Anatomy Chapter 3 -Histology



Summary of Tissues

| |

|Tissue Type |Description |Location |Function |

|Epithelial tissues | | | |

|Simple squamous |One layer of flat epithelial cells bound to CT |Lines heart (endocardium) & blood vessels |Diffusion, osmosis, |

| | |(endothelium), alveoli of lungs, lines body |filtration, absorption, reduce|

| | |cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum |friction through serous |

| | | |secretion |

|Simple cuboidal |One layer of relatively “cube” shaped epithelial |Kidney tubules, thyroid gland, pancreas, |Secretion, absorption |

| |cells bound to CT |salivary glands | |

|Simple columnar |One layer of tall, “column”- like cells bound to |Lines GI tract from stomach to rectum, |Secretion, absorption, |

| |CT; may be modified with microvilli, goblet cells|gallbladder, fallopian tubes (ciliated) |protection, transport of ova &|

| |&/or cilia | |sperm (ciliated) |

|Stratified squamous |Multilayered epithelial tissue with the apical |“non-keratinized” – lines mouth, tongue, |Protection |

| |cells flattened, only basal cells in direct |esophagus, vagina | |

| |contact with basement membrane |“keratinized” – surface of skin | |

|Transitional |Multilayered epithelial tissue with the apical |Lines urinary bladder , ureters |Allows for organ distension |

| |cells varying in their shape from flat to rounded| | |

| |or cuboidal, depending on amount of distension on| | |

| |tissue | | |

|Pseudostratified ciliated |One layer of different sized columnar cells that |Lines most of respiratory tract, portions of |Movement of mucus by ciliary |

|columnar (PSCC) |appear to be stratified, all cells contact |male reproductive tract |action, secretion |

| |basement membrane, apical surface is ciliated | | |

| | | | |

|Connective tissues | | | |

|Mesenchyme |Mesenchymal cells in a thick fluid ground |Only found in developing embryo |Precursor to all connective |

| |substance with some collagen & reticular fibers | |tissues |

|Areolar CT |Loosely woven arrangement of fibers (collagen, |Widely distributed throughout body surrounding|Support, strength, elasticity,|

| |elastic & reticular) embedded in a “syrupy” |organs, BV’s, nerves, joints; found in upper |cushioning |

| |ground substance of hyaluronic acid, surrounding |part of dermis of the skin | |

| |fibroblasts, macrophages, WBC’s & some | | |

| |adipocytes; highly vascularized | | |

|Adipose Tissue |Modified areolar tissue comprised primarily of |Subcutaneous layer of skin, around kidneys, |Cushioning, protection, energy|

| |adipocytes with little surrounding matrix |behind eyeballs in orbit, marrow of long bones|reserve, insulation |

|Reticular CT |Scattered fibroblasts with interconnecting short |Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, kidney, bone |Creates supportive “stroma” |

| |reticular fibers creating a loose “meshwork” to |marrow |(framework) within organs |

| |support cells within organs | | |

|Dense regular CT |Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in |Tendons, ligaments |Attachment |

| |parallel bundles, few fibroblasts, little ground | | |

| |substance, not well vascularized | | |

|Dense irregular CT |Densely packed collagen fibers randomly arranged |Lower (deeper) layer of dermis, periosteum, |Protection, attachment, |

| |in various directions, few fibroblasts & ground |perichondrium, joint capsule, surrounding |support, reduce friction |

| |substance |skeletal muscles, capsules around come organs |between muscles |

|Elastic CT |Densely packed elastic fibers interspersed with |Within wall of aorta & other large arteries, |Allows for elasticity & recoil|

| |some collagen fibers, few fibroblasts |within some spinal ligaments (ligamentum |while still being supportive |

| | |flavum & ligamentum nuchae, underlying | |

| | |transitional epithelium | |

|Hyaline cartilage |Chondrocytes within lacunae in a firm ground |Ends of long bones (articular cartilage), rib |Support, some flexibility, |

| |substance of chondroitin sulfate; no visible |(costal) cartilage, larynx, trachea, bronchi, |provides smooth movement at |

| |fibers apparent in glossy looking matrix; most |embryonic skeleton |joints |

| |locations surrounded by perichondrium | | |

|Fibrocartilage |Chondrocytes in lacuae surrounded by dense |Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc, menisci |Support, fusion, shock |

| |bundles of collagenous fibers with little ground |of knees |absorption |

| |substance, has no perichondrium | | |

|Elastic cartilage |Chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by a network |External ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tubes |Flexible support, maintains |

| |of elastic fibers & moderate ground substance, | |shape |

| |has perichondrium | | |

|Spongy (cancellous) bone |Osteocytes within lacunae in a calcified matrix |At epiphyses of long bones, in short bones, |Support, protection, mineral |

|tissue |(“osteoid” + Ca+2 salts); matrix arranged in |flat bones & irregular bones to varying |storage |

| |trabeculae pattern with marrow cavites between |degrees | |

|Compact (dense) bone tissue|Osteocytes within lacunae in calcified matrix; |At diaphysis of long bones, surrounding spongy|Support, protection, mineral |

| |surrounded by periosteum; matrix arranged in |bone in short, flat & irregular bones |storage |

| |Osteons/Haversian systems comprised of concentric| | |

| |lamellae of matrix which surround central canals,| | |

| |osteocytes located within lacunae in lamellae & | | |

| |are interconnected through canaliculi | | |

| | | | |

|Muscle Tissue | | | |

|Skeletal muscle tissue |Elongated, cylindrical cells that lie adjacent to|Combined with connective tissues & neural |Movement of skeleton, support,|

| |each other, striated in appearance, multinucleate|tissue in skeletal muscles |protection, generation of |

| | | |heat; voluntary contraction |

|Cardiac muscle tissue |Short, branched cells, striated, single nucleus, |Myocardium of heart wall |Create force to propel blood; |

| |cells are interconnected by intercalated discs | |involuntary contraction |

|Smooth (visceral) muscle |Short, spindle-shaped cells, non-striated, single|Within walls of blood vessels and organs of |Moves (through involuntary |

|tissue |nucleus |digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive|contraction) food, urine, & |

| | |systems |reproductive tract secretions,|

| | | |regulates diameter of airways |

| | | |& blood vessels |

|Neural (nervous) Tissue |Comprised of neurons (larger, more obvious) with |Primarily in brain and spinal cord |Neurons – transmit, process, |

| |their cell body and processes (axons/dendrites) | |and store “information”; |

| |extending from them; and the more numerous, | |neuroglia provide support & |

| |smaller neuroglia (glial cells) | |protection |

Epithelial Tissue

Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

S. Squamous epith. Str. Squamous (dry) Keratinized epith. Pseudostratified Ciliated

Columnar (PSCC) epith.

S. Cuboidal epith. Str. Squamous (wet) Non-Keratinized epith.

S. Columnar epith. Transitional epithelium

Connective Tissue

Embryonic CT “Proper” Cartilage Bone

Mesenchyme Loose Dense Hyaline cartilage Compact (Dense)

bone

Areolar CT Dense Regular CT Elastic cartilage Spongy bone

(Collagenous) (Cancellous)

Adipose CT Elastic CT Fibrocartilage

Reticular CT Dense Irregular CT

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Neural Tissue

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