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righttop00PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Sentences and Sentence Fragments:A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought.A sentence fragment is a word or word group that is capitalized and punctuated as a sentence but that does not contain both a subject and a verb or that does not express a complete thought.FRAGMENT: Tony, the outstanding baseball player on the team.SENTENCE: Tony, the outstanding baseball player on the team, is my brother.SENTENCE Hurry! [You is the understood/implied subject.]EXERCISE A: Identify each of the following groups of words as a sentence or a sentence fragment. Write “Sent” if the group of words is a sentence or “Frag” if it is a fragment.Example 1. The lamp that tipped on its side and shattered. FRAG (incomplete thought)1. The delicately sculptured, alabaster Chinese statue.2. At Saint Croix in the Virgin Islands, where the water is warm.3. Glancing at the thick Sunday paper.4. The aircraft that just departed is headed toward Denver.5. Lois Lane, the Daily Planet’s star reporter, whom Superman loved.6. Before marching down the deck, the sailor saluted the captain.7. After the violent summer storm, we were content to stay at home.8. On a scorching summer day when children and adults enjoy cool, fresh fruit and sip icy lemonade.9. The painting of a little girl with somber brown eyes.10. Stretching for miles through barren and rocky terrain.Subjects and Predicates:Sentences consist of two basic parts: subjects and predicates.The subject tells whom or what the sentence or clause is aboutThe predicate tells us something about the subject and must contain a verb.Variations:SUBJECT-PREDICATE: The police on the island of Tobago / once rode bicycles.PREDICATE-SUBJECT-PREDICATE: Now / the police / ride in air-conditioned sedans.PREDICATE-SUBJECT-PREDICATE: When did / this change / take place?EXERCISE A: In each sentence below, underline the subject once and the predicate twice.1. Until recently, tourists could reach the tiny island only by boat.2. The island of Bequia remains relatively untouched by the trappings of modern life.3. A need for economic growth has led to the construction of an airport.4. Some islanders are worried about the loss of the old way of life.5. Six hundred species of butterfly have been recorded on Tobago and Trinidad.6. The Tobago Forest Preserve has protected much of the island from tourism.7. About a half mile offshore is beautiful Buccoo Reef.8. Sun-drenched fishing villages dot the scenic coastline.9. On Little Tobago Island, eager bird-watchers may spot se veral kinds of exotic birds.10. The red-billed tropicbird is one of the magnificent birds inhabiting the forests of Tobago.EXERSISE B: Identify the subject as S and the verb as V.11. Many other birds migrate over the area.12. Different kinds of trees, shrubs, and wildlife are abundant on the islands.13. Tobagonians share their island with many types of snakes, lizards, and frogs.14. Different kinds of bats, including the fish-eating bat, inhabit the island.15. Four types of forests can be found in Tobago.16. The mangrove forest occupies the wetlands.17. The coastal edge of the island and the surrounding beaches are home to the littoral woodlands.18 The seasonal deciduous forest extends to the lower level of the mountain range.19. The evergreen rain forest covers the top of the mountain range.20. The streams of Tobago also provide homes to many types of fish and crabsSimple and Complete Subjects:The main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about is called the simple subject. The complete subject consists of the simple subject and any words or word groups that modify the simple subject.SENTENCE: The flowers in the vase are PLETE SUBJECT: The flowers in the vase SIMPLE SUBJECT: flowersEXERCISE A: In each sentence below, mark S over the simple subject and mark V over the verb. 1. Twenty people applied for the job.2. Last year my mother traveled to China.3. The cat’s thick fur was soft to the touch.4. Is The Hobbit your favorite book?5. The wet, exhausted hiker was happy to see the shelter.6. The long rain yesterday turned our yard green overnight.7. Suddenly, the old bridge began to sag in the middle.8. The large, orange ball bounced over my head.9. The dog just had puppies.10. Cool, fresh air blew through the open window.EXERCISE B: In each sentence below, underline the complete subject and circle the simple subject. Mark V over the verb.11. A young boy was wandering alone through the large shopping mall.12. The fearful child began to cry.13. Several concerned shoppers tried to help him.14. The frightened child, however, would not speak.15. Finally, an elderly lady walked up to the child.16. The kind lady began to tell the child a story.17. Her long, funny story was about a prince.18. The handsome prince had gotten lost on the way to see his lady.19. A beautiful white horse helped the prince find his way.20. After telling the story, the kindhearted lady helped the child find his mother.Finding the Subject:The simple subject of a verb is never in a prepositional phrase.Do not mistake a noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase for the subject of a sentence.EXAMPLE: Some of the apples were rotten.“Some” is the simple subject. “Some of the apples” is the complete subject. “Of the apples” is the prepositional phrase. “Apples” is not the simple subject.The word there or here may begin a sentence, but it is almost never the subject. EXAMPLE: Here comes the train.