December 1-23, 2008 Web Surfing Tracker of A Mad …
Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa
Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Web Surfing Tracker
A Collection of Articles, Notes and References
References
(December 1-23, 2008)
(Revised: Monday, April 13, 2009)
References Edited by
A Mad Schizophrenic
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.
- William Shakespeare
Copyright © 2008-2013 A Mad Schizophrenic
The following educational writings are STRICTLY for academic research purposes ONLY.
Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other purposes.
(The following notes are subject to update and revision)
For free distribution only.
You may print copies of this work for free distribution.
You may re-format and redistribute this work for use on computers and computer networks, provided that you charge no fees for its distribution or use.
Otherwise, all rights reserved.
8 "... Freely you received, freely give”.
- Matthew 10:8 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB)
The attempt to make God just in the eyes of sinful men will always lead to error.
- Pastor William L. Brown.
1 “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.
2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,
3 without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good,
4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—
5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them.
6 They are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,
7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.
8 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected.
9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.”
- 2 Timothy 3:1-9 :: New International Version (NIV)
The right to be left alone – the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people
- Justice Louis Brandeis, Olmstead v. U.S., 1928.
15 I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot.
16 So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.
- Revelation 3:15-16 :: King James Version (KJV)
6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.
- Hebrews 5:6 :: King James Version (KJV)
3 Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually.
- Hebrews 7:3 :: King James Version (KJV)
Therefore, I say:
Know your enemy and know yourself;
in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated.
When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself,
your chances of winning or losing are equal.
If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself,
you are sure to be defeated in every battle.
-- Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 500bc
There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are these two? The pursuit of desires and of the pleasure which springs from desire, which is base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable.
- The Blessed One, Lord Buddha
3 Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree.
- Isaiah 56:3 :: King James Version (KJV)
19:12 For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it.
- Matthew 19:12 :: King James Version (KJV)
21 But this kind does not go out except by prayer and fasting.
- Matthew 17:21 :: Amplified Bible (AMP)
Contents
Color Code
A Brief Word on Copyright
References
Educational Copy of Some of the References
Color Code
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Color Code Identification
Main Title Color: Pink
Sub Title Color: Rose
Minor Title Color: Gray – 50%
Collected Article Author Color: Lime
Date of Article Color: Light Orange
Collected Article Color: Sea Green
Collected Sub-notes Color: Indigo
Personal Notes Color: Black
Personal Comments Color: Brown
Personal Sub-notes Color: Blue - Gray
Collected Article Highlight Color: Orange
Collected Article Highlight Color: Lavender
Collected Article Highlight Color: Aqua
Collected Article Highlight Color: Pale Blue
Personal Notes Highlight Color: Gold
Personal Notes Highlight Color: Tan
HTML Color: Blue
Vocabulary Color: Violet
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A Brief Word on Copyright
Many of the articles whose educational copies are given below are copyrighted by their respective authors as well as the respective publishers. Some contain messages of warning, as follows:
Republication or redissemination of the contents of this screen are expressly prohibited
without the written consent of “so and so”.
According to the concept of “fair use” in US copyright Law,
The reproduction, redistribution and/or exploitation of any materials and/or content (data, text, images, marks or logos) for personal or commercial gain is not permitted. Provided the source is cited, personal, educational and non-commercial use (as defined by fair use in US copyright law) is permitted.
Moreover,
• This is a religious educational website.
o In the name of the Lord, with the invisible Lord as the witness.
• No commercial/business/political use of the following material.
• Just like student notes for research purposes, the writings of the other children of the Lord, are given as it is, with student highlights and coloring. Proper respects and due referencing are attributed to the relevant authors/publishers.
I believe that satisfies the conditions for copyright and non-plagiarism.
• Also, from observation, any material published on the internet naturally gets read/copied even if conditions are maintained. If somebody is too strict with copyright and hold on to knowledge, then it is better not to publish “openly” onto the internet or put the article under “pay to refer” scheme.
• I came across the articles “freely”. So I publish them freely with added student notes and review with due referencing to the parent link, without any personal monetary gain. My purpose is only to educate other children of the Lord on certain concepts, which I believe are beneficial for “Oneness”.
References
Some of the links may not be active (de-activated) due to various reasons, like removal of the concerned information from the source database. So an educational copy is also provided, along with the link.
If the link is active, do cross-check/validate/confirm the educational copy of the article provided along.
1. If the link is not active, then try to procure a hard copy of the article, if possible, based on the reference citation provided, from a nearest library or where-ever, for cross-checking/validation/confirmation.
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Educational Copy of Some of the References
FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.33
Monday, December 08, 2008 0946.p.m. – 1150 p.m. IST
amentalpatient
alooneypuppet
Upload 2008sep71b-94
amentalpatient
Goddess Chinnamasta
5th Mahavidya...similar to... worshipping Rahu...the snake god...The zombie goddess... Goddess of zombies...
Update profiles
J.S. Cardone (Director) (2006) Zombies/Wicked Little Things,
Zombies
Zombies (2003)
The Zombies (2005)
Zombi 2 (1979)
Wicked Little Things (2006)
Director:J.S. Cardone
Also Known As:The Children (USA) (working title)
Zombies (USA) (working title)
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Personal Note
Note the scene “They feed at dark...” as given in the movie script...
Refer the book Kanippayur Sankaran Nampoothiripad. (Malayalam year 1179) Mantraprayogaghal. (13th edition) Kunnamkulam: Panchagom Pustakasala. Page 51...on Dhumavati Mantras...where an outline of your worship procedures is given...You feed at dark...without taking any food after the sun has risen...You feed only after the sun has set...
Sort of living a life...imitating certain beings...ever alive...Following a similar life pattern...Being a human...to follow such a life style...means you are daring...brave...courageous...a daredevil...a ‘devil’...a human...who dares to go beyond...to be the devil...displaying diabolic manners...of inhuman nature...extreme cruelty...BEFITTING...the spirit of Dhumavati...the experienced Kali...old...in all her ferocity...maturity...
Written around 0959 p.m. Tuesday, December 09, 2008
Revised around 0217 p.m. Monday, April 13, 2009
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: zombie
1. A dead body that has been brought back to life by a supernatural force
2. (voodooism) a spirit or supernatural force that reanimates a dead body
3. A god of voodoo cults of African origin worshipped especially in West Indies
4. Someone who acts or responds in a mechanical or apathetic way
5. Several kinds of rum with fruit juice and usually apricot liqueur
Synonyms
automaton
living dead
snake god
zombi
zombi spirit
zombie spirit
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Noun: voodoo
1. A charm superstitiously believed to embody magical powers
2. (Haiti) followers of a religion that involves witchcraft and animistic deities
3. A religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti); involves witchcraft and animistic deities
Verb: voodoo
1. Bewitch by or as if by a voodoo
Synonyms
fetich
fetish
hoodoo
hoodooism
juju
vodoun
voodooism
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Adjective: animistic
1. Of or pertaining to the doctrine of animism
Synonyms
animist
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Noun: animism
1. The doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls
"animism is common among primitive peoples"
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Verb: bewitch
1. Attract; cause to be enamored
2. Attract strongly, as if with a magnet
3. Cast a spell over someone or something; put a hex on someone or something
Personal Note
vash-yam...va-shi-ka-ra-nam...
