LHS Psych (AP & INTRO)
Reading Guide Unit 2– HISTORY, APPROACHES AND RESEARCH METHODSRG2Apg. 1-15Psychology’s RootsToday’s definition of psychology:Behavior =Mental processes =Trace (summarize) the prescientific roots of psychologyEarly scientific psychologyWundt (who was he & why is he important)StructuralismFunctionalismPsychology from the 1920s to today (summarize)Psychology’s Big DebateFill in the venn-diagram, describing how the terms are different in the circles, and how they are similar in the middle. Under the venn-diagram describe the huge debate in a maximum of two sentences.NatureNurturePsychology’s Perspectives (summarize the main idea of each)NeuroscienceBehavioralEvolutionaryCognitiveBehavior geneticsSocial-culturalPsychodynamicWhy have so many perspectives?Psychology’s SubfieldsI. Basic research=A. BiologicalB. DevelopmentalC. CognitiveD. PersonalityE. SocialII. Applied research=A. Industrial/Organizational psychologistsB. Counseling psychologistsC. Clinical psychologistsD. PsychiatristsHow does psychology relate to other disciplines?Psychology influences modern culture…RG 2bpg.18-26, 42-46Thinking Critically with Psychological ScienceHindsight biasHow do errors like hindsight bias show why we need research?Overconfidence The Scientific AttitudeDescribe the scientific attitude used by psychologists (3 main parts – look at italics)Critical thinking The Scientific MethodCycle of the scientific method as it relates to psychology theoryhypothesesoperational definitions replicatepg.26-33Research MethodsDescriptionCase studyPotential problem with case studiesSurveyWording (what do you need to keep in mind)Write a survey question asking participants about political views that leads them to answer a certain way._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SamplingFalse consensus effect (and how do we get past it)PopulationRandom sampleHow do you get a random sample?Size matters?Naturalistic observationCorrelationCorrelation coefficientScatterplotsWhat does the amount of scatter suggest?Strong vs. weak correlationsGive an example of a strong correlation._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Give an example of a weak correlation.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ Positive correlationNegative correlationGive an example of a positive correlation______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____ Give an example of a negative correlation.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Draw a picture illustrating what you should understand about correlation and causation (big point…what do you need to know about these two)Illusory correlationWhat does this concept help explain? Why?What do we (humans) do when given random data?Why?ExperimentationExperimentWhy must psychologists experiment?Placebo: Placebo effectDouble-blind procedure: Why use double-blind studies?Experimental vs. control conditionsRandom assignment (what is it & what does it do)Independent vs. dependent variables*Apply your knowledgeIf the experiment’s hypothesis is: People who wear purple socks will report themselves as happier than people who wear yellow socksThen what is the :Independent variable-Dependent variable-Experimental group-Control group-RG 2cpg.37-41Statistical ReasoningMeasures of central tendencyMeanMedianModeWhich one is most influenced by extreme scores?Measures of variationWhat makes averages more reliable? Why?RangeStandard deviationStatistical significance is...What does this indicate?What is p-value?What must the p-value be in order for the data to be considered statistically significant?How is calling data statistical significance like calling a correlation strong?2dPsychology Applied 42-46How is culture relevant to research methods of psychology? EthicsIs it ethical to experiment on people?informed consent: debrief:Frequently Asked Questions How do lab experiments explain everyday behaviors? How does culture affect behavior? Does gender influence behavior? Why do Psychologists study animals? Is it ethical to experiment on humans? Animals? Is psychology free of value judgments? Is psychology dangerous? ................
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