“The train” is the subject that does the verb, “come”. “Here” is an adverb telling us where the train goes. Questions usually begin with a verb, a helping verb, or a word such as what, when, where, how, or why. In most cases, the subject follows the verb or part of the verb phrase.EXAMPLE: Is his brother coming with us?EXERCISE: In the following sentences, mark S over the subject and V over the verb.1. The people of Mexico have a great appreciation of his work.2. Is Rivera known for any particular style?3. His murals of Mexico’s social problems are famous.4. We looked at that painting of two Mexican women with a baby.5. How does the artist achieve the feeling of tranquillity in that picture?6. What do you think of the muted colors?7. Don’t those soft pastel colors convey a sense of calm?8. There is a copy of that picture in this brochure about the artist.9. What is the title of that painting?10. Here is an article about Rivera.The Understood or Implied Subject:In a request or a command, the subject is usually not stated. In such sentences, “you” is the understood or implied subject.REQUEST [You] Take this to the principal’s office, MAND [You] Do your homework now.1. Jerome didn’t hear your answer.2. Speak more clearly.3. Please help the children with their luggage.4. Constance is arriving at noon.5. Please tell me what time it is.6. Jaime, be careful on your trip.7. Karl is wearing his new suit.8. Ginger left the meeting early.9. Rogelio, please write me a list of what you’d like from the store.10. Be respectful of the students who have not finished their tests pound Subjects:A compound subject consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb.The parts of a compound subject are generally joined by the coordinating conjunction “and” or “or”.EXAMPLES: Many flowers, shrubs, and fruit trees began blooming early this spring.The subject is “many flowers, shrubs and fruit trees.”Either the cups or the glasses go in that cupboard.The subject is “cups or glasses.”EXERCISE: Mark S over each part of the compound subject and V over the verb.1. Exercise, a healthful diet, and sufficient rest are essential for good health.2. Either Raoul or Marty will win the election.3. The oaks, the maples, and the sycamores have lost their leaves.4. Greta or Sheila will water the garden this afternoon.5. Sheep, goats, and chickens wandered around in the large yard.6. The musicians, dancers, and actors met for a final dress rehearsal.7. Either Jon or I will wash the dishes tonight.8. Did the children and their parents enjoy the camping trip?9. Randy, Martha, and Jennifer were the top three finishers in the math competition.10. Will Monday or Tuesday be a good day for a meeting?Compound Verbs:A compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same subject.The parts of a compound verb are usually joined by the coordinating conjunction “and”, “but”, or “or”.EXAMPLES:The boys cooked dinner and also washed the dishes.“Cooked” and “washed” is the compound verb.We have finished our project but have not yet cleaned up our mess.“Finished” and “cleaned” is the compound verb. EXERCISE: Each of the sentences below contains a compound verb. Draw a line under each verb that is part of a compound verb. List S over the subject.Example 1. She will go early and get things ready for the ceremony. 1. The speech will be televised live at noon and rerun at six.2. I have finished my research and can now write my report.3. The teacher reviewed the material and asked each student a question.4. I put the plants in the sunlight and watered them thoroughly.5. We talked, laughed, and sang during the long bus ride.6. Have the students researched the issue or discussed different possibilities yet?7. I will go to the movies, see a play, or visit a museum this weekend.8. The actress could sing and dance quite well.9. Jack put on his coat and went out into the snow.10. The entertainer juggled several balls and performed pound Subjects and Verbs:A compound subject consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb.EXAMPLE: Is there a hammer or a screwdriver in that toolbox? “Hammer” and “screwdriver” is the compound subject.A compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same subject.EXAMPLE: The laundry has been taken out of the dryer and folded.“Dryer” and “folded” is the compound verb.Both the subject and the verb of a sentence may be compound.EXAMPLE: The children and their parents lined up and waited for the contest to begin.“Children” and “parents” are the compound subject and “lined up” and “waited” are the compound verb.EXERCISE: In each of the following sentences, underline each part of the subject once and each part of the verb twice.1. Will the players and their team captain introduce themselves?2. The four boys ran to the line, picked up a stick, and raced back to the start.3. Jeanette and her brother will be at choir practice early.4. Did you feed the cats and change their water?5. Are Maía and Paula rehearsing tonight?6. The members of the committee discussed the proposition and then voted against it.7. We washed the vegetables, sliced them, and then cooked them with spices.8. Ducks, geese, and swans were swimming around the large lake.9. Luigi doesn’t swim, run, or cycle very often.10. Florentine painted a picture of black doves and hung it in the living room.Sentence or fragment: Is the subject or verb missing? If so, this is not a sentence. Is it a complete thought? If not, it is not a sentence.FRAGMENT: At the house with my aunt. (no subject or verb, just prepositional phrase)FRAGMENT: Seeing my aunt. (verb, but no subject)FRAGMENT: My aunt with long hair (subject, but no verb)FRAGMENT: When my aunt calls me (subject and verb, but incomplete idea.)EXERCISE: List “sent” if it is a sentence an “Frag” if it is a fragment.1. Jeffrey will graduate from high school next year.2. Trying to decide which college to go to.3. It’s a good idea to apply to several colleges.4. Sent requests to seven colleges that looked interesting.5. The colleges sent information packets.6. Looking at the tuition expenses, majors offered, and location.7. Jeffrey was interested in five of the colleges.8. He requested applications to the five colleges he preferred.9. Takes some time for the applications to be processed.10. A good idea to start looking for colleges early.REVIEW: Identify the complete subject by underlining it and labeling it with an S and the complete verb by circling it and labeling it with a V. If the subject is implied list that next to the sentence.1. How far in advance do you usually shop for birthday presents?2. In my opinion, birthdays are very important occasions.3. Gifts for others should reflect their tastes, not yours.4. One must consider the recipients’ interests carefully.5. Not many of my relatives share my sister’s interests or like her taste.6. Her choice of gift for a grandparent or an aunt or an uncle is often inappropriate.7. Neither subtle hints nor candid suggestions penetrate her consciousness.8. Fortunately, all of us recognize the thought behind the present.9. Tell me your opinions about birthday gifts.10. Would you consider a job as a personal shopper? ................
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