Written around 0855 p.m. Wednesday, December 10, 2008
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Adjective: apathetic
1. Showing little or no emotion or animation
"a woman who became active rather than apathetic as she grew older"
2. Marked by a lack of interest
"an apathetic audience"
Synonyms
indifferent
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verb: reanimate
1. Give new life or energy to
Synonyms
animates
quickens
recreates
renovates
repairs
revives
revivifies
vivifies
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Rahu
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Rāhu
Read: Tuesday, December 09, 2008
Highlighted: Wednesday, December 10, 2008
Rāhu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rāhu -(Tib: kyab jug )
Portrait
Rāhu
Rahula is a supernatural being of the Tibetan buddhist tradition, particularly the Nyingma lineage. He is depicted as dark blue ands one of his nine heads is that of a raven. He has a face in his belly the mouth of which swallows up the moon or sun during eclipses. He is master of the nine planets and the god of solar and lunar eclipses. He is a wrathful dregs-pa according to the Nyingmapas; one of eight highest protector deities and who rules over a class of gza demons.During the time of the influence of these malevolent beings, one would not normally start new projects. But since Rahula is an emanation of Vajrapani, a companion to Chenrezi, and the bodhisattva who embodies all the power of all the Buddhas, the evil influences are controlled
The Hindu legend
Rahu is depicted as a naga king, a deity of the earth and/or of water whose tail and lower torso are those of a serpent. Rahu is a rakshasa, a trickster-deity sometimes described as a demon or ogre. However, this category of being also includes some anti-gods ("titans") that can function as protectors. The recurrence of eclipses in a regular pattern is explained by one Hindu myth which tells how Rahu stole Amrita, the Water of Life [Nectar of Immortality] from the gods, but the sun and moon were witnesses. Lord Vishnu punished the thief, Rahu, by cutting off 2 of his 4 arms and Rahu, in his anger, stalks back and forth across the heavens from the moon to the sun. The presence of Rahu and his other half, Ketu, in the heavens comes only because ... just as he was getting what he sought, he was slain, and henceforth having gotten a taste of the eternalizing (within this realm) Soma Drink, is now living on like a God ... . Ketu is the dead half of his body. Rahu is the ever-living head. One alive, one dead. [Rahu, the head, is the moon's northern node; Ketu, the headless body, is the other node.]
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: ogre
1. A cruel wicked and inhuman person
2. (folklore) a giant who likes to eat human beings
Synonyms
demon
devil
fiend
monster
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Cross Reference
The Seeker’s Glossary: Buddhism. (1998) (2nd edition) New York, US: Sutra Translation Committee of the US and Canada. Pages: 414-415.
Nyingma-pa
“The Red Hat or Unreformed school of Tibetan Buddhism. Padma Sambhava is credited with founding it in the eighth century though is little evidence of the school’s existence as such before the twelfth.
The Nyingma-pa is found largely in Nepal, Sikkim, and in Kham, to the north-east of Tibet. It is the oldest of the Tibetan schools of Buddhism...The Tibetan Book of the Dead was produced by it.”
Hump: 140 #0422
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Personal Note
Rahula is a supernatural being of the Tibetan buddhist tradition, particularly the Nyingma lineage.
Rahu is a rakshasa, a trickster-deity sometimes described as a demon or ogre.
He is master of the nine planets and the god of solar and lunar eclipses.
In the human world...a great ascetic...who underwent intense meditation practices...developing siddhis...to control the planets...navagrahas...planetary movements...
May Goddess Bagalamukhi be praised!...
Written around 1149 a.m. Friday, December 26, 2008
Revised around 0727 a.m. Saturday, December 27, 2008
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Personal Note
Rahu is depicted as a naga king, a deity of the earth and/or of water whose tail and lower torso are those of a serpent. Rahu is a rakshasa, a trickster-deity sometimes described as a demon or ogre.
Where the ascetic speaks...with dual meaning...as the tongue of a snake...forked into two...one tongue forked into two...one meaning forked into two opposing interpretations...
Written around 1207 p.m. Friday, December 26, 2008
Some Malayalam tantric textsº...depict pictorially...Rahu as having a human head and a snake’s lower body...Ketu as having a snake’s head and a human lower body...
Rahu and Ketu can be considered as a single entity...or two different entities...but bosom friends...depending on the context...
Written around 1216 p.m. Friday, December 26, 2008
º Refer the booklet: Navagraha Namaskaram. (Salutations to the Navagrahas/9 planetary bodies) (Malayalam) (2005) Kalpathi, Palghat 678003, Kerala, India: R. S. Vadhyar & Sons. Page: v.
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Personal Note
You combine Chinnamasta worship...with Dhumavati worship...
Wherever Chinnamasta is there...Dhumavati should also be there...with her mantra chanted alongwith...Chinnamasta mantra...
Written around 1011 p.m. Tuesday, December 09, 2008
Revised around 0841 p.m. Wednesday, December 10, 2008
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The Tibetan Buddhist version
The Chakdor Legend:
All the Buddhas gather on top of Mount Meru to consider how to obtain the elixir of life, Dutsi. They are seeking an antidote to Hala, the source of human illness that the demons have in their possession. They churn the ocean and procure the dutsi which they entrust to the protector, Vajrapani. However, the monster Rahu manages to steal it. He drinks it down, and then urinates it back into the vessel that it had been put into by the Buddhas. Vajrapani realizes what has happened and sets out to kill Rahu. He questions the Sun as to the demon's whereabouts, but the Sun fears retaliation from Rahu. The Moon felt no different, but still was willing to help the cause, and reveals where Rahu is hiding. Slain by Vajrapani at last, the rakshasa comes back to life because he had drunk the dutsi or, in Sanskrit, amrita. Now Vajrapani has to take his punishment; he is made to drink the urine. He conceives an even greater rage against Rahu and all demons, and slays him over and over again. Wherever the blood of Rahu dripped onto the surface of this earth, it caused to spring up all manner of medicinal plants
Buddhism • Portal
Articles: Concepts • History – Timeline • Schools • Texts • Countries – Regions • Culture • Lists: Temples – People – Topics
Categories: Buddhist deities, bodhisattvas, and demons | Dharmapalas
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Personal Note
He drinks it down, and then urinates it back into the vessel that it had been put into...
