CHAPTER V: Anti-
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Intellectual Autonomy and Right Reasoning
--A Study of Critical Thinking
John Zijiang Ding
CHAPTER I: Introduction
1. What is Logic?
2. What is Reasoning?
3. What is Critical thinking?
4. What is a Real Intellectual?
CHAPTER II: Conceptualization
1. Sentence, Statement and Proposition
a. Types of Sentences
b. Simple Statement and Compound statement
c. Factual Statement and Opinionative Statement
d. Proposition
2. Truth-Values
a. Two Values
b. Multi-values
5. Evidence and Judgment
5. Argument
a. Premise and Conclusion
b. Categorical Argument and Hypothetical Argument
c. Deductive Argument and Inductive Argument
d. Sound Argument, Unsound Argument, Valid Argument and Invalid Argument
e. Syllogism
8. Inference
9. Fallacies
a. Informal Fallacies
b. Formal Fallacies
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER III: Language Clarification
1. Definition
a. Definition by Analysis, Definition by Synonym and Definition by Example
b. Intensional Definition and Extensional Definition
2. Anti-ambiguity
a. Semantic Ambiguity
b. Syntactic Ambiguity
c. Grouping Ambiguity
d. Inconsistent Ambiguity
e. Incomparable Ambiguity
3. Anti-vagueness
a. Informativeness
b. Completeness
3. Anti-distortion
4. Anti-emotivism
a. Positive Meaning
b. Negative Meaning
a. Neutral Meaning
6. Anti-paradoxicalness
7. Proper Interpretation
a. Consistency
b. Preciseness
c. Sufficiency
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER IV: Certainty and Creditability
1. Authority
a. Political Authority
b. Religious Authority
c. Professional Authority
d. Family Authority
e. Sub-cultural Authority
f. Employer’s Authority
g. Organizational Authority
2. Certainty
a. Descartes’ Skepticism
b. Rational Examination
c. Calculation and Symbolization
3. Creditability
a. Hume’s Skepticism
b. Empirical Examination
c. The Acceptable, the Refutable and the unjustifiable
4. Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
a. Kant’s Epistemological Revolution
b. The Analytic and The Synthetic
c. The A Prior and The A Posteriori
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER VI: Anti-pseudoreasoning (1)
1. Straw Man
2. Red Herring
3. False Dilemma
4. Begging the Question
5. Burden of Proof
6. Appeal to Authority
7. Appeal to Majority
8. Appeal to Pity
9. Appeal to Ignorance
10. Appeal to Force
11. Appeal to Winner
12. Two Wrongs Make a Right
13. Wishful Thinking
14. Subjectivist Fallacies
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTERVII: Anti-pseudoreasoning (2)
1. Ad Hominem
2. Scare Tactics
3. Appeal to Indignation
4. Horse Laugh
5. Slippery Slope
6. Self-contradiction
7. Peer Pressure
8. Improper Analogy
9. Improper Composition
10. Improper Division
11. Improper Comparison
12. Improper Evidence
13. Improper Questioning
14. Improper Statistics
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER VIII: Explanation
1. Distinction of Argument and Explanation
a. Premises and Explananans
b. Conclusion and Explanandum
2. Types of Explanations
a. Scientific Explanation
b. Social Explanation
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER IX: Truth Table and Logical Connectives
1. Statement Letters and Statement Variables
2. Truth-table for Negation
3. Truth-table for Conjunction
4. Truth-table for Disjunction
5. Truth-table for Implication
6. Truth-table for Equivalence
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER X: Symbolization and Formalization
1. Statement Letters, Statement Variables and Statement Forms
2. Symbolic Translation
a. Five Connectives and Statement Letters
b. Main Connectives and Sub-connectives
c. Parentheses, Brackets and Braces
3. Statement Forms and Argument Forms
4. Three Forms
a. Tautology
b. Contingency
c. Contradictions
5. Truth Functional Forms
6. Assignment of Truth-values
7. Axiom Systems
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER XI: Soundness and Validity of Argument
1. The Truth-table Method
a. Sound Argument and Unsound Argument
b. Valid Argument and Invalid argument
2. The Short-cut Method
Summary
Exercises
CHAPTER XII: Rules and Deduction
1. Replacement Rules
a. Double Negation
b. Commutation
c. Association
d. Distribution
e. De Morgan
f. Transposition
g. Implication
h. Exportation
i. Equivalence
j. Tautology
2. Inference Rules
a. Conjunction
b. Simplification
c. Addition
d. Disjunctive Syllogism
e. Excluded-Middle Introduction
f. Modus Ponens
g. Modus Tollens
h. Hypothetical Syllogism
i. Constructive Dilemma
j. Destructive Dilemma
3. Regular Proof
4. Conditional Proof
5. Indirect Proof
Summary
Exercises
Attachment A
Attachment B
Attachment C
Attachment D
Attachment E
Exercise Answers
Notes
Index
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