11 - Coach Reid's History Classroom - Home



11The Vietnam Conflict and the Nixon AdministrationHo Chi Minh Trail - network of jungle paths that wound from North Vietnam, through the countries of Laos and Cambodia, into South Vietnam; used to move arms and supplies to the Vietcong in the South.17th Parallel - the temporary border dividing Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh in the North and a pro-Western regime in the South.French Indochina - the region of Southeast Asia ruled by the French from the late 1800s until World War II, which included the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.Domino Theory - the theory, adopted into policy by President Eisenhower, that if Vietnam fell to communism, so too would the other nations of Southeast Asia.Geneva Accords - following the defeat of the French by the Vietminh in 1954, negotiations in Switzerland temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel, recognized Cambodia’s independence, and planned elections to reunite Vietnam in the 1956 elections.Vietminh - Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh united Communists and non-Communists in the struggle to expel the Japanese forces during World War II.Vietcong - following Ngo Dinh Diem’s refusal to hold national elections, Ho Chi Minh and his followers organized this new communist guerilla army to force the reunification of Vietnam.Napalm - a jellied gasoline that explodes on contact used by American forces seeking to destroy the jungle hiding places of the Vietcong.“Search and Destroy” missions - military strategy used by Americans troops, frustrated with the guerilla warfare of the Vietcong, that attempted to bring the enemy into the open for combat.Escalation - the policy of increasing troop levels in Vietnam, during President Johnson’s administration from 1965 to 1968. Vietnamization - under President Nixon, the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam, while handing over more responsibility to South Vietnamese troops. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - after an attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers, Congress authorized the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.Operation Rolling Thunder - the expansion of American involvement in Vietnam in 1965 that began a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam. General William Westmoreland - American commander in South Vietnam, who helped create a “credibility gap” when he repeatedly announced that the enemy was on the brink of defeat. Body Count - originally meant to count the number of dead Vietcong in support of Westmoreland’s claims, the strategy backfired when the rising number of American fatalities told a different story. “TV War” - the daily coverage of the Vietnam War on the nightly news, which was less optimistic than government claims.Tet Offensive - a massive surprise attack launched against American airbases and cities throughout South Vietnam during the Vietnamese New Year in 1968. “War of Attrition” - Johnson’s attempt to avoid a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam, by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse.Agent Orange - a chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs, turning farmland and forest into wastelands, and thus exposing the hiding places of the Vietcong.Credibility Gap - the doubt created by conflicting reports from the government and the media concerning the situation in Vietnam, leading to opposition movements and the unpopularity of the war.Conscientious Objector - an individual who, on religious, moral or ethical grounds, refuses to participate as a combatant in war. 26th Amendment - a result of the youth movement of the 1960s, lowered the minimum voting age from 21 to 18 years of age.Doves - the name given to Americans who wanted the U. S. to withdraw from Vietnam.Hawks - the name given to Americans who supported U. S. involvement in Vietnam. Election of 1968 - volatile presidential race between Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, in which the Vietnam War played a crucial role in the defeat of the Democrats.Shuttle Diplomacy - policy under Secretary of State Henry Kissinger; named for the constant traveling to negotiate with foreign nations.Henry Kissinger - Nixon’s secretary of state, known for his diplomatic finesse, eventually winning the Nobel Peace Prize.My Lai Massacre - slaughter of a village of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers under the command of Lieutenant William Calley that fueled the antiwar protest movement. “Silent Majority” - speech by President Nixon in November of 1969 that called upon those not involved in antiwar protests to support his policies.Kent State - upon hearing the news that American troops had invaded Cambodia, protestors were fired upon by National Guard Soldiers, leaving 4 university students dead.Jackson State - following the invasion of Cambodia, students demonstrating in Mississippi were fired at by police, leaving two dead. Détente - literally meaning “relax,” Nixon’s policy called for a relaxation of the tensions between the United States and its major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.Pentagon