Similar to a heavy drinking session...binge drinking...of any alcohol...where you urinate a lot...
Written around 0902 p.m. Wednesday, December 10, 2008
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Personal Note
However, the monster Rahu manages to steal it....
He drinks it down, and then urinates it back into the vessel that it had been put into...
Now Vajrapani has to take his punishment; he is made to drink the urine.
The nectar...was of limited stock ONLY...The ONLY way to drink the nectar NOW...was to drink the urine...containing traces of the original nectar...
Written around 1138 a.m. Friday, December 26, 2008
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Personal Note
He conceives an even greater rage against Rahu and all demons, and slays him over and over again.
Having drunk the nectar...Rahu became immortal...cannot be killed...cannot die...After each killing process...he comes back alive...again...
Written around 1142 a.m. Friday, December 26, 2008
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eclipse-2007-g2
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.81
Wednesday, December 10, 2008 1101.a.m. – 1236 p.m. IST
amentalpatient
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amentalpatient
Zombie
Zombie
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Cross Reference
John T. Hitchcock, Rex L. Jones. (Editors) (1976) Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas. New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. ISBN: 0-7069-0438-9. Pages 331-332
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Cross Reference
George Romero. (1968) Night of the Living Dead
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Ketu
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Ketu (mythology)
(mythology)
Highlighted: Wednesday, January 28, 2009
Ketu (mythology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ketu
Image:Ketu.jpg
Ketu - Tail of Demon Snake
South Lunar Node
Affiliation Graha,Asura
Mount eagle
Ketu (Sanskrit: केतु, IAST: ketú) is the descending lunar node. In Hindu mythology, Ketu is generally referred to as a "shadow" planet. It is believed to have a tremendous impact on human lives and also the whole creation. In some special circumstances it helps someone achieve the zenith of fame. Ketu is often depicted with a gem or star on his head signifying a mystery light.
Astronomically, Ketu and Rahu denote the points of intersection of the paths of the Sun and the Moon as they move on the celestial sphere. Therefore, Rahu and Ketu are respectively called the north and the south lunar nodes. The fact that Eclipses occur when Sun and Moon are at one of these points gives rise to the mythology of the swallowing of the Sun by the Moon.
Contents
1 Astrology
2 Associations
3 See also
4 References
Astrology
In Vedic astrology Ketu represents karmic collections both good and bad, spirituality and supernatural influences. Ketu is associated with the Meena Avatar (Fish Incarnation) of Vishnu. Ketu signifies the spiritual process of the refinement of materialization to spirit and is considered both malefic and benefic, as it causes sorrow and loss, and yet at the same time turns the individual to God. In other words, it causes material loss in order to force a more spiritual outlook in the person. Ketu is a karaka or indicator of intelligence, wisdom, non-attachment, fantasy, penetrating insight, derangement, and psychic abilities. Ketu is believed to bring prosperity to the devotee's family, removes the effects of snakebite and illness arising out of poisons. He grants good health, wealth and cattle to his devotees. Ketu is the lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Ashvini, Magha and Mula.
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: fantasy
1. Imagination unrestricted by reality
"a schoolgirl fantasy"
2. Fiction with a large amount of imagination in it
"she made a lot of money writing romantic fantasies"
3. Something many people believe that is false
Verb: fantasy
1. Indulge in fantasies
Synonyms
fancy
fantasize
illusion
phantasy [archaic]
Noun: derangement
1. A state of mental disturbance and disorientation
2. The act of disturbing the mind or body
Synonyms
mental unsoundness
overthrow
unbalance
upset
Noun: disorientation
1. A wild delusion (especially one induced by a hallucinogenic drug)
2. Confusion (usually transient) about where you are and how to proceed; uncertainty as to direction
"his disorientation was the result of inattention"
Synonyms
freak out
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Associations
Image:BritishmuseumKetu.JPG
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Personal Note
The long flate heavy blade...to butcher...is around 3 feet long...
2 ½ feet...extending from the hips to tip of the head...of a normal human male upper body...and a bit extra extending to the tip of the crown...placed on the Lord’s head...
Written around 0923 a.m. Tuesday, March 10, 2009
Revised around 0932 a.m. Tuesday, March 10, 2009
The standard weapons of any naga...according to their dhyana mantras...are sword and shield...Thus the left hand actually held a shield...Some invader...from North...non-believer...just defaced the idol...
Written around 1103 p.m. Monday, March 23, 2009
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Ketu sculpture from the British Museum
Ketu is associated with the following: his color is smoky, metal is lead and gemstone is cat's eye. His tattva or element is earth.
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Personal Note
Ketu - Tail of Demon Snake
His tattva or element is earth.
Deals more with reproduction...procreation...aiding creation...creative activities... sexual stuff...
Written around 0210 p.m. Wednesday, January 28, 2009
Worshipping Goddess Dhumavati...the 7th Mahavidya...is equivalent...to worshipping Lord Ketu...Chanting Dhumavati mantra...propitiates Lord Ketu also...
Worshipping Goddess Chinnamasta...the 5th Mahavidya...is equivalent...to worshipping Lord Rahu...Chanting Chinnamasta mantra...propitiates Lord Rahu also...
Written around 0215 p.m. Wednesday, January 28, 2009
The word demon...implies cannibalistic nature...the urge to eat human flesh...drink human blood...ESPECIALLY of enemies...
Humans are inferior to heavenly beings...supernatural spirits...deities...
Humans eat the flesh of inferior beings...inferior to humans...such as animals...birds...
Written around 0221 p.m. Wednesday, January 28, 2009
And with constant mantra chanting...uttering the mantra...sound syllables...for specific deities...aiming to resonate our body energy...energy waves...at the same frequency...as that of the heavenly deity...supernatural spirit...it’s energy body...energy waves...we aim for spirit possession...deity possession...developing similar characteristics of the divinity worshipped...in us...humans inferior to the supernatural...but devout worshippers...of the LIVING SPIRITS...of Nature...of Cosmos...
Written around 0238 p.m. Wednesday, January 28, 2009
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See also
Navagraha
References
Hindu deities and texts
Goddesses Devi · Saraswati · Lakshmi · Sati · Parvati · Durga · Shakti · Kali · Sita · Radha · Mahavidya · Navadurga · Matrikas · more
Gods Deva · Brahma · Vishnu · Shiva · Rama · Krishna · Ganesha · Murugan · Hanuman · Indra · Surya · more
Texts Vedas · Upanishads · Puranas · Ramayana · Mahabharata · Bhagavad Gita
Hinduism · Hindu mythology · Indian epic poetry
Retrieved from (mythology)
Categories: Asura | Graha | Sun myths | Moon myths | Eclipses | Indian astrology | History of astrology
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Milarepa
sreegopalsreekumaran
Zombies (2003)
The Zombies (2005)
Zombi 2 (1979)
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.149
Saturday, December 20, 2008 1026.p.m. – 1129 p.m. IST
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Cross
Rwandan Genocide
Tree of life
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Cross Reference
Binod Chandra Sinha. (May 1979) Serpent Worship in Ancient India. London, UK: East-West Publications. ISBN: 0 85692 052 5. Page 135.
