CHAPTER V: Anti-



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Intellectual Autonomy and Right Reasoning

--A Study of Critical Thinking

John Zijiang Ding

CHAPTER I: Introduction

1. What is Logic?

2. What is Reasoning?

3. What is Critical thinking?

4. What is a Real Intellectual?

CHAPTER II: Conceptualization

1. Sentence, Statement and Proposition

a. Types of Sentences

b. Simple Statement and Compound statement

c. Factual Statement and Opinionative Statement

d. Proposition

2. Truth-Values

a. Two Values

b. Multi-values

5. Evidence and Judgment

5. Argument

a. Premise and Conclusion

b. Categorical Argument and Hypothetical Argument

c. Deductive Argument and Inductive Argument

d. Sound Argument, Unsound Argument, Valid Argument and Invalid Argument

e. Syllogism

8. Inference

9. Fallacies

a. Informal Fallacies

b. Formal Fallacies

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER III: Language Clarification

1. Definition

a. Definition by Analysis, Definition by Synonym and Definition by Example

b. Intensional Definition and Extensional Definition

2. Anti-ambiguity

a. Semantic Ambiguity

b. Syntactic Ambiguity

c. Grouping Ambiguity

d. Inconsistent Ambiguity

e. Incomparable Ambiguity

3. Anti-vagueness

a. Informativeness

b. Completeness

3. Anti-distortion

4. Anti-emotivism

a. Positive Meaning

b. Negative Meaning

a. Neutral Meaning

6. Anti-paradoxicalness

7. Proper Interpretation

a. Consistency

b. Preciseness

c. Sufficiency

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER IV: Certainty and Creditability

1. Authority

a. Political Authority

b. Religious Authority

c. Professional Authority

d. Family Authority

e. Sub-cultural Authority

f. Employer’s Authority

g. Organizational Authority

2. Certainty

a. Descartes’ Skepticism

b. Rational Examination

c. Calculation and Symbolization

3. Creditability

a. Hume’s Skepticism

b. Empirical Examination

c. The Acceptable, the Refutable and the unjustifiable

4. Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism

a. Kant’s Epistemological Revolution

b. The Analytic and The Synthetic

c. The A Prior and The A Posteriori

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER VI: Anti-pseudoreasoning (1)

1. Straw Man

2. Red Herring

3. False Dilemma

4. Begging the Question

5. Burden of Proof

6. Appeal to Authority

7. Appeal to Majority

8. Appeal to Pity

9. Appeal to Ignorance

10. Appeal to Force

11. Appeal to Winner

12. Two Wrongs Make a Right

13. Wishful Thinking

14. Subjectivist Fallacies

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTERVII: Anti-pseudoreasoning (2)

1. Ad Hominem

2. Scare Tactics

3. Appeal to Indignation

4. Horse Laugh

5. Slippery Slope

6. Self-contradiction

7. Peer Pressure

8. Improper Analogy

9. Improper Composition

10. Improper Division

11. Improper Comparison

12. Improper Evidence

13. Improper Questioning

14. Improper Statistics

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER VIII: Explanation

1. Distinction of Argument and Explanation

a. Premises and Explananans

b. Conclusion and Explanandum

2. Types of Explanations

a. Scientific Explanation

b. Social Explanation

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER IX: Truth Table and Logical Connectives

1. Statement Letters and Statement Variables

2. Truth-table for Negation

3. Truth-table for Conjunction

4. Truth-table for Disjunction

5. Truth-table for Implication

6. Truth-table for Equivalence

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER X: Symbolization and Formalization

1. Statement Letters, Statement Variables and Statement Forms

2. Symbolic Translation

a. Five Connectives and Statement Letters

b. Main Connectives and Sub-connectives

c. Parentheses, Brackets and Braces

3. Statement Forms and Argument Forms

4. Three Forms

a. Tautology

b. Contingency

c. Contradictions

5. Truth Functional Forms

6. Assignment of Truth-values

7. Axiom Systems

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER XI: Soundness and Validity of Argument

1. The Truth-table Method

a. Sound Argument and Unsound Argument

b. Valid Argument and Invalid argument

2. The Short-cut Method

Summary

Exercises

CHAPTER XII: Rules and Deduction

1. Replacement Rules

a. Double Negation

b. Commutation

c. Association

d. Distribution

e. De Morgan

f. Transposition

g. Implication

h. Exportation

i. Equivalence

j. Tautology

2. Inference Rules

a. Conjunction

b. Simplification

c. Addition

d. Disjunctive Syllogism

e. Excluded-Middle Introduction

f. Modus Ponens

g. Modus Tollens

h. Hypothetical Syllogism

i. Constructive Dilemma

j. Destructive Dilemma

3. Regular Proof

4. Conditional Proof

5. Indirect Proof

Summary

Exercises

Attachment A

Attachment B

Attachment C

Attachment D

Attachment E

Exercise Answers

Notes

Index

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