Papers - documents, released to the New York Times by former Defense Department employee Daniel Ellsberg that exposed blunders and deceptions in Vietnam by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Southern Strategy - Republican strategy, utilized by Nixon, that exploited racism amongwhite voters in order to win the electoral votes of southern states.War Powers Act - 1973 legislation that established limits on executive powers to commit troops abroad for extended periods of time without the approval of Congress.Impeach - the process of charging an elected official of misconduct. Family Assistance Plan - proposal of Nixon to replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children, which passed in the House, but was defeated in the Senate. Watergate - presidential scandal in which Richard Nixon sought to steal information to use against the Democrats in the Election of 1972, and was caught, eventually resigning from office. Refugees - people escaping conflict, persecution or natural disaster, seeking amnesty in another country.New Federalism - under Nixon, the transfer of certain responsibilities from the federal government to state governments. POWs - combatants imprisoned during or after an armed conflict; the North Vietnamese were notorious for the horrendous treatment of these American prisoners.MIA - status assigned to armed services personnel who are reported missing during active service, who may have been killed, wounded, become a prisoner of war or deserted. SALT I - (Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty) bilateral talks between the leaders of the President Nixon and Premier Brezhnev, in which the Cold War superpowers agreed to freeze the total number of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, limit Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles, and limit Anti-Ballistic Missile System development. The Vietnam Conflict and Richard M. Nixon1 Vietnam Conflict (1945 – 1968)Guided Notes571594615Essential Questions:Analyze the origins and development of the Vietnam Conflict between 1948 and 1968.Evaluate the role mass media played in shaping perceptions of the conflict in Vietnam during the Johnson administration. 00Essential Questions:Analyze the origins and development of the Vietnam Conflict between 1948 and 1968.Evaluate the role mass media played in shaping perceptions of the conflict in Vietnam during the Johnson administration. French Indochina French Indochina was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in Southeast _____________ created in the late 1800s. During WWII while France was occupied by Germany, _____________ took control of most of French Indochina. To resist Japanese expansion during WWII, the United States had supported the Viet Minh, an organization of _____________ Vietnamese nationalists led by French-educated _____________. As WWII came to an end in 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France attempted to reassert control over French Indochina, but Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh continued to fight for independence. The First Indochina War 1946 – 19____ War between the French and the Viet Minh.The French had overwhelming superiority in weapons, but the _____________ used guerrilla tactics such as hit-and-run and ambush.The United States had not supported the French decision to reacquire Indochina, but after China fell to communism in 1949, the _____________ began to aid the French, while China aided the Viet Minh.By 1954, the Viet Minh were better equipped and had an overwhelming superiority of manpower and peasant support.After the Viet Minh won a major battle at ___________________, the French were prepared to discuss peace. The Geneva Peace Accords July 1954An international conference was held in Geneva, _____________ to discuss the fate of Indochina._____________ would become an independent nation and elections were to be held in July 1956, under international supervision, to choose a government for Vietnam. Until the elections, the country would be split into two parts along the ____th parallel with Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh controlling North Vietnam from Hanoi and a pro-Western regime in South Vietnam with a capital at Saigon._____________ also gained independence and Laos had in 1953. Ngo Dinh Diem Following the Geneva Accords, the United States stepped in as the protector of the new government in _____________ Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem.Diem was pro-Western and anti-Communist. In 1956, Diem refused to hold the _____________ to unite Vietnam and established the Republic of Vietnam.Eisenhower and Vietnam The Eisenhower administration was concerned that if Vietnam fell under communist control, other Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, including the Philippines, would fall one by one. (_____________ Theory)The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed in 1955 to prevent _____________ expansion in the region.President Eisenhower sent aid and ______ military advisors to help train Diem's army, the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam).Civil