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.66
Tuesday, December 23, 2008 0252.p.m. – 0510 p.m. IST
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Pagan cross
History of cross
Rose (symbolism)
(symbolism)
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Christianity and Paganism
Christianity and Paganism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article provides an overview of the relations between Christians and Pagans.
Early Christianity developed in an era of the Roman Empire during which many religions were practiced, that are, due to the lack of a better term, labeled Paganism. The Latin Paganus, similar to the Germanic Heathen, originally simply referred to someone living in a rural area. It obtained its current meaning since the countryside was Christianized later than the cities. In a broader sense the term Pagan may refer to any adherent of a non Abrahamic religion, but it is used here within the scope of those religions that Christianity encountered during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Since the late 20th century the monikers Pagan or Paganism have become widely used as a self designation by adherents of Neopaganism.[1] This period has seen a revival of interest in the Historical Polytheism (such as Celtic polytheism and Norse Paganism).
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: Norse
1. An inhabitant of Scandinavia
2. A native or inhabitant of Norway
3. The northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
Adjective: Norse
1. Of or relating to Scandinavia or its peoples or cultures
"Norse sagas"; "Norse nomads"
2. Of or relating to Norway or its people or culture or language
Synonyms
Nordic
Norseman
North Germanic
North Germanic language
Northman
Norwegian
Scandinavian
Scandinavian language
Noun: Scandinavia
1. The peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden
2. A group of culturally related countries in northern Europe; Finland and Iceland are sometimes considered Scandinavian
Synonyms
Scandinavian Peninsula
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Contents
1 Pagan Influences on Christianity
1.1 Influence on New Testament Narrative
1.2 Influence on Early Christian Theology
1.3 Influence on Christian Liturgy and Ritual
1.4 Idolatry in Christianity
1.5 Veneration
1.6 Christmas
1.7 Lent and Easter
1.8 Reliquaries
1.9 Mystery plays
2 Conflicts between Christians and Pagans
2.1 Christians and Pagans in the Roman Empire
2.2 Religious Warfare During the Middle Ages
2.2.1 Saxon Conversion
2.2.2 Anglo-Saxon Conversion
2.2.2.1 Christian/Anglo-Saxon Syncretism
2.2.2.1.1 Norwegian Civil War 995-1030
2.2.2.1.2 Baltic Crusades
2.2.2.2 Christian Positions Towards Paganism
2.2.2.3 See also
2.2.2.4 References
2.2.2.5 Further reading
Pagan Influences on Christianity
The intermingling and interaction of peoples and cultures facilitated by the Pax Romana resulted in the competition and cross fertilization of religions. Christianity either evolved from or was strongly influenced by one or more of the religions of the time.
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Personal Note
Today with the arrival of the global village...the internet...the above first sentence can be reworded as...
The intermingling and interaction of peoples and cultures facilitated by the INTERNET resulted in the competition and cross fertilization of religions.
Written around 0329 p.m. Saturday, January 31, 2009
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Three layers of Pagan influence on the Christian churches have been proposed:
Influence on the New Testament narrative and doctrine itself. This is mainly from Hellenistic mystery religions such as Mithraism, themselves partly inspired by Ancient Egyptian Religion[citation needed] and Persian religion"[2], as well as the mythology of the Old Testament, but Buddhism is also named as a possible influence;
Influence on Christian dogma in Late Antiquity, that is, the doctrine of the Christian Church Fathers in the 4th and 5th century, the Nicene and Chalcedonian creeds, including the questions of the Trinity and Christology. A strong influence here was Roman imperial cult, Hellenistic philosophy, notably Neoplatonism, and Gnosticism. Christological disputes continued to dominate Christian theology well into the Early Middle Ages, down to the Third Council of Constantinople of AD 680[citation needed];
Influences of Pagan religions christianized in the Early Middle Ages. This includes Germanic paganism, Celtic paganism, Slavic paganism and Folk religion in general[citation needed].
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: Celt
1. A member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times
Synonyms
Kelt
Noun: Gaul
1. A person of French descent
2. A Celt of ancient Gaul
3. An ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands
Synonyms
frog
Gallia
Adjective: Slav
1. Speaking a Slavic language
"the Slav population of Georgia"
Noun: Slav
1. Any member of the people of eastern Europe or Asian Russia who speak a Slavonic language
Type of
individual
mortal
person
somebody
someone
soul
Noun: Dutch
1. The people of the Netherlands
"the Dutch are famous for their tulips"
2. The West Germanic language of the Netherlands
Adjective: Dutch
1. Of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture
Of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture
"Dutch painting"; "Dutch painters"
Synonyms
Dutch people
Personal Note
Cross references to Dutch influence in South India...Kerala...
1. 2008nov150
2. Dr. T. I. Poonen. (February 1978) Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and its Collapse (A.D. 1663–1795). (1/e) Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Department of Publications, University of Kerala.
Written around 0411 p.m. Saturday, January 31, 2009
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According to this theory, Christianity was both greatly influenced by, and exerted influence on, non Christian (Pagan) cults and mythologies[citation needed].
One theory[citation needed] suggests that Christianity developed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, leading an underground existence as an illicit mystery religion. According to this theory, it underwent a syncretism with the Roman Imperial cult and Hellenistic philosophy in the 4th century.
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Cross Reference
WordWeb 5.5
Noun: syncretism
1. The union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)
"a syncretism of material and immaterial theories"
2. The fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections)
Type of
fusion
unification
union
Adjective: Hellenistic
1. Relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civilization
Synonyms
Hellenic
Hellenistical
Noun: Helen
1. (Greek mythology) the beautiful daughter of Zeus and Leda who was abducted by Paris; the Greek army sailed to Troy to get her back which resulted in the Trojan War
Synonyms
Helen of Troy
Personal Note
In these modern days...is there a similar PASSION...”to get her back”...with nations going for war...over a woman...
Hmm!...Her beauty...must have been the nation’s pride...in those days...
Written around 0423 p.m. Saturday, January 31, 2009
Revised around 0426 p.m. Saturday, January 31, 2009
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In the course of the Christianisation of Europe in the Early Middle Ages, the Christian churches adopted many elements of national cult and folk religion, resulting in national churches like Latin, Germanic, Russian, Armenian, Greek and so on.
One goal of the Reformation was to return the Christian churches to the state of early Christianity. Restorationists such as Jehovah's Witnesses continue to argue that mainstream Christianity has departed from original Christianity due, in part, to such Pagan influences[citation needed].
