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Human beings are capable of thought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the physician such questions as the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts and emotions, the action and inter-action of intellect and will and emotions. But when men think and feel deeply, this normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing fulfils a deep-seated need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. And when one human being wishes to convey his thoughts to another, he has to make use of a medium, a bridge. That bridge is language. Language is the essential bridge across which all the traffic of communicated thought passes.

The science whose object is the study of language is known as Linguistics. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as means of inter-communication, whether it be spoken, pictured or written. The more specialised branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, is known as phonetics.

Now even in this scientific age, an age of widely extended literacy and greatly improved visual and aural aids to the dissemination of ideas, communication is still largely oral.

1. Write a summary of the text in English, including the most important points using your own words (approximately 50 words; 1 point).

2. Mark the following sentences true or false (T/F) according to the text. Then write the part (and ONLY that part) of the text which justifies your answer. (1 point; 0.25 each)

a. Physics can explain how our intellect works.

b. Humans use language as a tool to communicate what they think.

c. The study of language use is called phonetics.

d. Nowadays people rely more on the different forms of visual communication than verbal communication.

3. Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given here. (1 point; 0.25 each).

a. influenced

b. firmly implanted

c. field

d. ability to read and write

4. Pronunciation. (1 point; 0.25 each)

a. In which of the following words the underlined letters are pronounced /ɪ/ as in this ? leave –emotion – medium –feel

b. Circle the word whose underlined letters are pronounced differently. visual – reason – means – aids

c. Find the odd one out; liar – tried – science –quiet

d. Find a word in the text that includes the sound /դ/ like the “n” in “drunk”.

5. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the original meaning. Use the word in brackets and/or the expression given, making the necessary changes. (1.5 points; 0.5 points each).

a. I promise to visit you when I’ve got time

As soon as ……………………………………

b. The boy was very upset. The teacher was shouting at him

The boy at …………………………………………………

c. Some people still think horse racing is glamorous.

Horse……………………..

6. Write an essay on the following: “How Good Are Your Communication Skills? (Approximately 120 words, 3 points)

Don´t those beautiful food advertisements you see on TV and on food packages make your mouth water? Don´t you want to take a bite of that juicy steak or the creamy chocolate you see in the picture? Well, if you knew what was really in those photographs, perhaps you wouldn´t be so tempted!

Take a hamburger, for instance. Food stylists - the people who arrange food for photographs - will cook it, but not enough to make it safe to eat. Cooking it any more would make it look too dark. But it still doesn´t have that juicy shine until they rub a petroleum jelly, Vaseline, over it. Then they usually glue extra sesame seeds onto the bun to make it look just right.

You may say that this is false advertising, because the food doesn´t really look like that. However, it´s perfectly legal. The law says that the food that´s being advertised must be real - but it can wear “make-up.” And if what you´re advertising is a hamburger, then the chips that are shown with it don´t have to be real at all!

Food stylists need these tricks because of the technical difficulties involved in photographing food. It can take hours to arrange things just right for a good shot - and most kinds of food don´t last that long under the hot studio lights. In addition, food that´s cooked well may taste good, but it doesn´t always have the shine and colour that make it look pretty.

What other tricks do food stylists use? The list is long. They make chicken legs look fatter by putting a spoonful of mashed potatoes under the skin. Whipped cream melts under the hot lights, so shaving cream is used instead. Breakfast cereal gets soggy in milk, so they put it in hair conditioner or white glue.

So, the next time you see food being advertised, take it with a pinch of salt. Remember that this is show business, and under the camera, every plate of food has to look like a star.

Questions:

1. Write a summary of the text in English, including the most important points using your own words (approximately 50 words; 1 point).

2. Mark the following sentences true or false (T/F) according to the text. Then write the part (and ONLY that part) of the text which justifies your answer. (1 point; 0.25 each)

a. Food stylists cook and prepare food for photos

b. Vaseline is a type of jelly .

c. Taking a good photo of food takes few minutes

d. Whipped cream and hot lights go well together

3. Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given here. (1 point; 0.25 each).

a) bread used to put a hamburger in b) not against the law

c) turns into liquid d) do not rely on it as accurate

4. Pronunciation. (1 point; 0.25 each)

a. Find a word in the text which includes the sound /u:/ as in glue

b. Write the word whose underlined letters are pronounced differently cream- see- being-steak

c. Which of these words includes the diphthong /aʊ/ as in mouth: enough, would, hour, colour

d. Find a word in the text that includes the sound /ʃ/ like the “t” in “emotion”.

5. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the original meaning. Use the word in brackets and/or the expression given, making the necessary changes. (1.5 points; 0.5 points each).

a) If we use some tricks, the food will look prettier

She suggested ……………….

b) The food doesn´t really look like that. However, it´s perfectly legal (in spite )

………..….

c) “Do those beautiful food advertisements you see on TV and on food packages make your mouth water?”

She asked….

6. Choose ONE of these topics to write 120-150 words (3 points)

a) How much does advertising influence you as a consumer? Explain

b) “Junk food adverts for kids should be banned on television”. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain

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