War in Vietnam In 19____, North Vietnam encouraged communists in South Vietnam to start a guerrilla war against the Diem government with the goal of uniting North and South Vietnam.The communist guerrillas were called the _____________, and in 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF) was established to direct the guerrilla war.The Vietcong assassinated Diem supporters and terrorized the peasantry.By 1961, the Vietcong had grown more powerful and had control over much of the countryside.Kennedy and Vietnam Internal corruption, mounting successes by the Vietcong and public protests over repression of _____________ threatened the stability of Diem’s regime. Kennedy accelerated the flow of American aid and gradually increased the American military advisers to more than 16,000. “Strategic _____________”Kennedy pressed the Diem government to clean house and institute long-overdue political and economic reforms. A Military Coup President _____________ had refused an American offer of safety contingent upon his resignation and was assassinated on November 1, 1963, in a military coup.The Kennedy administration had become frustrated with Diem’s leadership and reluctantly gave approval.President _____________ was assassinated 3 weeks later. LBJ and Vietnam As president, Johnson pledged continuity with Kennedy’s plan in defending South Vietnam.August 2, 1964, the USS Maddox was attacked by 3 North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of _____________.August 4, 1964, the USS Maddox and the USS C. Turner Joy were “attacked” (??) in the Gulf of Tonkin. Tonkin Gulf Resolution August 7, 1964Congress passed a joint resolution and charged_____________ Vietnamese had deliberately and repeatedly attacked US naval vessels operating lawfully in international waters. The attack was part of systematic campaign of aggression being waged by North Vietnam against its neighbors. Congress gave the president sweeping powers to “take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom.” The resolution was to expire when the _____________ had determined that “the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured." Johnson & Escalation By 1965, the nature of the war was changing from a Vietcong effort to overthrow the _____________ regime to a conflict between the US and North Vietnam, which was backed by its _____________ and _____________ allies.February 7, 1965, the Vietcong attack on the US airbase at Pleiku prompted US retaliatory air raids against North Vietnam (Flaming Dart).February 13, 1965, President Johnson ordered a ‘program of measured and limited air action’, against North Vietnam, which came to be known as Operation _____________ and would continue through 1968.In June 1965, LBJ gave General William _____________ the authority to commit American troops to ground combat operations in South Vietnam.US troops increased to 100,000 by the end of 1965 and to 537,000 by 1968.Men were drafted by draft boards until 1969 when the lottery system was reinstated. (1965- 17,000/month & 1967- 40,000/month) New Strategies “Pacification”-remove _____________ (NLF) from an area & win over the people which led to “relocation,” removing villagers from their homes, sending them to cities or camps, and then destroying the countryside.Used napalm and Agent _____________Search and Destroy missionsWar of Attrition & the “________________”The Vietcong were supplied by the North using the Ho Chi Minh _____________.LBJ did not expand the conflict into the neighboring countries to block supplies. Impact of Television By the fall of 1967, _____________ of the evening news was devoted to the war and roughly 50 million people watched television news.Up until this time, the war had strong support from the media, the public, and Congress. As Journalists followed the military into combat and reported their observations without formal censorship, the public was presented with more graphic images and support for the conflict began to shift. Interviewed soldiers expressed their frustration with the progress of the war. Television portrayed _____________ as a brutal defeat for the U.S; the media, not the military, confirmed the growing perception that the U.S was unable to win the war. War Protests & Credibility Gap “_____________-ins” began on college campuses with intellectual & student debatesDraftees burned draft cards and others fled to _____________ (draft dodgers)April 1965SDS (Students for a Democratic Society, founded 1962) organized demonstration in D.C. with 25,000 - the 1st large antiwar protest in D.C.1966-1967Senate Committee on Foreign Relations held televised hearings led by Senator William Fulbright, ARCriticized the war which led to the widening of the “_____________ gap”. ?October 196775,000 antiwar protesters rallied at the _____________ Memorial then marched to the Pentagon (Robert Lowell and Norman Mailer)November 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert _____________ resigned to become the head of the World BankTet Offensive January 1968Tet Offensive, Vietnamese _____________Massive and coordinated attack by the Vietcong and _____________ Vietnamese army on 100 cities in South Vietnam