Influence on New Testament Narrative
Main article: Jesus Christ in comparative mythology
Assertions of Pagan influences on Christianity have been made since the beginning of the christian era. Justin Martyr made the following defense against the assertion that Jesus Christ was modeled after the Greek god, Dionysus.
Be well assured, then, Trypho, that I am established in the knowledge of and faith in the Scriptures by those counterfeits which He who is called The Devil is said to have performed among the Greeks; just as some were wrought by the Magi in Egypt, and others by the false prophets in Elijah's days. For when they tell that Bacchus, son of Jupiter, was begotten by intercourse with Semele, and that he was the discoverer of the vine; and when they relate, that being torn in pieces, and having died, he rose again, and ascended to heaven; and when they introduce wine into his mysteries, do I not perceive that The Devil has imitated the prophecy announced by the patriarch Jacob, and recorded by Moses?[3]
Influence on Early Christian Theology
Main article: Hellenic philosophy and Christianity
There was a complex interaction between Hellenic philosophy and Christianity during the early years of the church, particularly the first four centuries A.D.
Christianity originated in the Roman province of Judah, a predominantly Jewish society, with traditional philosophies distinct from the Classical Greek thought which was dominant in the Roman Empire at the time. However, Judah itself was already Hellenized in the first century, and the Hebrew Bible most commonly used was the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the original Hebrew scriptures[citation needed].
The conflict between the two modes of thought is recorded in the Christian scriptures, in Paul's encounters with Epicurian and Stoic philosophers mentioned in Acts [1], his diatribe against Greek philosophy in 1st Corinthians[2], and his warning against philosophy in Colossians 2:8[3].
Over time, as Christianity spread throughout the Hellenic world, and with a number of church leaders having been educated in Greek philosophy there was a fusion of the two modes of thought[citation needed].
One early Christian writer of the second and early third century, Clement of Alexandria, demonstrated the assimilation of Greek thought in writing: "Philosophy has been given to the Greeks as their own kind of Covenant, their foundation for the philosophy of Christ... the philosophy of the Greeks... contains the basic elements of that genuine and perfect knowledge which is higher than human... even upon those spiritual objects." [4]
Augustine of Hippo, who ultimately systematized Christian philosophy, wrote in the late fourth and early fifth century: "But when I read those books of the Platonists I was taught by them to seek incorporeal truth, so I saw your 'invisible things, understood by the things that are made' [5].
Picture
St. Augustine was originally a Manichaean.
When Christians first encountered Manichaeism, it seemed to them to be a heresy, as it had originated in a heavily Gnostic area of the Persian empire. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) converted to Christianity from Manichaeism. Until the twentieth century, most of the Western world's concept of Manichaeism came through Augustine's negative polemics against it. According to his Confessions of St. Augustine, after eight or nine years of adhering to the Manichaean faith (as a member of the Manichaean group of Hearers), he became a Christian and a potent adversary of Manichaeism. It is speculated by some modern scholars (Alfred Adam, for example)[citation needed], that Manichaean ways of thinking had an influence on the development of some of Augustine's Christian ideas, such as the nature of good and evil, the idea of Hell, the separation of groups into Elect, Hearers, and Sinners, the hostility to the flesh and sexual activity, and so on.
How much long term influence the Manichaeans actually had on Christianity is still being debated. It has been suggested that the Bogomils, Paulicians, and the Cathars were deeply influenced by Manichaeism. However, the Bogomils and Cathars, in particular, left few records of their rituals or doctrines, and the link between them and Manichaeans is unclear. Regardless of its historical veracity the charge of Manichaeism was leveled at them by contemporary orthodox opponents, who often tried to fit contemporary heresies with those combated by the church fathers. The Paulicians, Bogomils, and Cathars were certainly dualists and felt that the world was the work of a demiurge of Satanic origin. Whether this was due to influence from Manichaeism or another strand of Gnosticism is impossible to determine. Only a minority of Cathars held that The Evil God (or principle) was as powerful as The Good God (also called a principle) as Mani did, a belief also known as absolute dualism. In the case of the Cathars, it seems they adopted the Manichaean principles of church organization, but none of its religious cosmology. Priscillian and his followers apparently tried to absorb what they thought was the valuable part of Manichaeaism into Christianity.
Influence on Christian Liturgy and Ritual
Further information: Christianised rituals
Lisa Ann Bargeman asserts that many christian rituals and beliefs, particularly roman catholic ones, may have been borrowed from ancient Egyptian traditions[citation needed]. She compares the Bible with the Egyptian sacred text, The Book of the Dead; she further cites similarities between specific themes and ceremonial practices to argue that christianity directly evolved from the beliefs of the Egyptians.[6]
Others[who?] believe that the relationship was more indirect, passing through Hellenic and Roman adaptations of the Egyptian traditions. For example, the cult of Isis was popular in the Roman Empire in the form of a Hellenized adaption of Egyptian ritual. This cult believed that Isis gave virgin birth to Horus (she was often portrayed suckling the infant Horus). It also believed in the resurrection of Osiris. The Christian use of holy water was similar to the water from the Nile that was kept in a cistern as a protection against evil.[7]
It has been suggested[citation needed] that christianity originated as a mystery religion, a secret cult of initiates. According to this view, Christianity began as a Jewish adaptation of Greek mystery religion, and that Paul developed Christianity in another, more public, Hellenized direction, ultimately more acceptable to mainstream Roman culture.
...knowledge of the Mystery religions is important for any serious study of the history of christianity. It is well-nigh impossible to grasp christianity through and through without knowledge of these cults. It must be remembered, as implied above, that christianity was not a sudden and miraculous transformation, springing, forth full grown as Athene sprang from the head of Zeus, but it is a composite of slow and laborious growth.
[8]
Mithraism is possibly the most famous Pagan influence on Christianity and was a serious rival of early Christianity[citation needed]. There is much debate on whether Christianity is a rebranded version of many Mithraic beliefs. Ernest Renan, in The origins of christianity, promoted the idea that Mithraism was the prime competitor to christianity in the second through the fourth centuries, although some[who?] scholars feel the written claims that the emperors Nero, Commodus, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and the Tetrarchs were initiates are dubious as there is little evidence that Mithraic worship was accorded official status as a Roman Cult.
A better determinant of borrowing, is to compare the core doctrines of Christianity and Mithraism. The adoption of imagery or icons or festivals is fairly peripheral (such as the adoption by Christendom of winter solstice or Saturnalia festivals as Christmas) but seldom reflects basic religious tenets[citation needed]. An example of this is the various Gnostic cults (such as the Marcionites and Valentinians) which adopted the person of Jesus, or the concept of a Savior, yet did not adopt the underlying doctrinal elements[citation needed].
