Developmental Psychology



Developmental Psychology (Early Development)

Defined as: Study of physical, mental, and social changes over the life span.

Types of Developmental Studies:

➢ Cross Sectional studies

➢ Longitudinal studies

Prenatal Development

➢ Zygote

➢ At 6 weeks…

➢ Fetus

➢ At 6 months…

➢ Teratogens:

➢ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: leading cause of mental retardation in the US

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➢ Neurons grow at…

Early Development

➢ Maturation:

➢ (at birth)Hearing

➢ (at birth) Vision

➢ Reflexes /Instincts at birth:

o Rooting reflex:

o Grasping reflex

o Sucking reflex

o Morro reflex

➢ Habituation:

➢ Infancy and Neural Development

o Infantile Amnesia

o 3-6 years:

o Synaptic pruning

o Physical progression follows…

➢ The Visual Cliff Experiment

➢ The Rouge Test:

Attachment theories in Early Development

➢ Early attachment critical to healthy long term emotional development

➢ Harlow’s Monkey experiments (attachment study)

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➢ Critical Period

➢ Imprinting

➢ Erik Erikson Positive early parenting = basic trust

➢ Basic trust = emotional security, “world is predictable, reliable”

➢ Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” attachment studies

o Secure attachment

o Insecure attachment

o Avoidance attachment

➢ Parenting Styles

1. Authoritarian parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”

2. Permissive parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands / “Do your own thing.”)

3. Authoritative parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)

Research shows:

1. Authoritarian = lower self-esteem, lower social skills

2. Permissive = more aggressive, immature

3. Authoritative= highest self-esteem, self-reliance, social competence

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