and 12 US bases.Took a month for the US & SV troops to regain complete control in the areas attacked.Many Americans had believed that the Vietcong had been close to defeat until the Tet offensive.As a result, antiwar sentiment increased and _____________’s popularity declined.1968 Election Democrats were divided over civil rights & VietnamSen. Eugene _____________ (MN) challenged LBJ for the nominationSen. Robert Kennedy announced his candidacy (dove)March 31, 1968LBJ announced he would freeze troop strength in Vietnam and he would not run in the 1968 election.VP Hubert _____________ announced and would continue LBJ’s policiesJune 5, 1968 Robert _____________ won the CA primary and was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan due to Kennedy’s pro-Israel viewsAugust 1968Democratic National Convention in _____________Chicago police fought with antiwar demonstrators (televised- more bad press)Humphrey won the nomination1968 Election Republicans nominated Richard M. _____________Hawk and a middle-of-the-roader on domestic policies which appealed to white southernersPromised “peace with _____________” in VietnamAppealed to the “law and order” element of societyVP Spiro Agnew (MD governor)American Independent Party ran former AL governor George C. _____________Segregationist and hawkAmassed the largest 3rd party popular vote in American history_____________ was the key issue to the election and antiwar Americans did not have a candidate to vote for.-62865126365Essential Conclusions:The Vietnam Conflict began following WWII when the United States embraced the policy of containment, and became America’s problem after the Geneva Accords of 1954.For a decade, the US was able to play a minor role in South Vietnam until communists threats increased. Mass media (mainly television) presented Americans with daily images of the conflict and by 1968, the media coverage contradicted much of the progress the military and the Johnson administration had reported. 00Essential Conclusions:The Vietnam Conflict began following WWII when the United States embraced the policy of containment, and became America’s problem after the Geneva Accords of 1954.For a decade, the US was able to play a minor role in South Vietnam until communists threats increased. Mass media (mainly television) presented Americans with daily images of the conflict and by 1968, the media coverage contradicted much of the progress the military and the Johnson administration had reported. 2 Vietnam Conflict (1969 – 1975)571524765Essential Questions:Analyze the development of the Vietnam Conflict between 1969 and 1975.Evaluate the role mass media played in shaping perceptions of the conflict in Vietnam during the Nixon & Ford administrations.00Essential Questions:Analyze the development of the Vietnam Conflict between 1969 and 1975.Evaluate the role mass media played in shaping perceptions of the conflict in Vietnam during the Nixon & Ford administrations.Nixon and Vietnamization Nixon’s primary policy in Vietnam was the process of “Vietnamization.”The process sought to save _____________ lives and expenses through a gradual withdrawal of US forces from South Vietnam.The policy also called for the transfer of military assumption to ___________ Vietnam.Nixon began withdrawing troops in 1969, and it was the first troop withdrawal since President Johnson escalated troop presence.Moratorium Rally & the Silent Majority _____________ of the war continued because of the slow withdrawal of troops.The Moratorium Rally was the largest antiwar demonstration in US history with between 250,000 and 500,000 present (Oct 1969).Nixon responded to protests and criticisms with the “_____________ Majority” speech (Nov 1969).Stated that a majority of Americans support US efforts but remain silent. My Lai Massacre In November of 1969, the My Lai Massacre of 1968 came to the public’s attention after the story was published by journalist Seymour _____________.As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded in My Lai, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over ______ apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly.Lt. William Calley testified that he was ordered by Captain Ernest Medina to kill everyone in the village of My Lai, but there was only enough photographic and recorded evidence to convict Calley, alone, of murder.The War Spreads In 1969 Nixon ordered SECRET bombings of neutral Cambodia in an attempt to weaken supply routes along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.April 29, 1970SV & US forces attacked _____________ to destroy enemy troop sanctuaries which sparked protests across the country.At ____________ State (Ohio), National Guard troops fired on protestors. (4 killed)At ____________ State (MS), MHP fired at dorms killing 2 African American students.June 29, 1970US forces pulled out of Cambodia.Dec 1970 Tonkin Gulf Resolution was _____________ by Congress.The Pentagon Papers June 1971A 47-volume _____________ government study of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia commissioned by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara in June, 1967, the 47-volume, covering the period from World War II to May of 1968.The study was leaked by Daniel _____________ and exposed blunders & deceptions in Vietnam by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, especially the 1964 attack in the Gulf of _____________. Revealed that the U.S. government had continually resisted full disclosure of increasing military involvement in Southeast Asia.