Further information: Christian mythology, Germanic Christianity, Folk Catholicism, and Allegory in the Middle Ages
Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (May 2007)
Idolatry in Christianity
Main article: Idolatry in Christianity
Idolatry in Christianity is the worship of a created object either made by human hands or created by God instead of, or in addition to, the worship Christians see as being due only to the ChristianGod[citation needed].
Veneration
Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008)
Main article: Veneration
See also: Patron saint, Intercession of saints, Saint symbology, All Saints, and All Souls' Day
Christmas
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Main article: Christmas
See also: Father Christmas, Yule, and Christmas controversy
Lent and Easter
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Easter egg
Carnival
Reliquaries
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Main article: Reliquary
See also: True Cross
Mystery plays
Main article: Passion Play
The passion plays of Christianity had their counterpart in Pagan mystery plays, the most famous of which were the Eleusinian mystery cults which originated in Attica[citation needed].
Conflicts between Christians and Pagans
Christians and Pagans in the Roman Empire
Main article: Decline of Hellenistic polytheism
Main article: Persecution of religion in ancient Rome
When Constantine became the sole Roman Emperor in 323, Christianity became legal by the Edict of Milan. Although Constantine allowed public Pagan practices, specific Pagan temples were torn down upon his orders, while in other cases temple treasures were confiscated [9] After the death of Constantine in 337, two of his sons, Constantius II and Constans took over the leadership of the empire. Constans, ruler of the western provinces, was, like his father, a Christian. Constans was killed in 350, and soon after his brother became the sole emperor of the entire empire three years later.
But it wasn't just the emperors who persecuted the Pagans. Lay Christians took advantage of these new anti Pagan laws by destroying and plundering the temples[citation needed]. Theologians and prominent ecclesiastics soon followed[citation needed]. One such example is St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. When Gratian became Roman emperor in 375, Ambrose, who was one of his closest educators, persuaded him to further suppress Paganism. The emperor, on Ambrose's advice, confiscated the property of the Pagan temples; seized the properties of the Vestal Virgins and Pagan priests, and removed the statue of the Goddess of Victory from the Roman Senate[citation needed].
When Gratian delegated the government of the eastern half of the Roman Empire to Theodosius the Great in 379, the situation became worse for the Pagans. Theodosius prohibited all forms of Pagan worship and allowed the temples to be robbed, plundered, and ruthlessly destroyed by monks and other enterprising Christians[citation needed].
In the year 416, under Theodosius II, a law was passed to bar Pagans from public employment[citation needed]. All this was done to coerce Pagans to convert to Christianity. Theodosius also persecuted Judaism, destroying a number of synagogues[citation needed].
With the gradual Christianization of Europe the Christian views of marriage replaced more permissive, Pagan views. A process which was not free of confrontation; see: History of Christianity and homosexuality.
Religious Warfare During the Middle Ages
Further information: Christianization of the Germanic peoples
The Christian mission during the Christianization of Europe was to a large extent peaceful.[10] There were some exceptions, mainly the Saxon wars, the Christianization of Norway and later the Baltic Crusades[citation needed].
Saxon Conversion
Main article: Saxon wars
In 782, Charlemagne allegedly had 4,500 Saxons beheaded at the Massacre of Verden[citation needed]. Their crime was that they had continued to practice their indigenous Germanic Paganism after converting, under duress, to Christianity. Alcuin and other theologians at the court of Charlemagne opposed his treatment of the Saxons and insisted in peaceful and voluntary conversion.[11] Mainstraim history describes these events as religious warfare rather than religious persecution.[12] Still, some Neopagan authors present them in support of a case for the religious persecution of Pagans.[13]
Saxon Pagans had been invading the Frankish lands during the time of Charles Martel and Pepin, the Grandfather and Father of Charlemagne. Martel and Pepin were satisfied with just pushing back the invaders. Not so Charlemagne. The Saxons had invaded Frankish land. This group, unlike their cousins that went to England, practiced human sacrifice and ritualistic cannibalism[citation needed]. At this time the Saxons in England had been converted to Christianity. Sending back a Saxon priest to try to convert the Saxons in Germany, St. Leafwine was lucky to escape alive[citation needed].
Charlemagne initially wanted to destroy all Saxons[citation needed]. Changing his mind, he decided to subjugate them and force Christianity upon them. He believed by doing this there would at least be peace on their borders[citation needed]. He didn’t do this with the other Pagan tribes, like the Avers and the Slavs, perhaps due to a different nature amongst them[citation needed]. In the tenth year of a thirty year war, Charlemagne, suffering the loss of many men and churches destroyed by the Saxons, had the opportunity to take revenge on the Pagan Saxons. He slaughtered 4500 of them[citation needed]. He prostrated himself at the bishop's feet to confess this crime. The war wouldn’t end for another twenty two years. Three years after the end of the war, all of the Saxons were converted to Christianity, at least nominally. Charlemagne, the first of the Holy Roman Emperors, made steps for the unity of all of Europe.[14]
Anglo-Saxon Conversion
The Anglo-Saxon conversion was one of the most difficult for Christian missionaries because paganism was so entrenched into the culture. The Saxons were one of the last Barbarian groups to the converted by Christian missionaries and it was mainly under the threat of death by Charlemagne and with great some inclusions of pagan culture and concessions on the part of the Christian missionaries. The Saxon conversion was so difficult for a number of reasons including their distance from Rome and lack of centralized polity until much later than most other peoples; but also, their pagan beliefs were so strongly tied into the culture in every way it made the conversion much rocky transition. Their sophisticated theology was a bulwark against an immediate and complete conversion to Christianity.[15] So the new theology was translated into terms of Northern life.
'Conversion of Ethelbert'
The conversion of Ethelbert, king of Kent is the first account of any Christian bretwalda conversion and is told by the Venerable Bede in his histories of the conversion of England. In 582 Pope Gregory sent Augustine and 40 companions from Rome to missionize among the Anglo-Saxons. “They had, by order of the blessed Pope Gregory, brought interpreters of the nation of the Franks, and sending to Ethelbert, signified that they were come from Rome, and brought a joyful message, which most undoubtedly assured to all that took advantage of it everlasting joys in heaven, and a kingdom that would never end with the living and true God.”[16] Ethelbert was not unfamiliar with Christianity because he had a Christian wife, and Bede says that there was even a church dedicated to St. Martin nearby. Ethelbert was converted eventually and Augustine remained in Canterbury.[17]
'A Gradual Conversion'
Many believe that Christian missionaries invaded and wiped out paganism to be immediately replaced with Christianity. However, the truth is that the Anglo-Saxon conversion in particular was a gradual process that necessarily included many compromises and syncretism. A violent conversion to the new religion was unnecessary when the old provided so many parallelisms that the tribal culture could absorb the conquering God without disrupting any of its basic preconceptions; only in time were these to give way before an ecclesiastical conquest
Christian/Anglo-Saxon Syncretism
Naturally there would be comparisons made between the new Christian god and the Old Pagan ones. Besides many naturally occurring parallelisms occurring in the mythologies of Christianity and Paganism, Missionaries made an effort to translate Christianity in a way that would be more palatable to Pagan converts.
