School Choice in the United States: 2019

School Choice in the United States: 2019

NCES 2019-106

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

School Choice in the United States: 2019

SEPTEMBER 2019

Ke Wang Amy Rathbun American Institutes for Research Lauren Musu National Center for Education Statistics

NCES 2019-106

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

U.S. Department of Education Betsy DeVos Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences Mark Schneider Director

National Center for Education Statistics James L. Woodworth Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity responsible for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain.

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Suggested Citation Wang, K., Rathbun, A., and Musu, L. (2019). School Choice in the United States: 2019 (NCES 2019-106). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved [date] from .

Content Contact Thomas D. Snyder (202) 245-7165 Tom.Snyder@

Contents

Page List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Indicators

Indicator 1: School Enrollment Over Time .....................................................................................................................6 Indicator 2: Public Schools and Enrollment .................................................................................................................. 14 Indicator 3: Private Schools and Enrollment .................................................................................................................20 Indicator 4: Household Characteristics of Students in Public and Private Schools ........................................................28 Indicator 5: Homeschooling ..........................................................................................................................................32 Indicator 6: Reading and Mathematics Performance ....................................................................................................38 Indicator 7: School Crime and Safety for Public and Private School Students ...............................................................42 Indicator 8: Parental Choice and Satisfaction ................................................................................................................46 References ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Reference Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. 53 Technical Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Guide to Sources ............................................................................................................................................................. 85

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List of Tables

Introduction and Indicator Tables

Page

A. Nationally representative sample and universe surveys used in this report .....................................................................3

1.1. Traditional public and public charter school enrollment, by school level: Fall 2000 and fall 2016 ................................8

3.1. Number and percentage of private school students enrolled in prekindergarten through grade 12, for each affiliation of school enrolling 50,000 or more students: Fall 2015 ................................................................................26

Reference Tables

1.1. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment and private enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment in public and private schools, by region and grade level: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2015 ...........................54

1.2. Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 ......55

1.3. Percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through 12th grade, by school type or participation in homeschooling and selected child, parent, and household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 ......................................................................................................................................................56

1.4. Number and enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools, by school level, type, and charter, magnet, and virtual status: Selected years, 1990?91 through 2016?17 .....................................................................................58

2.1. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000?01 through 2016?17 .....................................59

2.2. Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, and charter schools and enrollment as a percentage of total public schools and total enrollment in public schools, by state: Selected years, 2000?01 through 2016?17 .........................................................................................................................................................60

3.1. Enrollment and percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation and grade level: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2015 ............................................................ 61

3.2. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation and selected characteristics: Selected years, fall 2005 through fall 2015 ......................................................................63

3.3. Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, number of schools, and other selected characteristics, by locale: Fall 2012 through fall 2015 ..............................................................................................................................64

3.4. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000?01 through 2015?16 .....................................66

3.5. Number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students, number of teachers and pupil/teacher ratio, and number and average enrollment size of schools, by religious affiliation of school: Fall 1999, fall 2009, and fall 2015 ......................................................................................................................................67

4.1. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by public school type and charter status, private school orientation, and selected child and household characteristics: 2016 ......................................................68

5.1. Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 ......69

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List of Tables

Table

Page

5.2. Percentage and percentage distribution of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through grade 12, by reasons their parents gave for homeschooling, the one reason their parents identified as most important, and race/ethnicity of child: 2015?16 .............................................................................70

5.3. Percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through 12th grade, by school type or participation in homeschooling and selected child, parent, and household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 ......................................................................................................................................................71

6.1. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score and percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public charter, and private schools, by selected characteristics: 2017 .....73

6.2. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score and percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public charter, and private schools, by selected characteristics: 2017 ..................................................................................................................................................... 74

7.1. Percentage of students ages 12?18 who reported that gangs were present at school during the school year, by grade, control of school, and urbanicity: Selected years, 2001 through 2017 ...............................................................75

7.2. Percentage of students ages 12?18 who reported being called hate-related words and seeing hate-related graffiti at school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2017 ...76

7.3. Percentage of students ages 12?18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 ........................................................................78

8.1. Percentage of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12 whose parents reported having public school choice, considered other schools, reported current school was their first choice, or moved to their current neighborhood for the public school, by school type and selected child and household characteristics: 2016 .......................................79

8.2. Percentage of students enrolled in grades 3 through 12 whose parents were satisfied or dissatisfied with various aspects of their children's schools, by school type: Selected years, 2003 through 2016 ................................................80

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List of Figures

Figure

Page

1.1. Percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through 12th grade, by school type or participation in homeschooling: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 .................................................................6

1.2. Traditional public school enrollment, by school level: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 ................................9

1.3. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 .....................................10

1.4. Private school enrollment, by grade level: Fall 1999 through fall 2015 ........................................................................ 11

1.5. Number of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by grade equivalent: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 ....................................................................................12

2.1. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, by state: Fall 2016 ................................... 15

2.2. Percentage distribution of students in traditional public schools and public charter schools, by race/ethnicity, and percentage of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by racial/ethnic concentration: 2016?17 ......16

2.3. Percentage distribution of students in traditional public schools and public charter schools and percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by percentage of students in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: 2016?17 ..................................................................................................................... 17

2.4. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school level and enrollment size: 2016?17 ............................................................................................................................................................... 18

2.5. Percentage distribution of traditional public schools and public charter schools, by school locale and region: 2016?17 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19

3.1. Percentage distribution of elementary and secondary enrollment, by private school religious orientation, public school type, and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2015 .......................................................................................................21

3.2. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12, for each school religious orientation, by school level: Fall 2015 ............................................................................................................23

3.3. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12, for each school religious orientation, by school enrollment: Fall 2015 ..................................................................................................24

3.4. Percentage distribution of private school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12, for each school religious orientation, by school locale: Fall 2015 ..........................................................................................................25

4.1. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by school type and number of parents in the household: 2016 .....................................................................................................................................................28

4.2. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by school type and highest education level of parents: 2016 ...........................................................................................................................................................29

4.3. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by school type and poverty status of household: 2016 ...........................................................................................................................................................30

5.1. Percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through grade 12, by student's race/ethnicity and grade equivalent: 2016 .................................................................................32

5.2. Percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through grade 12, by locale and region: 2016 ............................................................................................................................33

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