“Peace with Honor” 1969Peace talks in Paris failed. After this failure, Nixon authorized Henry _____________ to have “off-the-record” talks with North Vietnamese diplomat Le Duc Tho.Spring 1972 North Vietnam launched surprise attacks which stalled the peace talks. Nixon responded with increased _____________ of major North Vietnamese cities like Hanoi.1972Kissinger and Le Duc Tho reach a cease-fire agreement in principle leading Kissinger to announce that “peace is at hand” days before the 1972 _____________. No PeaceDecember 1972 Peace talks broke down again because South Vietnam demanded North Vietnamese _____________ must withdraw from SV. Nixon responded by ordering the “_____________ Bombings” of Hanoi to pressure the North Vietnamese into meeting Nixon’s promise of peace by January 1973.Negotiations resumed in the final days of December and ultimately concluded in the Paris Peace Accords in January of 19____. War Powers Act November 1973The War Powers Resolution, generally known as the War Powers Act, was passed by Congress over President _____________'s veto to increase congressional control over the executive branch in foreign policy matters.The central provision prohibited the President from engaging in military actions for more than ____ days, unless Congress voted approval.The President can extend for 30 extra days (90 total).The act does not specify what _____________ can do if the President refuses to comply with the act. South Vietnam’s final days March 29, 1973The last US combat troops left South Vietnam while 145,000 NV troops remained controlling about ____% of SVMarch 1975 _____________ Vietnam attacked _____________ Vietnam.On April 23, 1975, President _____________ declared that the Vietnam War “is finished as far as America is concerned.” _____________ fell on April 30, 1975.The last Americans & 140,000 South Vietnamese were rescued by April 29.Really? By 1970, the Vietnam conflict had become the _____________ in American history (at that time).3rd costliest in terms of deaths and casualties____% of soldiers were from the lower class due to draft policiesThere were disproportionate numbers of African Americans in service and in casualty rates.____th Amendment was ratified in 1971 and lowered the voting age to ____.Impact of the Conflict on America America had lost more than a warIn the eyes of foreign nations, the United States had lost superiority and prestige. Americans lost self-esteem. Americans lost confidence in US _____________ prowess. The United States had lost much of the American economic muscle that had made global leadership possible. -6286515875Essential Conclusions:Although the Nixon administration called for an end to the unpopular conflict, the United States remained for over four years trying to escape with some honor.During the last half of the conflict, the media continued to expose miscalculations and atrocities which further undermined the leadership of the country. 00Essential Conclusions:Although the Nixon administration called for an end to the unpopular conflict, the United States remained for over four years trying to escape with some honor.During the last half of the conflict, the media continued to expose miscalculations and atrocities which further undermined the leadership of the country. 3 Nixon and Détente 571594615Essential Questions:Analyze the development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Nixon and Ford administrations.Explain and analyze America’s role in international organizations and humanitarian relief during the Nixon and Ford administrations. 00Essential Questions:Analyze the development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Nixon and Ford administrations.Explain and analyze America’s role in international organizations and humanitarian relief during the Nixon and Ford administrations. Richard NixonPresident of the U.S. from 1969-19____.Vice President under _____________ from 1953-1961.Served in the Congress from 1946-1952.Serving as National Security Advisor and later as Secretary of State, Henry _____________ was a key contributor to the foreign policy decisions of the Nixon Administration.Kissinger’s Realpolitik Kissinger advocated realpolitik, basing foreign policies on realistic views of national interest rather than on broad rules or principles.Besides bringing an end to the _____________ Conflict, Nixon and Kissinger took steps to ease tensions with Cold War enemies, a policy called _____________.The goal of détente was to build a more stable world in which the United States and its adversaries accepted one another’s place.Creating new relationships with the _____________ and communist _____________ using the tension between the two communist powers and leverage from separate negotiations is referred to as _____________ Diplomacy. Kissinger was instrumental