Wodan and Christ
The importance of Wodan in Anglo-Saxon theology was proverbial. As might be expected, Wodan was in the first place equated by Christian missionaries with the devil. However, Anglo Saxons made obvious connections with their old God Wodan and new one Jesus. In Saxon mythology, Wodan gained knowledge of runes by sacrificing himself to himself, hanging and fasting on the World tree Yggdrasill[18]. Likewise, Christ was also a Hanging God sacrificing himself for redemption. Christ and Wodan are also both famously mentioned in the much discussed Anglo Saxon “Nine Herbs Charm” which was a Christian charm meant to fight poison but had pagan origins. Christ was supposed to have invented the nine herbs as he hung on the Cross.[19] As Woden masters the magic runes of wisdom by hanging on his Cosmic Tree, so Christ creates the magic herbs as He hung on His Tree, the Cross. While the ties between Wodan and Christ are obviously tenuous and there was no obvious attempt to blatantly conflate the two it is significant that the two existed side by side in Pagan-Christian theology and were not viewed as being mutually exclusive of one another by most early Anglo-Saxon pagans.
Emphasis on Kingship
Kingship in Pagan theology was incredibly important and Christian missionaries openly attempted to include this in their teachings. The Heliand, for example, an infamous example of Pagan-Christian syncretism, referred to Jesus as the “Great Chief.” The genealogies of the royal houses of Kent, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, Bernicia, Deira, and Lindsey all record the descent oftheir kings from Wodan. Divine lineage was a claim of Northern royalty even before the settlement of England.[20] During the conversion of the Bretwalda to Christianity they sought a way to connect their lineage with some Christian divinity. Thusly, King Aethelwulf of Wessex in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle sub anno 855 , Wodan is sixteenth in descent from “Sceaf, who is the son of Noah and was born in Noah’s Ark.” Because the kings of Anglo Saxon kingdoms were supposed to have been divinely ascended they served as spiritual leaders of their communites. As a chief’s main concern was to be victorious, likewise God was expected to lead its people to victory. Consequently, its not suprising that the old concept of the king as bringer of victory also continues with Christianity. The Christian God, “king of victories,” gave triumph to the earlthly rulers who served him. Many Saxon chiefs converted because they believed the Christian God would bring about conquest and real material gain
Anglo-Saxon Judith and Theological Comparisons
Many camparisons were also made regarding elements of Pagan and Christian theology including Heaven and Valhalla; hell and Niflhel. The Anglo Saxon poem Judith has many such comparisons when wyrd becomes fate and Grendel turns into the seed of Cain. Many view this as a tainting or bastardization of the old Pagan mythologies by Christianity but really it was such that the Pagan vocabulary was absorbed in the new faith. The story of the great flood is also apparent in Paganism as well.
Holidays
Many Pagan holidays were incorporated into the Christian calendar. St. Martin’s Day was (and is) November 11th, the great feast day closest to the old Winter’s Day festival of November 7th, on which the king sacrificed for a good year. The popularity of the feast of St. John the Baptist (June 24th) is undoubtedly a continuation of the Midsummer observance of paganism.
Norwegian Civil War 995-1030
Further information: Christianization of Scandinavia
Olaf I of Norway, during his attempt to Christianize Norway during the Viking Age, had those under his rule that practiced their indigenous Norse Paganism and refused to Christianize[citation needed]tortured, maimed or executed, including seidmen, who were tied up and thrown to a skerry at ebb to slowly drown. After Olaf I's death, Norway returned to its native Paganism. Olaf II of Norway had Pagans who refused to convert tortured, blinded or executed, and despoiled Pagan temples, eventually resulting in at least nominal Christianization of Norway[citation needed].
Baltic Crusades
Main article: Northern Crusades
Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008)
Christian Positions Towards Paganism
Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (May 2007)
• Virtuous pagan
• Mission (Christian)
• Historical persecution by Christians
• Christian views on magic
• Crusades
• European colonization of the Americas
• Christianity and world religions
o Christianity and Islam
o Christianity and Buddhism
See also
Topics of Christianity and Paganism:
• Decline of Hellenistic polytheism
• Neoplatonism and Christianity
• Origins of Christianity
• Constantine I and Christianity
• Germanic Christianity
• Historical persecution by Christians
• Persecution of Christians
• Orthopraxy
• Liturgy
• Sacrifice
• Temple
• The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
References
1. ^ "A Basic Introduction to Paganism", BBC, retrieved 19 May 2007.
2. ^ Beck, Roger (2002). "Mithraism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
3. ^ Justin Martyr
4. ^ Clement of Alexandria. Miscellanies 6. 8
5. ^ Augustine of Hippo. Confessions 7. 20
6. ^ Bargeman, Lisa. "The Egyptian Origins of Christianity"
7. ^ Painter, Douglas. Pagan Influences in christian culture: The Hidden Legacy.
8. ^ Martin Luther King Jr. "The Influence of the Mystery Religions on christianity"
9. ^ Eusebius, Vita Const. 3. 54-58
10. ^ Padberg, 1998, 183
11. ^ Padberg (1998), 97
12. ^ Padberg (1998), 94f
13. ^ Strmiska, Michael F.. "The Evils of Christianization: A Pagan Perspective on European History". in Terrie Waddell (editor). Cultural Expressions of Evil and Wickedness: Wrath, Sex, Crime. Editions Rodopi B.V.. ISBN 978-9042010154. ""From the Pagan point of view, we can ask what might have happened if Charlemagne had chosen a different path. What if he had pursued a policy of religious tolerance instead of religious persecution?"".
14. ^ Church History by John Laux pp. 250-252; The Building of Christendom by Warren Carroll pp. 310-311; Christ the King Lord of History by Anne W. Carroll pp.140-142
15. ^ Chaney, William. "Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England." The Harvard Theological Review 53 (1960): 197-217.
16. ^ Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England. Charleston: BiblioBazaar, 2007
17. ^ Fletcher, Richard. The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity. New York: University of California P, 1999.
18. ^ Auden, W. H. Havamal Words of the High One. Grand Rapids: Kessinger, LLC, 2004
19. ^ Pettit, Edward, ed. Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms and Prayers from British Library MS Harley 585 : The Lacnunga. New York: Edwin Mellen P, The, 2001.
20. ^ Chaney, William. "Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England." The Harvard Theological Review 53 (1960)
Further reading
• Samuel Angus, The Mystery Religions and Christianity, 1966. University Books, New York, NY. 359 pp.
• Edward Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning, 1921. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, NY. Reprinted by Health Research, Mokelumne Hill, CA., 1975. 319 pp.
