Person-Nature Orientation: - Cengage



Figure 5.4. Kluckhohn Values Orientation Method

|Person-Nature Orientation: |

|Mastery Over Harmony with Subject to |

| |

|Mastery Over: People exercise mastery and control over nature. |

|Harmony With: People exercise partial control by living in harmony with nature. |

|Subject To: People are subject to the forces of nature. |

|Time Orientation: |

| |

|Past Present Future |

| |

|Past: The orientation to time is on the past and on preserving and maintaining traditional teachings and beliefs. |

|Present: The orientation to time is on the present, and in accommodating changes in beliefs and traditions. |

|Future: The orientation to time is on the future, planning ahead, and seeking new ways to replace the old. |

|Activity Orientation: |

| |

|Doing7 Being |

| |

|Doing: Meaningful activity for self-expression is external to the individual and valued by both the self and by others. |

|Being: : Meaningful activity for self-expression is internal to the individual and valued by the self but not necessarily by |

|others. |

|Human Relations Orientation: |

| |

|Consensus laterally Hierarchical authority Individualism |

| |

|Collaterality: Human relations are based on seeking consensus among group members. |

|Lineality: Human relations are based on deferring to hierarchical authority. |

|Individualism: Human relations are based on the value of the individual. |

|Human Nature: 8 |

| |

|Evil Neutral Mix of good and evil Good |

| |

|Evil: Human nature may be evil, with the possibility of being changed or not |

|Neutral: Human Nature may be changed. |

|Mixture of Good and Evil: Human Nature cannot be changed. |

|Good: Human Nature cannot be changed. |

Source: Adapted from Kluckhohn & Strodbeck, 1961

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