in reducing tensions in the Middle East following the Arab-Israeli conflicts by traveling in the region to settle disputes (____________ Diplomacy). The Nixon Doctrine 1969America will honor its _____________ and provide aid to its allies, including protection against nuclear powers.In other cases of aggression, such as insurrections or non-nuclear threats, America’s allies are expected to use their own manpower for their own _____________.America will still provide economic and limited military aid in such cases.Basic concept of _____________ Rapprochement with China After the Chinese Civil War of 1949, the Communists under Chairman _____________ had created the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland. The Nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek had fled to _____________ (Formosa) and established the non-Communist Republic of China (ROC).Before Nixon’s administration, the ROC had held China’s seat in the UN Security Council, and the United States had cut off diplomatic relations with the PRC.Détente in Action:In 1971, the PRC was recognized as the government of China and acquired the seat in the _____________.Nixon began to consider a reopening of relations, or “rapprochement,” with the PRC.Nixon hoped to reinstate trade with China (huge _____________) and increase Sino-Soviet tension. Ping-Pong Diplomacy 1971The American ping-pong team received a surprise invitation to visit the ___________. The first Americans to be allowed into communist mainland China since the communist takeover in 1949.The trip was a diplomatic success.The American public became more willing to open up relations with the PRC.America lifted its 20-year trade _____________ on mainland China.NIXON GOES TO CHINAKissinger had secretly visited the People’s Republic of China in July, 1971 to discuss a possible Presidential visit.February 19____Nixon and Kissinger went to China and met with Chairman _____________ and Premier Chou En-lai.The leaders discussed policy and philosophy, and made a favorable impression on each other.After the trip, Kissinger moved to establish regular contact with the PRC.Formal diplomatic relations were not established until January, 1979, under the _____________ administration.Détente with the Soviet Union In 1969 Nixon began talks with the _____________ in order to slow the arms race.Both nations had increased their number of weapons and made innovations in weapons technology.After minor disagreements, the US and USSR agreed to focus on a permanent limit on anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) with temporary restrictions on offensive missiles (ICBMs and SLBMs).On May 26, 1972 at the Moscow Summit Meeting, Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the _____________ treaty.The treaty was as important for its missile limitations as it was for the opening up of successful negotiations between the two world superpowers.Later in 1972, the US arranged to sell wheat to the Soviet Union in the “Great _____________ Deal.”Nixon goes to Moscow In addition to Nixon’s trip to China in 1972, Nixon made a trip to _____________ to meet with Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev. (1st time during the Cold War) In 1973, Brezhnev visited the White House.President Gerald _____________ continued this policy by visiting Brezhnev in 1975. Arab-Israeli TensionsSince the creation of Israel in 19____, Arab nations had engaged in wars with the Jewish state, and none had opened up diplomatic relations with Israel by the 1970s.Israel had won a crushing victory against the Arabs in the ____________-Day War of 1967, which expanded the nation’s borders to include the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the _____________ Strip, and the Sinai Peninsula.On October 6, 1973, the Arab nations of _____________ and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur.The _________________ War lasted only 20 days, and Israel prevailed, again. The _____________ actively supported Israel, both politically and militarily, from the beginning of the war.As a result for supporting Israel, _____________ placed an embargo on oil shipments to the United States which had a devastating impact on the U.S. economy. Chile Salvador _____________, a marxist, became president in Chile in 1970, and Richard Nixon stated his fear that Chile could become “another _____________.”Nixon’s administration helped to undermine the government of Salvador Allende, leading to a military coup by Augusto Pinochet in 1973. There are direct links between the _____________ and the coup, but the CIA denies direct involvement in the overthrow.Make the Connection. . . “After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation.” -Richard Nixon, 1969“I don’t see why we need to stand idly by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people.” -Henry Kissinger“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”President Gerald Ford Helsinki Accords (1975) The Soviet Union, the United States, and other Western nations legitimized the borders drawn in _____________ Europe after World War II. The Soviet Union and its satellites signed a "_____________ rights" guarantee, which included the right to _____________.Mayaguez (1975) U.S. merchant ship was captured by Khmer Rouge (_____________ communists) forces in the Gulf of Siam.When negotiations failed to release crew members, Ford sent in U.S. forces. The merchant ship's crew, had been released in good health, unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation, before the Marines attacked. SNAFU; over 80 marines were killed or wounded and are the last names on the Vietnam Memorial Wall. 10731515875Essential Conclusions:Nixon’s greatest achievements were in foreign diplomacy.Nixon was able to honor diplomatic treaties, defend American allies, and limit U.S. troop involvement in foreign conflicts.At the same time, Nixon eased tensions and signed treaties with the Soviet Union and China. 