• T.W. Doane, Bible Myths and Their Parallels in Other Religions, 1882. Reprinted by Health Research, Mokelumne Hill, CA., 1985. 589 pp.
• John G. Jackson, Christianity Before Christ, 1985. American Atheist Press, Austin, Texas. 237 pp.
• Gordon Laing, The Church Fathers and the Oriental Cults, The Classical Journal (1918).
• Gerald Massey, The Historical Jesus and the Mythical Christ, or Natural Genesis and Typology of Equinoctial Christolatry, 1886. Reprinted by Health Research, Mokelumne Hill, CA. 224 pp.
• Lutz E. von Padberg (1998), Die Christianisierung Europas im Mitterlalter, Reclam (German) (History textbooks on the Christianization of Europe are also easily available in English.)
• J. M. Robertson, Pagan Christs, 1966. Dorset Press, New York, NY. 171 pp.
Paganism (Historical Polytheism, Ethnic religion and Neopaganism)
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Cross or stake as gibbet on which Jesus died
Christian cross
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Personal Note
The pre-existing pagan symbol...of immortality...borrowed...copied into Christianity...by claiming...LIFE LONG...virginity...celibacy...asceticism...similar to the ASCETIC Jesus...will give immortality...salvation...
May Lord Ayyappa be praised!...
Written around 1057 a.m. Wednesday, January 07, 2009
Revised around 1105 a.m. Wednesday, January 07, 2009
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Cross Reference
Amun and Mut
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Personal Note
Note the ancient Egyptian cross symbol...Ankh...
Written around 1100 a.m. Wednesday, January 07, 2009
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Cross in Christian Art
High cross
Ankh
Logan's Run (1976)
Sayagyi U Ba Khin
Sayagyi U Ba Khin Vipassana Village
Dhamma Giri
Getting to Dhamma Giri
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.97
Tuesday, December 23, 2008 0601.p.m. – 0730 p.m. IST
amentalpatient
alooneypuppet
Recommended Malayalam Language Dictionaries
1. Sreekanteswaram G. Padmanabha Pillai. (May 1980) Sabdataravali Malayalam Dictionary. (Malayalam) (9th edition) Kottayam, Kerala, India: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd./National Book Stall.
2. C. Madhavan Pillai. (September 1999) NBS Malayalam English Dictionary. (Malayalam) (6th edition) Kottayam, Kerala, India: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd./National Book Stall.
Latest copies/editions/reprints can be bought/ordered from National Book Stall, Main Road, Thiruvanthapuram 695001, Kerala, India. Phone: 91-471-2478881.
Recommended Tantric Book List (in Malayalam)
1. Dr. K. Balakrishna Warier. (May 2002) Anushtana Vijnanakosham: Applied Astrology. (The Encyclopedia of Hindu/Pagan Religious Rites/Rituals.) (Malayalam) (3rd edition) Arsha Vidya Parishad; Paruthipara, Thiruvananthapuram 695025: Mystic Books.
2. Kanippayyur Sankaran Nampoothiripad. (Malayalam year 1179) Mantraprayogagal. (Mantra Usage for the Invocation of Deities/Spirits/Nature Spirits.) (Malayalam) (13th printing) Kunnumkulam, Kerala, India: Panchagam Bookstall.
3. Kanippayyur Sankaran Nampoothiripad. (Malayalam year 1182) Dhyanaslokangal. (Meditation Verses for Visualization of Deities/Spirits/Nature Spirits.) (Malayalam) (5th printing) Kunnumkulam, Kerala, India: Panchagam Bookstall.
4. Kanippayyur Sankaran Nampoothiripad. (Malayalam year 1179) Dhyanangalum Manthrangalum. (Meditation Verses and Mantras for Visualization/Invocation of Deities/Spirits/Nature Spirits.) (Malayalam) (8th printing) Kunnumkulam, Kerala, India: Panchagam Bookstall.
5. Tantri Kakkad Narayanan Nampoothiri. (Malayalam year 1179) Mantrika Tantram. (The Tantra/Science of Mantra Usage for the Invocation of Deities/Spirits/Nature Spirits.) (Malayalam) (8th printing) Kunnumkulam, Kerala, India: Panchagam Bookstall.
6. Tantri Kakkad Narayanan Nampoothiri. (Malayalam year 1180) Saparivaram Pujakal. (The Rituals for Invoking and Worshiping the Entourage/Retinue of Deities/Spirits/Nature Spirits.) (Malayalam) (10th printing) Kunnumkulam, Kerala, India: Panchagam Bookstall.
Latest copies/editions/reprints can be bought/ordered from Bharath Books Emporium/Prabhus Books, K.R.A. A58, Prabhus Shopping Complex, Behind Chettikulangara Devi Temple, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India. Phone: 91-471-2479586. Fax: 91-471-2473496. Email: prabhusbooks@sancharnet.in. Web:
sreegopalsreekumaran
Govt rushes Army chief to Siachen
Thackeray urges decisive war with Pak
N-arms won’t be used, says Pak
India test fires Brahmos supersonic missile
CIC summons Army chief’s wife
Taliban to back Pak in case of war
Nun may visit Orissa for ID parade
Thackeray backs ‘Hindu terrorists’
Ahmadnagar Railway Map
Pune Railway Map
Nashik Railway Map
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.97
Tuesday, December 23, 2008 0929.p.m. – 1120 p.m. IST
ashackledstraydog
Try to upload lamaitigilov video
The 12th Khambo Lama Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov (1852–1927)
Video Source: Hambo Lama Itigelov - Neplaneta.ru
A Buddhist monk who died in the lotus position in 1927 and remains seated and undecayed today... the only recorded case in the world of a body not decaying over such a long period of time.
The body has become holy for Buddhists in the Russian region of Buryatia, where it rests in the Ivolgin Buddhist Monastery in the regional capital of Ulan-Ude.
Ivolginsky Datsan, located in East Siberia near Lake Baikal, is the most important Buddhist monastery in Russia.
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Published on internet: Monday, April 13, 2009
Revised: Monday, April 13, 2009
Information on the web site is given in good faith about a certain spiritual way of life, irrespective of any specific religion, in the belief that the information is not misused, misjudged or misunderstood. Persons using this information for whatever purpose must rely on their own skill, intelligence and judgment in its application. The webmaster does not accept any liability for harm or damage resulting from advice given in good faith on this website.
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“Thou belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone,” murmured the Sphinx, breaking its muteness at last. “Thou art eternal, and not merely of the vanishing flesh. The soul in man cannot be killed, cannot die. It waits, shroud-wrapped, in thy heart, as I waited, sand-wrapped, in thy world. Know thyself, O mortal! For there is One within thee, as in all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!”
(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK: Rider & Company. Page: 35.)
Amen
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