Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology (Early Development)
Defined as: Study of physical, mental, and social changes over the life span.
Types of Developmental Studies:
➢ Cross Sectional studies
➢ Longitudinal studies
Prenatal Development
➢ Zygote
➢ At 6 weeks…
➢ Fetus
➢ At 6 months…
➢ Teratogens:
➢ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: leading cause of mental retardation in the US
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➢ Neurons grow at…
Early Development
➢ Maturation:
➢ (at birth)Hearing
➢ (at birth) Vision
➢ Reflexes /Instincts at birth:
o Rooting reflex:
o Grasping reflex
o Sucking reflex
o Morro reflex
➢ Habituation:
➢ Infancy and Neural Development
o Infantile Amnesia
o 3-6 years:
o Synaptic pruning
o Physical progression follows…
➢ The Visual Cliff Experiment
➢ The Rouge Test:
Attachment theories in Early Development
➢ Early attachment critical to healthy long term emotional development
➢ Harlow’s Monkey experiments (attachment study)
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➢ Critical Period
➢ Imprinting
➢ Erik Erikson Positive early parenting = basic trust
➢ Basic trust = emotional security, “world is predictable, reliable”
➢ Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” attachment studies
o Secure attachment
o Insecure attachment
o Avoidance attachment
➢ Parenting Styles
1. Authoritarian parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”
2. Permissive parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands / “Do your own thing.”)
3. Authoritative parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)
Research shows:
1. Authoritarian = lower self-esteem, lower social skills
2. Permissive = more aggressive, immature
3. Authoritative= highest self-esteem, self-reliance, social competence
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