |activities and | | | |

| |pleasant, friendly |interact with the | | |projects | | | |

| |environment. |environment. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| | |William Kirkpatrick | | | | | | |

| | |Education should | | | | | | |

| | |revolve around | | | | | | |

| | |“wholehearted” | | | | | | |

| | |purposeful activity | | | | | | |

| | |in a social | | | | | | |

| | |situation. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| | |Marietta Johnson | | | | | | |

| | |Organic school | | | | | | |

| | |founder – shared | | | | | | |

| | |Dewey’s hope that | | | | | | |

| | |their collective | | | | | | |

| | |vision of the “new | | | | | | |

| | |education” would | | | | | | |

| | |shine in public | | | | | | |

| | |schools across the | | | | | | |

| | |nation. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| | |Johnson and | | | | | | |

| | |Washbourne | | | | | | |

|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

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|Critical Theory |1) Designed to |Jonathan Kozol’s |“Agenda” |Educate content that |“The curriculum can |Critical theorists |“Teachers should |Incorporate everyone |

| |empower the powerless|Savage Inequalities | |can help empower the |best inspire learning |want each school’s |negotiate the content|and everything. |

| |and transform | |Interrogating the |particular student |only when school |students and teachers|of the curriculum, to| |

| |existing social |Peter McLaren’s Life |Canon |and their |knowledge builds upon |to negotiate the |select knowledge that| |

| |inequalities and |in Schools | |environments of whom |the tacit knowledge |content of the |helps empower.” | |

| |injustices. | |empower |are being taught. |derived from the |curriculum, to select| | |

| | |Joe Kincheloe and | | |cultural resources |the knowledge that | | |

| |2) Belief that new |Shirley Steinberg’s |transform |Empower individual |that students already |can help empower. | | |

| |language should be |Kinderculture: the | |and transform society|possess.” | | | |

| |created to |Corporate |cultural factors | | | | | |

| |deconstruct and |Construction of | | | | | | |

| |challenge the |Childhood | | | | | | |

| |dominant relations of| | | | | | | |

| |power and knowledge. | | | | | | | |

|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

|Perennialism |1) To educate the |*Mortimer Adler |Everlasting |Purpose is to educate|Holy Bible |“Be a critical |No student voice. |- Private and selected |

| |rational person. | | |the rational person | |thinker but not a | |schools |

| | |* Robert Hutchins |Knowledge | |Plato – The Replublic |challenger towards |No democracy in | |

| |2) Centers on the | |equals | | |the teacher.” |classroom. |- Basics and standards |

| |intellect. | |Truth | |On the Electrodynamics| | | |

| | | | | |of Human Bodies | | |- Must have basic |

| |3) Studies the | | | | |“Students are there | |skills |

| |physical world using | | | |United States |to be molded.” | | |

| |the senses. | | | |Constitution | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| |4) Stresses | | | | | | | |

| |authority of the | | | | | | | |

| |teacher. | | | | | | | |

|The Philosophy |Major Tenets |People |Key Words |What is the Purpose |What is the Content of|What is the Place of |What is the Role of |Contemporary |

|of …… | |Associated | |of Education? |the School Curriculum?|the Students? |the Teachers? |Connections |

| | |With It | | | | | | |

|Social Reconstructionism | | | | | | | | |

| |1) Desire to use the|George S. Counts – |Society |Engineer a new |Building awareness of |“Be a part of using |Be leaders of social |- Challenge the “isms” |

| |schools to engineer a|“Dare Progressive | |society |social and political |the school to |change. |– sexism, racism, |

| |new society. |Education Be |Controversy | |issues |engineer a new | |classism |

| | |Progressive?” | |Make students aware | |society – become |Take stands on |… |

| |2) Teachers are | |Politics |socially and | |prepared for the |controversial | |

| |responsible for |Dewey | |politically | |emerging society. |social issues |Awareness of/being open|

| |social change. |– against the | | | | | |– |

| | |permissiveness | | | | |Join unions, |ex. sexual orientation |

| |3) Prepare students |- lack of social | | | | |forward-looking |and other issues |

| |for the emerging |concern in | | | | |groups | |

| |society. |child-centered | | | | | | |

| | |progressivism | | | | | | |

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