Biology 12 - Ms. Dow's Science Centre - Home



Name: Date:

Biology 12: Cell Structure and Function

Text: Chapter 4

Vocabulary:

cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, Golgi bodies, lysosome, matrix, mitochondria, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, polysome, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, vesicle

Goals:

1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of cell structures.

a) Describe the following cell structures and functions:

-Cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria (cristae and matrix), nucleus (nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, chromosomes), ribosomes (polysomes), smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, vesicles

b) State the balanced chemical equations for cellular respiration

c) Describe how the following organelles function to compartmentalize the cell and move materials through it:

-Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, golgi bodies, cell membrane

d) Identify cell structures depicted in diagrams and electron micrographs

*Refer to the following website for overviews of the topics listed above:

Every living thing is made of cells.

-This unit we are moving up in the levels

of cellular organization to see how the

chemicals you studied in biochemistry

work within the cell.

-Examine a plant (moss or onion)

and animal (human cheek cell) slide under

high power.

*You will need to use Methyl Blue stain

for your cheek cells only.

a) What parts of the cell do you remember

from previous science classes?

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

b) How are plant and animal cells

different from each other?

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

-Electron micrographs are used to see the components of cells in greater detail.

More images can be found at:

By studying many electron micrographs, we are able to see that a typical animal cell contains many small structures that are collectively called ___________________________________. Many of these organelles are bounded by ____________________, which separate the contents of the organelles from other parts of the cell.

3. Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical animal cell, and underline all organelles that are bounded by membranes. View the BioFlix on Animal Cells:

4. Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical plant cell, underlining all organelles that are bounded by a membrane. View the BioFlix on Plant Cells:

5. List structures found in plant cells that are not found in animal cells:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the ________________________________________________.

The Nucleus

7. What are the main functions of the nucleus?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the function of the nucleolus?

____________________________________________________________________________

9. Be able to identify each of the following components of the nucleus: chromatin, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus

10. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What enters the nucleus through the nuclear pores? __________________________

What exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores? ___________________________

12. How many membranes make up the nuclear envelope? ____________

At some points, it can be seen that the nuclear envelope is joined to the ______________________________________________________.

13. What is the role of ribosomes in the cell? ___________________________________________________________________________

How do attached ribosomes differ from free ribosomes? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why are some ribosomes attached and some ribosomes free?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are polysomes (polyribosome)? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label this diagram of a polysome:

The Endomembrane System

14. What is the endomembrane system and what are its main components?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Other than social skills, what is the main difference between smooth and rough ER? (HA! I’m hilarious…)

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Describe three main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

(Sec 4.9 p 60)

1. _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________2. _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________3. ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

15. What are two main functions of the rough ER?

1. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________

Use your text and activity 4.13 to describe the steps shown in the following diagram of the synthesis of a secretory protein:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the role of the transport vesicle in this process? _______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Name two different secretory proteins that would be manufactured in this manner:

____________________________________________________________________________

16. What are some functions of the Golgi apparatus. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How does the Golgi apparatus work with the endoplasmic reticulum? ____________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the role of the transport vesicle? ___________________________________________

17. What is a lysosome ?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________List some functions of the lysosome:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label this diagram illustrating the formation of a food vacuole and the digestion of its contents by a lysosome:

Name one type of cell in your body that would contain lots of lysosomes. Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label this diagram illustrating the use of lysosomes to digest damaged organelles:

What is a vacuole? __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

What is the function of the central vacuole of a plant cell? _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

You can see the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium

at this website:

Paramacium Vacuole Paramecium Exploding!

How is the contractile vacuole of a

Paramecium important to its survival?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Summary: The endomembrane system is an interconnected system of membranes that works together in synthesis, transport, storage and secretion. Label the following diagram to illustrate the various parts of the endomembrane system:

View The Inner Life of the Cell from Harvard University on youtube.

Energy Converting Organelles See Sec 4.14 and 4.15

Activity: Build a Chloroplast and a Mitochondrion (4.13)

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts linked together? Express this in a formula.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Mitochondria

-Mitochondrial matrix contains ____________, ______________ and __________________ to catalyze cellular respiration.

-Inner membrane contains embedded proteins that function in ________ __________________

-Glucose hydrolysis begins outside of the mitochondria in the cell’s cytoplasm, with cellular respiration being completed inside the mitochondrial matrix.

During cellular respiration, mitochondria produce molecules of _______________, which are used in the cell as an energy molecule for cell work.

-What is an advantage of having a highly folded Inner Membrane?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

___________________________________________

_________________________________________

*View Powering the Cell: Mitochondria

2. Chloroplast

-Define the following terms using your text:

a) Stroma: ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

b) Thylakoids: ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

c) Granum: ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________ In living systems, matter moves in \

The Cytoskeleton (Sec 4.17)

-The cell cytoplasm is a very busy place. Is it

random chance that the vesicles released from

the Golgi Apparatus navigate the many other

organelles, enzymes and proteins to reach the

cell membrane?

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

List the three types of cytoskeleton fibres:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Which of the cytoskeleton fibres are the thinnest? __________________________________ thickest? ___________________________________

Microfilaments: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Intermediate filaments: _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Microtubules: ______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Cilia and flagella are both cellular projections that can move because they contain ________________________________.

Which molecule provides the energy for the cilia and flagella to move? ____________________

Activity: Cilia and Flagella (4.18)

List some places in the human body where cilia are found: ________________________________________

______________________________________________

What is the only cell in human body that has a flagellum? ___________________________________

This diagram shows

the common structure

of both the cilium and

the flagellum:

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