00Essential Conclusions:Nixon’s greatest achievements were in foreign diplomacy.Nixon was able to honor diplomatic treaties, defend American allies, and limit U.S. troop involvement in foreign conflicts.At the same time, Nixon eased tensions and signed treaties with the Soviet Union and China. 4 New Federalism and Watergate571594615Essential Questions:Analyze and evaluate the impact of presidential policies and congressional actions on domestic reform during the Nixon and Ford administrations. Assess the responses of Nixon and Ford to the economic crisis during the early Seventies. 00Essential Questions:Analyze and evaluate the impact of presidential policies and congressional actions on domestic reform during the Nixon and Ford administrations. Assess the responses of Nixon and Ford to the economic crisis during the early Seventies. Nixon’s New Federalism Nixon (and Republicans) felt the federal government was too large and called for “New Federalism” with the key concept of _____________ sharing.Nixon’s policy would allow the power and resources of Washington to flow back to the states and their localities ($____ billion in block grants over 5 years).Believed that local governments could spend taxpayers’ money more effectively than the _____________ government.Family Assistance Plan (FAP) 1969Nixon called to reform the welfare system by eliminating Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Food Stamps, and _____________Replace the bureaucratic system with direct cash payments to those in need ($_____________/year for family of 4)The FAP never passed, and Nixon gave up on it as the election of 1972 neared. 1972Supplemental Security Income was created to eliminate the differences between the states’ _____________ standards (blind & elderly) and would be run by the _____________ Security Administration. Nixon and the Federal Courts Nixon campaigned for “law and order.”Nixon opposed federal court rulings that put limits on the power of the _____________ to fight crime and drugs.In 1971, Nixon officially declared a “war on _________,” identifying drug abuse as “public enemy No. 1,” and created the ________ Enforcement Administration in 1973.Nixon appointed 4 justices to the Supreme Court (Chief Justice Warren ___________) and named conservative judges to federal courts.More Nixon Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act which created the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (______) to prevent work-related death and injuries.Nixon advanced affirmative action by setting specific hiring goals and timetables for overcoming discrimination. (_____________ Plan)Nixon created a Presidential Task Force on _____________'s Rights and extended affirmative action to include _____________.With the popularity of _____________ Day, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency and backed the Clear _____________ Act of 1970.Nixon's increased funding for elementary and secondary beginning with the Education _____________ of 1972.Southern Strategy Nixon needed to expand his support in the Democratic _____________ to win the 1972 election. To slow down desegregation of public schools, Nixon offered a New Federalist alternative of locally controlled desegregation. Starting in _____________, the Nixon administration set up biracial state committees to plan and implement school desegregation.Nixon tried to weaken the 1965 _____________ Rights Act.The Watergate Break-in On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested at the headquarters of the _____________ National Committee in the _____________ Hotel in Washington, D.C.The five burglars who were arrested had several accomplices, including security consultants in the White House and a member of the Committee to Re-Elect the President (_____________).Washington Post reporters Robert _____________ and Carl Bernstein helped uncover the true story with help from a secret informant known as Deep Throat (Associate Director of the FBI, Mark _____________). The White House denied any knowledge of the break-in, and the situation did not influence the 1972 election. The Watergate Cover-up After the Pentagon Papers were leaked, the Nixon administration created the “plumbers,” G. Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt, to plug leaks of government materials.The “_____________” went after Daniel Ellsberg and were involved in the Watergate break-in.By April 1973, four of Nixon's top aides lost their jobs, including chief of staff H. R. Haldeman, chief domestic policy adviser, John Ehrlichman, Attorney General Richard Kleindienst and Special Council John _____________. Nixon’s part in the cover-up began June 23, 1972, when he ordered Haldeman to lie to the __________ and use the __________ to stop the investigation of the burglars. The Watergate Scandal Breaks In May 1973, the Senate's Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, chaired by Sam _____________ (NC), opened public hearings to determine “what did the president know?" and “when did he know it?."Former Nixon aide John _____________ implicated President Nixon in the cover-up. On July 16, 1973, Alexander Butterfield, a former White House official, testified to the committee that Nixon had a secret _____________ system that recorded his phone calls and conversations in the Oval Office. The Justice Department appointed a special prosecutor, Archibald _____________, to investigate the burglary and White House involvement. After it was revealed that Nixon had audio tapes, both Cox and the Senate committee demanded Nixon turn them over.Invoking his executive privilege, Nixon _____________ to release the tapes. A Vice President Resigns??? October 10, 1973VP Spiro _____________ resigned for taking bribes from Maryland contractors while governor and VP. October 12, 1973Using the ____th Amendment, Nixon nominated House Minority leader Gerald _____________ of Michigan to fill the VP vacancy. The Saturday Night Massacre The White House agreed to provide written summaries of the taped conversations to the Senate and the special prosecutor. Ervin accepted the deal, but _____________ rejected it. Saturday, Oct. 20, 1973 Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson resigned rather than carry out the order, as did his top deputy Williams Ruckleshaus. Solicitor General Robert Bork became the acting attorney general and he dismissed Cox. Later, Nixon was forced to appoint a new special prosecutor, Leon _____________. A President Resigns July 24, 1974, the Supreme Court unanimously ordered the White House to hand over the tapes to the special prosecutor. July 30, 1974, the House of Representatives voted three articles of _____________: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and subverting the Constitution.August 5, 1974, Nixon released the tapes, and a June 23, 1972, conversation revealed that Nixon had played a leading role in the cover-up from the very start ("the smoking gun" tape).August 8, 1974, in a television address, _____________ announced he would resign the next day.President Gerald Ford August 9, 1974Vice President Gerald Ford was sworn in as president and declared "our long national _____________ is over." One month later, Ford granted Nixon a "full, free and absolute _____________" for all crimes that Nixon "committed or may have committed" during his time in the White House.The Energy Crisis October 1973 – March 1974 (Embargo)Sparked by the OPEC oil embargo on the United States for support of _____________ during the Yom Kippur War of October 1973.OPEC nations also raised oil prices _____ percent in 1974.The gas shortage changed American driving habits, and a nationwide speed limit of _____ mph was instituted.Congress authorized the construction of the _____________ pipeline.?Recession Nixon was faced with a new economic situation of a stagnant economy and rising inflation known as _____________.Nixon called for a 90 day freeze on all wages and prices, but the action did little to solve the problem. (Aug 71 & June 73)________________ crashed (Jan 73 to Dec 74) with DJIA losing 45% of its value. Increased oil prices, wheat shortages and government spending (war and entitlement) caused drastic increases in _____________. 1972, Nixon raised Social Security pensions & provided for automatic increases when the cost of living rose more than ____% in any year, which also increased inflation. The Ford administration responded by raising interest rates, vetoing federal spending increases, and resisting an increase in taxes.October 8, 1974Ford attempted to spur a grassroots movement to combat inflation, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures. (Whip _____________ Now or WIN) -6286515875Essential Conclusions:During his first term, Nixon succeeded in redirecting power away from the federal government, and his efforts benefited women and minorities, resulted in a cleaner environment and provided money and power for local initiatives. During Nixon’s second term, the Watergate scandal and economic crisis continued to undermine his agendas and presidency, which eventually resulted in a resignation. 00Essential Conclusions:During his first term, Nixon succeeded in redirecting power away from the federal government, and his efforts benefited women and minorities, resulted in a cleaner environment and provided money and power for local initiatives. During Nixon’s second term, the Watergate scandal and economic crisis continued to undermine his agendas and presidency, which eventually resulted in a resignation. ................
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